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- From: bsy+@CS.CMU.EDU (Bennet Yee)
- Newsgroups: sci.crypt
- Subject: Re: Primitive Polynomials (Mod 2)
- Keywords: Primitive Polynomials (Mod 2)
- Message-ID: <C0pnDp.KLD.2@cs.cmu.edu>
- Date: 11 Jan 93 22:20:07 GMT
- Article-I.D.: cs.C0pnDp.KLD.2
- References: <C0Jtyt.3HH@chinet.chi.il.us>
- Sender: news@cs.cmu.edu (Usenet News System)
- Reply-To: bsy+@cs.cmu.edu
- Organization: Cranberry Melon, School of Cucumber Science
- Lines: 57
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-
- In article <C0Jtyt.3HH@chinet.chi.il.us>, schneier@chinet.chi.il.us (Bruce Schneier) writes:
- >I have two questions about primitive polynomials (mod 2):
- >
- >1) I was under the impression that if the feedback sequence of a LFSR is
- >a primitive polynomial (mod 2), then the period of the LFSR is 2^n - 1, where
- >n is the degree of the polynomial. I recently got a copy of Zierler and
- >Brillhart's paper: "On Primitive Trinomials (mod 2)," Information and
- >Control, 13 (1968), 541-554. The article implies that this is not the case:
- >"Those n where 2^n - 1 is completely factored, but for which the periods of
- >the irreducable T_n,k(x) have not as yet been determined...."
- >
- >2) Near as I can tell, if x^p + x^q + 1 is a primitive trinomial (mod 2), then
- >so is x^p + x^(p-q) + 1. Does this property extend to polynomials with more
- >coefficients? Assuming that x^p + x^q + x^r + 1 is primitive, what other
- >polynomial is necessarily primitive? Assuming that x^p + x^q + x^r + x^s + 1
- >is primitive, what other polynomial is necessarily primitive?
- >
- >Bruce
-
- As for (1), I don't have a copy of Zierler & Brillhart, but what you
- quote is not a contradiction.
-
- A primitive polynomial p over a ring R is an irreducible polynomial
- the root of which is a primitive element in the extension field, i.e.,
- the root \alpha has the property that R[x]/(p)=R(\alpha).
-
- This property is important to LFSRs because of what we get when we
- take R=Z_2 and look at the sequence 1, x, x^2, ..., x^k, ..., etc, all
- modulo p. Since in extension fields we identify the indeterminate x
- with \alpha, we see that the sequence is exactly what \alpha will
- generate, which is the entire field when E=Z_2[x]/(p), p a primitive
- polyn. Since we know that [E:Z_2] = n = deg(p), E has 2^n elements in
- it. Excluding the zero polyn, we see that the period must be 2^n-1 --
- the sequence must cycle through all elements of E except for 0 (x^m
- can not be 0, because otherwise x=\alpha would be a zero divisor,
- contradicting the fact that E is a field). An LFSR generates just the
- coefficient to the x^0 term of this sequence.
-
- Does anyone know if there's a proof that the low coefficient of this
- 2^n-1 period sequence also has the same period?
-
- If T_{n,k}(x) are just irreducible but not nec'y primitive, then we
- don't know the period of the LFSR -- that would depend on the initial
- conditions, since there is more than one cycle.
-
- Dunno about (2).
-
- -bsy
-
- ps: while this is not (yet) a cryptography question, at least it's not
- patent flamage or some such, and the mathematics can have
- cryptographic applications. The signal-to-noise of sci.crypt has been
- really low lately....
-
- --
- Bennet S. Yee Phone: +1 412 268-7571 Email: bsy+@cs.cmu.edu
- School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-3890
-