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- Newsgroups: gnu.misc.discuss
- Path: sparky!uunet!cis.ohio-state.edu!gnu.ai.mit.edu!rms
- From: rms@gnu.ai.mit.edu (Richard Stallman)
- Subject: Copyleft vs Public Domain
- Message-ID: <9301090813.AA20380@mole.gnu.ai.mit.edu>
- Sender: daemon@cis.ohio-state.edu
- Organization: GNUs Not Usenet
- Distribution: gnu
- Date: Fri, 8 Jan 1993 22:13:37 GMT
- Lines: 79
-
- Copyleft vs Public Domain
-
- Some people ask why the FSF uses copyleft (the General Public License
- or GPL) to specify conditions for copying GNU software. Why not just
- put the software in the public domain?
-
- The purpose of the GNU project is to give users in general the freedom
- to use software in many ways. We want them to be free to study and
- change programs, and to cooperate with each other by sharing
- programs. This is what we mean by "free software". The GPL achieves
- this better than the public domain, because (1) it prevents the
- freedom from being stripped off when the program is distributed, and
- (2) it takes away the incentive to be uncooperative by refusing to
- share an improvement.
-
- Copyleft does prevent certain people from doing what they would like
- to do. Those who would like to take GNU software, make some changes,
- and call the result their property are not free to do so. We think
- this is a good thing.
-
- To understand why, first note that it is not possible for society to
- permit "all possible freedom," because some freedoms are incompatible
- with others. This is often stated as, "Your freedom to swing your
- fist ends where my face begins."
-
- We always resolve the conflicts between freedoms by prioritizing
- them. For example, the quotation above implicitly assumes that the
- freedom not to be punched is more important than the freedom to swing
- a fist.
-
- There is more than one way to apply a concept such as "free" to the
- area of software, because there are different choices of priority.
- The question is not, which is the true meaning of "free software", but
- rather, which of the valid meanings is best.
-
- The GNU project is based on the idea that the freedom to decide your
- own actions with the programs you use--for example, whether to copy
- them or change them--is more important than occasional power over
- other people's actions.
-
- Making a program proprietary means interfering with the important
- freedoms--other people's freedom to study, share and change the
- program. This is the software analogue of swinging the fist through a
- user's face. Preventing this may bother those who want to swing the
- fist. But don't sympathize too much; you might be one of the users
- who would get it in the face.
-
- If not for the GPL, most users of our software would not have the
- freedom to redistribute and change it. That is not just speculation;
- the examples of X Windows, TeX, and Berkeley's Unix extensions show
- that most users of these programs have only proprietary versions and
- do not have the freedom to share or change them. The first authors of
- these programs did not themselves take away those freedoms, but did
- not defend them either. Where that path leads was clear when the GNU
- project was started, and therefore we chose another path.
-
- The GPL also encourages companies which make improved versions to
- return their improvements for inclusion in the standard version. If
- not for this, GCC and Emacs would not be nearly as good as they are.
-
- But is this enough justification? That is a fundamental philosophical
- question. Some people believe it wrong to place any restrictions on
- anyone, ever--even restrictions against making any other
- restrictions. Those readers who believe in pacifism and condemn use
- of force even to protect innocent victims would naturally disagree
- with our approach.
-
- That is not the philosophy of the GNU project, however. We are not
- pacifists, and being passive and never saying "No" to anyone is not
- our goal. Our aim is positive--to give the users the freedom to
- cooperate, which is distinguished from the freedom to obstruct. That
- has been the goal ever since the beginning.
-
- If we put our software in the public domain, then we would have a
- great excuse to make. We could say, "Don't blame us if you have no
- freedom to share and change this program--it was that other guy who
- redistributed it with a nondisclosure license and no source." But we
- want to succeed in giving users that freedom, not prepare excuses for
- failure. We use the GPL because it succeeds.
-