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- Xref: sparky sci.math:16927 rec.puzzles:7921
- Newsgroups: sci.math,rec.puzzles
- Path: sparky!uunet!stanford.edu!CSD-NewsHost.Stanford.EDU!Xenon.Stanford.EDU!snewman
- From: snewman@Xenon.Stanford.EDU (Steven Newman)
- Subject: Re: Marilyn Vos Savant's error?
- Message-ID: <1992Dec15.052211.24395@CSD-NewsHost.Stanford.EDU>
- Sender: snewman@cs.stanford.edu (Steve Newman)
- Organization: Computer Science Department, Stanford University.
- References: <1gj5grINNk05@crcnis1.unl.edu> <1992Dec15.012404.24027@galois.mit.edu>
- Date: Tue, 15 Dec 1992 05:22:11 GMT
- Lines: 42
-
- > ... but while I'm on Bayes' theorem let me recall a problem similar
- > to the above one.
- >
- > 1) You draw 4 cards froma well-shuffled standard deck. You turn one
- > over and it's an ace. What's the probability that they are all aces?
- >
- > 2) You draw 4 cards from a well-shuffled standard deck. You turn one
- > over and it's the ace of hearts. What's the probability that they are
- > all aces?
- >
- > The answers to problems 1) and 2) are NOT THE SAME.
- >
- > Probability theory, like quantum mechanics, takes a while to get used to.
-
- Actually, both of these problems have answer 6/(49*50*51) = 1/20825. There
- are 52! possible orderings for a well-shuffled deck. In 4! * 48! orderings
- the first four cards are an ace; in 4 * 51! orderings the first card is an
- ace; and the first set of orderings is a subset of the other. Hence the
- answer to problem 1 is (4! * 48!) / (4 * 51!) = 6 / (49*50*51).
-
- Similarly, for problem 2, in 51! orderings the first card is the Ace of
- Hearts, and in 6 * 48! of those orderings the next three cards are also
- aces. Hence the answer to this problem is (6 * 48!) / 51! = 6 / (49*50*51)
- as well.
-
- There are problems that sound very similar to these in which the answers
- are not the same. For example:
-
- 1) You meet a man on the street and ask him how many children he has.
- He replies "two, and one is a boy." What is the probability that
- his other child is also a boy?
-
- 2) You meet a man on the street and ask him how many children he has.
- He replies "two, and the older one is a boy." What is the
- probability that his other child is also a boy?
-
- The answer to problem 1 is 1/3, while the answer to problem 2 is 1/2.
- (One must be careful in the interpretation of the statement in problem
- 1; it means "I have two children, and it is not the case that both of
- them are girls.")
-
- - Steve Newman (snewman@cs.stanford.edu)
-