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- From: Florence Steele <fs%uva.pcmail.Virginia.EDU@MIZZOU1.missouri.edu>
- Subject: Re: Haiti: Carter says US Policy is Racist
- Message-ID: <1992Dec21.203142.12926@mont.cs.missouri.edu>
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- Resent-From: "Rich Winkel" <MATHRICH@MIZZOU1.missouri.edu>
- Date: Mon, 21 Dec 1992 20:31:42 GMT
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-
- I WOULD LIKE TO SUBMIT THE FOLLOWING REPORT THAT I WROTE FOLLOWING A TRIP TO
- HAITI AS A CIVILIAN OBSERVER THIS MONTH. THANK YOU.
- December 6, 1992
-
- I travelled to Haiti on November 27th, 1992 as a member of a
- Coalition for Civilian Observers delegation. This is a report of
- my activities during the six day period that I was in Haiti. The
- information contained in this preliminary report will be integrated
- into the final report of the delegation.
-
- The sun was shining brightly as we disembarked from the airplane in
- Port-au-Prince and crossed the tarmac toward the terminal building.
- A three piece band was playing Christmas carols to the beat of a
- tropical drum. The VIP's who arrived with us, including
- Representative Stephen Solarz of New York were quickly whisked
- through customs.
-
- We were five white North Americans in the midst of a group of
- mostly light-skinned middle class Haitians awaiting our turn behind
- the yellow line of the customs checkpoint. Twenty minutes later we
- entered the terminal. We were besieged by uniformed employees
- offering to tote our bags through the terminal and out to the
- parking lot. I followed behind the man who had picked up my
- suitcase. We emerged from the terminal into the white heat of the
- parking lot where we were greeted by a young man holding up a sign
- with the name of our guesthouse hand-lettered on it.
-
- The street was teeming with people and vehicles. I noticed a
- colorfully decorated pickup truck especially adapted to carry
- passengers. The inside of the vehicle was tightly packed with
- people and others were hanging precariously to the outside as it
- careened down the road, dodging potholes.
-
- We converged on the van belonging to the guesthouse. The men who
- had assisted with our bags waited in the company of a dozen others
- who would have assisted and there been more bags to carry. I
- peeled off a one dollar bill from a stack that I had brought for
- this purpose and gave it to the man who had carried my bag.
- Immediately another man requested payment. I thought that I had
- seen him carrying the luggage of another member of our delegation,
- so I gave him a dollar. The first man grabbed for the bill as I
- passed it to the second man. Shouting and shoving followed. I
- became frightened and retreated to the relative safety of the van.
- An extremely thin woman tapped on the window near where I was
- sitting. it was impossible to tell how old she was. I tried to
- ignore her but she kept tapping. As we pulled away someone else
- opened the window and gave her a dollar.
-
- There are very few fat people in Haiti. Almost everyone has a
- gaunt, guarded look as they go about their daily chores. As we
- sped through the city streets, many women were carrying plastic
- tubs filled with various goods on their heads. There were wooden
- carts filled with sugar cane and men laboring to pull heavy loads
- of charcoal. A few heavily-laden donkeys mingled in the dusty
- streets dominated by humanity and motor vehicles.
-
- The guesthouse appeared like an oasis at the top of a hill. Its
- wide courtyard and broad verandas were in sharp contrast the
- crowded, dusty streets outside the barred gate. Our host greeted
- us and showed us to our rooms. From my room, I could see a wide
- panorama of the city, ending in the blue, shimmering sea. A few
- hours later, the golden light of sunset gave a surrealistic glow to
- the entire scene.
-
- The evening of our first day our delegation met with a visitor who
- oriented us to the political situation in Haiti today. Fifteen
- months after a military coup overthrew President Jean-Betrand
- Aristide, an atmosphere of uneasy tension prevails in the capital.
- The situation still has not "normalized". In a tradition of armed
- insurrection against slaveholders known as "maroonage", the people
- await an opportunity, then attack and retreat. They are resisting
- a military dictatorship and are demanding the return of their
- democratically-elected president. Out of a population of 7
- million, 5,000 have been killed, with some reports as high as
- 10,000. There are reportedly 400,000 refugees in hiding within
- their own island nation.
-
- Students are a specific target of repression by the military
- government. Formerly, up to 25,000 graduated from high school or
- "baccalaureate" each year. Last year 40 students graduated. The
- young people who supported "lavalas" the cleansing reforms that
- brought Aristide to power, no longer have hope for the future.
- Religious and community leaders fear that retaliation, when it
- comes, will be uncontrollable.
-
- It was arranged that our delegation would travel to Cap Haitien, in
- the Northern sector of Haiti on the following day. Our mission
- would be to observe the conditions there, and to hear testimony
- from the community leaders and if possible, the victims of
- political repression in the countryside.
-
- Our visitor explained to us that Cap Haitien had been the scene of
- severe repression. There is a feeling of isolation in living under
- a military dictatorship. Houses have been burned and looted by the
- army. To avoid jail and torture people have to pay "fines" of $100
- or $200, a fortune in Haiti. To raise the money families often
- have to sell their single cow or pig, their only means of support.
-
- We were asked to question people in the countryside about receiving
- "humanitarian aid", which the United States government claimed it
- was sending. The alleged supplies of food and medicine were
- supposedly being administered by non-governmental organizations.
-
- That afternoon we borrowed the van and drove to Cite Soleil, Port-
- au-Prince's notorious urban ghetto. The area is surrounded by the
- sea on one side, an immense pile of refuse several blocks long on
- the other, and bisected by open sewer canals and rubble strewn
- streets. Dwellings are constructed of insubstantial materials and
- crowded into every available space. A stench of human and animal
- waste permeates the air. There is no breeze in mid-morning. The
- sun is relentless. Many of the children wore no clothing. Within
- moments of arrival our group was surrounded by scores of children.
- One of them told me he was hungry.
-
- Our second excursion that day was into Petionville, a hillside
- enclave of Haiti's elite urbanites. The contrast to Cite Soleil
- was disturbing. White, terraced homes with cool green courtyards
- appeared along the tree-lined road as we ascended the hill. There
- were houses under construction. The streets were deserted, except
- for an occasional Mercedes or BMW. At the summit of the hill the
- entire city lay spread out below us. The slums and the dump were
- visible, but the air was fragrant.
-
- The next day we began our journey to Cap Haitien in the north. In
- a borrowed vehicle, we navigated through the city, past the
- suburbs, into a countryside that was surprisingly green and lush.
- As daylight faded, rice paddies and shining lakes appeared.
- Between villages, people walked along the sides of the road
- carrying market goods or driving cattle. Two or three times we
- stopped at military roadblocks, produced vehicle registration
- papers and were allowed to continue. In darkness, we crossed a fog-
- shrouded mountain range just before arriving at our destination.
-
- Our hosts in Cap Haitien welcomed us warmly. To protect them from
- suspicion of harboring subversives, we were accommodated in two
- separate locations. Reunited after breakfast the next morning, we
- were eager to begin our meetings with people from the surrounding
- villages who had agreed to tell us their experiences.
- The first meeting took place in a rural community building. A
- group of ten or twelve greeted us when we arrived and two others
- arrived after the meeting had begun. No photographs were taken. An
- organizer of the meeting asked us to please be aware of the danger
- involved for the Haitian participants. The only other person
- present was an interpreter. We were seated facing each other in a
- large circle, and alternating speakers related incidents to us. A
- summary of the testimony given, to the best of my memory and my
- notes, follows.
-
- "Two people were recently killed in Port-au-Prince. Justin is the
- name of one and Aleana is the mother of the other but his name is
- not known. (Note: I later learned that the victims names are
- Justin Brezil and Wesner Luc.) They are from the village of
- Camcoq, 25 kilometers from Cap Haitien. These were young men and
- students studying philosophy. They were members of a political
- party that supports President Aristide. The party is called
- Konakom (the National Congress of Democratic Movements). The two
- men were seen getting into an unmarked car in Port-au-Prince. They
- were not seen again after that."
-
- "People in the countryside are in hiding. They cannot come out
- right now. They need much courage and it is hard to relate the
- gospel to reality. The military has the right of life and death
- over the people. We use the gospel for solidarity and we need
- action by the international community right now. Since the coup
- there have been beatings, robberies, disappearances, and shootings.
- Families cannot question the military."
-
- "In a village called Ti Book Au Boin in the district of Margo, 120
- houses were burned in August. In September, in the same zone, 23
- additional houses were burned by soldiers and the Section Chiefs.
- Many people can't return to the village because they will be
- arrested. People there don't sleep in their houses at night
- anymore. They sleep outdoors."
-
- A member of our delegation asked why that particular village was
- chosen to be destroyed.
-
- "The people there (Ti Book Au Boin) were highly organized. They
- had a coffee growers cooperative. The Section Chief used to demand
- money. The people's cooperative refused to pay him. Soldiers were
- brought from a bigger town to destroy the village. Jean Marie
- Voltaire is the Section Chief responsible for burning the homes.
- He is from Margo."
-
- "Since the coup, base community leaders cannot meet. They are in
- hiding. People must go to places were they are not known. The
- people in Ti Eglise (the people's church) are called communists."
-
- "In the village of Limbe, a woman names Jocelyn Caje, a
- representative for a base community, spent fourteen days in prison.
- Then the soldiers made her go to other church members' houses to
- identify them so they could be arrested. She is now in hiding and
- cannot return to Limbe."
-
- "No one stays outside after dark. When it's dark the military beat
- people on the streets. They beat people in the prison in Cap
- Haitien and give them no food and no water. When they have died or
- are near death they put them in a sack and throw them out at the
- foot of the mountain."
-
- "First there was the coup against Aristide. Then there was a coup
- against the people who wanted change. After he (Aristide) left,
- they rounded up all his supporters in the parish."
-
- We asked if the witness could give the names of the soldiers
- involved.
-
- "We don't know the names of the military. They keep rotating them
- from one place to another. Haitians become a family so it is
- necessary to rotate the military. We are an occupied country with
- the army against the people."
-
- We asked if there were any cases of people leaving their villages
- due to poverty.
-
- "Most people leave because their lives are in danger, not due to
- poverty. No one left during the seven months that Aristide was in
- power. Politics is making this a poor country. We need leaders
- who can make the decisions to help the situation of poverty."
-
- "In the village of Plaisance the military was responsible for
- burning 60 houses. They looked for the parish priest of that
- village so they could kill him. They wanted to kill him because he
- sided with the people. He is now in hiding. There is a Macoute
- (former member of Duvalier's secret police) in Limbe called
- Matthieu who paid the military to arrest or shoot the priest, but
- another military man who was a friend helped the priest to escape
- just after the coup."
-
- "They arrested a priest in Bas Limbe. They tied his hands behind
- his back and put him in prison for two days. Another priest in Don
- was stopped from saying mass and the army shot at his house. Pere
- Pascal in Baron was arrested and driven to prison. He was released
- several hours later. Pere Marcel (a Belgian priest) was arrested
- and later released."
-
- Delegation: Are these people charged with any crime when they are
- arrested?
-
- "No."
-
- Delegation: What would you like us to do to help you?
-
- "Our people are resisting, but they can't act publicly. We are
- counting on pressure from your country. Tell the newspapers what
- is happening here. Write to Clinton and tell him that if Aristide
- is not brought back there will be a civil war. The embargo is
- causing people to suffer and there are holes in it."
-
- Delegation: Should we work on strengthening the embargo or not?
-
- "Yes. And we don't want humanitarian aid because all humanitarian
- aid is military aid. It is aid to the military government. You
- (the United States) should try to stop people from being killed.
- That is humanitarian aid."
-
- At this time, the meeting ended and we left.
-
- Later that afternoon we travelled to a another village. A meeting
- had been arranged at the site of a school. When we arrived classes
- were momentarily disrupted for hundreds of uniformed school
- children who crowded around us. They enjoyed a brief, impromptu
- school holiday before being sternly lectured and herded back to
- class by their teacher.
-
- A woman who is a community leader and lives near the village told
- us her story.
-
- "The young people here are not free to talk. They must meet at 2AM
- in a deserted area."
-
- "Recently there was a parade in Cap Haitien of all the former
- Macoutes and supporters of the government. I was there and I saw
- many people from this village in the parade. They were ashamed
- that I had seen them."
-
- "There is an agricultural implements store that recently opened.
- It is run by the government and sells items that were donated to
- the people for humanitarian relief."
-
- "The former Macoutes have all come back now. The church made a
- mistake in preaching reconciliation after Duvalier left. If they
- had just preached justice instead, the Macoutes would not be back
- now."
-
- "Recently they ransacked a priest's house. They destroyed his
- typewriter. The priest, Father Marcel, a Belgian, was arrested in
- July of this year. They said that he was a terrorist because he
- had a starter pistol. His arrest mobilized the religious
- community. Sixty-four nuns and priests formed a procession on the
- sidewalks. They walked two by two, heads bowed, praying in
- silence, armed with rosaries. They entered the Cathedral and when
- they emerged they were greeted by fourteen soldiers armed with
- weapons and teargas. Father Marcel was held for 4 days at the
- arsenal and then released to the Bishop who is a Macoute. During
- the past ten years things have become worse and worse in this
- country. And they continue to become worse. When Aristide was
- elected, the people celebrated. There was joy, there were
- decorations in the streets. Now the people can't breathe."
-
- The next day a very thin young man, 19 years old, who is in hiding,
- met with us. He is from Limbe. He speaks about his own experience
- and that of others in his village.
-
- "The young people are in trouble. They have been sleeping away
- from home since the coup because of the Section Chief in the town.
- Thirty-five young people are in hiding. Life is hard. We are
- poor. We go entire days without eating. We are supporters of
- Aristide and because of that we were organized in a small, base
- community."
-
- "After more than a year, I am still in hiding. I have been
- sleeping away from home, sleeping in the woods. When I went home
- to see my mother and to get clothes, the military beat me. I was
- able to run away and escape them. Those in power now are thieves
- and drug dealers. All Haitians are people, even though they are
- treated like dogs. The people who are not in power are afraid to
- live."
-
- "I have not eaten today. There are thirty-five others who have not
- eaten today."
-
- "The military was hoping that George Bush would win the election in
- the United States. Now they are encouraging people to take boats
- to Miami so that Clinton will have trouble."
-
- Delegation: What happens to the refugees who are intercepted at
- sea and returned to Haiti by the US Coast Guard?
-
- "Most of them are in hiding. They are refugees in their own
- country. 500,000 people are in hiding. Some were killed. Three
- professors that I know and their students are in hiding. They were
- in base communities at Holy Cross College. The solution is that
- Aristide should return."
-
- At the conclusion of the session, we gave the man a gift of cash to
- buy food for himself and others who are unable to return to their
- homes.
-
- Our next meeting was with a young man who told us about repression
- in the city of Cap Haitien. Like all our preceding meetings, this
- one was held clandestinely and at considerable risk to the Haitian
- participants. This man is well known in the community. He tries
- to keep a low profile to avoid arrest.
-
- "Right now there is a fear of the military. You cannot go outdoors
- after 10 or 10:30 at night. They kill and beat people on the
- streets. Even at 5 AM last week, as I was returning from my job,
- they stopped me to ask where I was coming from. They still find
- bodies in the streets here and in Port-au-Prince. You would think
- that with all soldiers on the streets there would be no robberies.
- Last week the police were caught stealing from a house, by some
- other police when the owner called for help."
-
- "Young people cannot meet, they cannot talk. If they hear
- Aristide's name, people are beaten. In the spring students at a
- local high school spoke out against the director of the school and
- against the army. The school was closed and the police went in and
- beat students. 'Long live Aristide and down with the army' was
- written on the wall".
-
- "On October 14th at 2 AM the police broke into a local house. They
- beat the occupants of the house who were strong supporters of
- Aristide, with clubs."
-
- "At the end of October or beginning of November an airplane flew
- overhead and dropped pro-Aristide leaflets on the city. The police
- beat people who were picking up the leaflets."
-
- Our witness then addressed himself to conditions inside the Cap
- Haitien prison.
-
- "Last week three prisoners died. They died of hunger and sickness.
- The families were not notified and the prison officials buried the
- bodies. There is a blackboard in front of the building that says
- there are 84 prisoners inside, but the real population is about 140
- or 150. "
-
- "Last week 10 prisoners who were near death were released. I saw
- them at 11:30 PM that night. I saw that they were near death.
- They were covered with lice, scabies, and boils. People on the
- street gave them food and took them to the hospital."
-
- "The prisoners are not given very much food or any water. There is
- a group outside that takes food to them twice a month and another
- group that takes food once a month. The prison only feeds them
- every couple of days. Last Saturday the prisoners were excited
- about getting food from outside on Sunday."
-
- "The prisoners are kept in a small room. It is so crowded there
- that it is impossible to lie down, so they must sleep stacked up.
- It is very hot inside that room, about 100 degrees. There is no
- ventilation and only one small window with bars on it. The
- prisoners are covered with sweat. They never can bathe. They
- never can exercise. There is a single bucket for a toilet. Two
- years ago when a group of volunteers brought them mats and other
- gifts, they were allowed to accept them. Now no one is allowed
- inside to see them."
-
- "We need help and a change in this country. Things have reached a
- disastrous point. We need a better situation for our young people.
- I want Haitians to help other Haitians. I would like Aristide to
- come back. He is for the masses of people."
-
- "There are two prisoners in the Cap Haitien prison who have been
- there since the days of Baby Doc Duvalier. Please contact an
- international human rights organization and tell them about this."
-
- On the final morning of our stay in Cap Haitien we had an interview
- session with five Haitians. Two represented the popular movement,
- two were students, and one was a journalist.
-
- The journalist spoke first.
-
- "Since the coup the situation has been the same. Young people are
- in hiding in the woods. Peasants can't go home because of the
- Section Chiefs and army commanders. They are arresting the
- peasants and confiscating their goats."
-
- Delegation: Can you give us specific places where this is
- happening?
-
- "The 6th section in Derroche, 3rd section in Limbe, Auboin, Port
- Margo, and Campcoq."
-
- "The peasants can't go home. They can't work. They are blocked
- from their lives. They are being arrested without warrants.
- Justice means nothing. The army is justice. When they are
- arrested they are made to pay $150 to $200, about one year's pay.
- They have to sell animals to live. This is like selling their
- investments. There are informers everywhere."
-
- "In Cap Haitien prison people are sleeping on top of each other.
- Forty-two people are ready to die. We want an international
- organization to look at this situation. The board outside the
- prison that tells how many people are inside is a lie. There are
- about 150 people in there."
-
- "We have an expression, 'Pran La Rue' that means 'take to the
- streets to fight back against oppression'. We want to do that now
- but we are beaten."
-
- Next to speak were the students in the group.
-
- "I am a student in Port-au-Prince in the Faculty of Communications
- and Mass Media. On the 30th of September, 1991, the coup left our
- country in terror. On November 12, 1991 the army came onto my
- campus and arrested 150 students. They were beaten and the women
- were raped. This year on November 12 we had a day of memory and
- reflection and the military came again. This time they arrested 8
- students and 2 journalists. They threatened a French journalist
- but they did not go into a room where diplomats were meeting.
- There was also an OAS (Organization of American States-the group
- charged with providing civilian observers to monitor the human
- rights situation in Haiti) representative in that room. The army
- even comes into our classrooms. Sometimes they surround the school
- and enter to beat students."
-
- Delegation: Can you tell us where this has happened?
-
- "It has happened at the Faculty of Communications and Mass Media
- and the Toussaint Lycee, both in Port-au-Prince."
-
- "The military sometimes come into our classes. We cannot speak out
- because they have guns. Claude Museau, a student at Ecole Normal
- (teacher's college), was beaten to death in June. The people in
- the University are fighting for freedom of speech and for the
- people's choice in the last election. It should be respected. All
- demonstrations in the University are to demand the rights of the
- students to have free speech. And so that Aristide and those
- elected with him can return to the country. The students are still
- trying to win their rights. There is no change in the situation.
- According to the constitution there is a right to free speech. We
- want the army out of our University. Please tell the international
- community that our rights are not being respected."
-
- A man who represents the popular movement spoke next. He was
- poorly dressed, very thin, and appeared to be about age forty.
-
- "In Pont Hypolite we have a popular organization engaged in
- resistance. There is also a group of vagabonds there who are spies
- for the military. They were former Macoutes under Duvalier. One
- of these Macoutes named Ti Ko Yo patrols the streets at night. He
- comes out each night with a club. When he sees someone he searches
- them. If you have money he steals it or he beats you. This is
- police sanctioned. Everyone in the neighborhood has to flee this
- 'insoportable'. That is all they can do. We can't live with this
- man. Since the coup a lot of people have fled. We need peace and
- rest in our neighborhood. We are asking for an end to this
- situation."
-
- Before the final witness had a chance to speak, the meeting was
- interrupted by our host who told us that it was time to go to the
- airport for our return to Port-au-Prince. We said goodbye and
- promised to tell international organizations about what is
- happening in their communities.
-
- Upon our return to Port-au-Prince we were eager to relate what the
- Haitian people had told us regarding political repression and human
- rights abuse, to a representative of the Organization of American
- States (OAS), a group that is formally charged with monitoring
- human rights. We also sought an audience at the Human Rights
- department of the Political Section of the United States Embassy.
-
- We had no trouble obtaining an appointment with the OAS that same
- day. With considerable trouble we found the unmarked, second floor
- office. We were ushered into a room by Probyn Marsh, a Jamaican
- who was cordial and told us that he had been a retired diplomat
- when he was offered the assignment of Human Rights Observer in
- Haiti. Mr. Marsh suggested that our Haitian driver remain outside
- in the hallway while we met, however we insisted that he join us.
-
- We asked how many OAS observers were currently in Haiti.
- "Eighteen", was the reply.
-
- "Why only eighteen?", we asked. The OAS had promised to send four
- hundred civilian observers.
-
- "The Haitian government will only permit us to have eighteen",
- Marsh responded.
-
- He dutifully noted the details of our report of conditions in Cap
- Haitien on a blank sheet of paper.
-
- Marsh told us that President Aristide was deposed because he made
- too many political "mistakes" such as publicly firing a general who
- was loyal to him. For this reason, Marsh doubts that a restoration
- of Aristide's democratically-elected government is feasible.
-
- Attempting to set up an appointment with the Embassy of the United
- States of America was a frustrating exercise. One member of our
- delegation was told that a meeting was impossible. When I
- telephoned later that afternoon and spoke to Lew Nigro in the
- Political Section, I requested a meeting the next morning. Mr.
- Nigro refused my request saying that a meeting would be pointless
- until we had a written report and he referred us to Ellen Cosgrove
- who heads the Human Rights Office. Ms. Cosgrove listened to my
- details of human rights abuses and also advised that we forward a
- written report to her. She said that she was aware of the abuse in
- Cap Haitien prison and said that conditions in the National
- Penitentiary in Port-au-Prince were worse.
-
- Later that same afternoon, Gary Becker, the member of our
- delegation who had called the embassy earlier received a telephone
- message advising us to come to the Embassy anytime after 7:30 AM
- the following morning.
-
- We arrived at the walled Embassy complex at 8:00 AM. After being
- screened and searched by guards and signing a visitor's book we
- were asked to wait behind a barred gate while another guard tried
- to locate the person who would meet with us. After a few moments,
- Ellen Cosgrove came out and spoke with us through the gate. She
- said that she was furious at the last "Pax Christi delegation" that
- she had spoken with and that they had quoted her "off the record"
- remarks in their report. Consequently, she was refusing to meet
- with us.
-
- We left the country several hours later, without having given a
- report of the human rights abuses that we had documented from
- various parts of Haiti, to the responsible officials at the United
- States Embassy. I must conclude that the Embassy of the United
- States of America in Haiti is off limits to its own citizens and
- that Embassy personnel do not place a high priority on monitoring
- human rights abuse.
-
- As a footnote to the question of humanitarian aid, I note a brief
- conversation that I had with a man on a metro train in Washington
- DC. I had first noticed this man in the departure lounge in the
- Port-au-Prince airport.
-
- "What did you do in Haiti?", I asked him.
-
- "I work for AID". (The Agency for International Development).
-
- "And what is AID doing in Haiti?"
-
- "They are distributing humanitarian aid through non-governmental
- organizations like Care and Save the Children".
-
- "Did you distribute any food this week?" I asked.
-
- "No", he replied. "The harbor was full and ships carrying the food
- couldn't dock".
-
- "What about the embargo?", I asked, surprised at his answer.
-
- "There is no embargo", he replied with a shrug.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- Florence Steele
-
- Florence Steele
- fs@UVA.PCMAIL.VIRGINIA.EDU
- ************************************************************************Trying
- to bury the truth is like trying to bury water. It keeps seeping
- out.
- Jean Bertrand Aristide
- **************************************************************************
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