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- Path: sparky!uunet!psgrain!ee.und.ac.za!hippo!ucthpx!uctvax.uct.ac.za!naturman
- From: naturman@uctvax.uct.ac.za
- Newsgroups: sci.math
- Subject: Re: Bayes' theorem and QM
- Message-ID: <1992Dec19.145207.203416@uctvax.uct.ac.za>
- Date: 19 Dec 92 14:52:07 +0200
- References: <1992Dec18.134107.24536@oracorp.com>
- Keywords: quantum mechanics, probability
- Organization: University of Cape Town
- Lines: 88
-
- > The second statement is unwarranted, in my opinion. Bell's Theorem
- > shows that there is no deterministic completion of QM that uses
- > classical probability theory. However, Bell's Theorem does *not* say
- > that there are no deterministic completions of quantum mechanics, if
- > one is willing to give up classical probability theory.
-
-
- The following types of models of a Bell Inequality type experiment are known to
- be equivalent in the sense that if a model of one of these types exists then so
- do models of the other types:
-
- 1) Any model in which the Bell Inequality holds.
- 2) A "traditional" hidden variable theory.
- 3) A "weak" hidden variable theory of the type investigated by Kochen and
- Specher with exception that the Kochen-Specker style functional
- correspondence is allowed to fail on a set of measure zero.
- 4) Any model in which the four main observables in the BI type experiments
- have a well-defined joint distribution
- 5) Any model in which the mean counterfactual values of the main observables
- is the same as the QM expectation value.
- 6) Any stochastic factorizable model
-
- and several other types of models which I can't remember.
-
- Since there are deterministic models which are non-equivalent to these models,
- one cannot conclude that deterministic models are ruled out by the Bell
- Inequality. In fact, a computer program algorithm modelling QM provides a
- a very deterministic model of QM although it is unlikely to be a physically
- relevant model. Research is being done into finding a plausible pseudorandom
- recursive mechanism behind QM. (I have not seen any results yet though.)
-
- Beware of the fact that many books and popular articles on QM claim that the
- Bell Inequality must hold in any realist interpretation of QM. This is false,
- the supposed proofs they use tacitly assume a model of type (5) or (6) above.
-
- If you are talking about ONTOLOGICAL determinism then the current
- evidence is that QM must be deterministic otherwise one would get violations
- of locality (which I am not willing to accept barring a major revision of
- physics.)
-
-
- >
- > As I have mentioned several times before, there *is* a
- > hidden-variables theory for quantum mechanics developed by Pitowsky
- > and Gudder. However, the probabilities associated with the hidden
- > variables are non-classical; in particular, the measurable sets do not
- > form a sigma algebra.
- >
- > Daryl McCullough
-
- The debate over whether QM uses "classical" probability would be aided if
- someone actually bothered to define what they mean by "classical" or
- "non-classical" The failure of traditional hidden variable theories shows
- that QM is non-classical in the sense that it works very differently to
- the Kinetic Theory of Gases (the original motivation for hidden variables).
-
- BUT QM probabilty is still classical in the sense that for each observable and
- for each state (pure or mixed) we have a well defined ordinary very classical
- probability measure on the Borel sets which is interpreted as the probability
- that the observable takes a value in any particular Borel set.
-
- In my opinion and my experience with attempting to argue with physicists on
- sci.physics, most physicists think that QM is different to other probabilistic
- theories for the simple reason that they are not familiar with the weird things
- that can happen in ordinary probability theory.
-
- For a good book on weird examples in ordinary probability try get hold of
- the book "Counterexamples in Probability and Statistics" (I can't remember the
- authors).
-
- The branch of math known as Quantum Probabilty deals with the type of
- probability thingies that arise in QM. It uses "generalized probabilities"
- which are not defined on Boolean sigma algebras but on orthomodular lattices.
- It is very convenient for dealing with QM problems but it is still classical
- since we can translate between traditional probability and quantum probability.
- The reason for its usefulness seems to be that it is a more natural discription
- of probabilities defined on states which are not distinct states of knowledge
- but which in a sense overlap. (Maybe I am not expressing myself well but to
- get a feel for what I mean, compare QM states that can be superposed or have
- non-zero transition probabilities between them, with states in classical
- mechanics that are in a sense all distinct and non-overlapping.)
-
-
- Colin Naturman
-
- PS As you probably know, one can have an ordinary sigma algebra style hidden
- variable theory for QM if we allow violations of locality, but again most
- people would reject such an idea.
-