home *** CD-ROM | disk | FTP | other *** search
- Xref: sparky sci.econ:9432 misc.invest:15015
- Newsgroups: sci.econ,misc.invest
- Path: sparky!uunet!spool.mu.edu!caen!uvaarpa!concert!seq!bgoffe
- From: bgoffe@seq.uncwil.edu (Bill Goffe)
- Subject: Earn money trading against computer programs
- Message-ID: <1992Dec16.221252.14644@seq.uncwil.edu>
- Sender: bgoffe@seq.uncwil.edu (Bill Goffe)
- Organization: Univ. of North Carolina @ Wilmington
- Date: Wed, 16 Dec 1992 22:12:52 GMT
- Lines: 150
-
-
-
- ANNOUNCING THE OPENING OF THE
-
- ARIZONA TOKEN EXCHANGE (AZTE)
-
- January 1, 1993
-
- Earn cash profits by competing against computerized program traders
-
- THE CHALLENGE
-
- Is "artificial intelligence" superior to human intelligence? In
- some domains such as chess, computer programs now outperform all
- but the very best human players. However in other domains such as
- speech, handwriting, and other kinds of pattern recognition,
- computers lag far behind human beings. On Wall Street computer
- "program traders" are becoming increasingly common, yet there is
- substantial controversy over their performance -- they have even
- been blamed as a factor in the October 1987 stock market crash.
- The purpose of this study, co-sponsored by the University of
- Arizona's Economic Science Laboratory and the Santa Fe Institute,
- is to compare the performance of human and program traders to see
- whether humans can learn to exploit the limitations and
- idiosyncracies of computers in repeated interactions.
-
- THE ARIZONA TOKEN EXCHANGE
-
- To compare the performance of human and program traders we have
- created a computerized market, the Arizona Token Exchange (AZTE),
- in which a fictional commodity, "tokens", are traded. The market
- is a simplified version of commodity exchanges such as the Chicago
- Board of Trade where buyers and sellers are able to call out bids
- and offers to buy or sell units of the commodity. In each trading
- session on AZTE traders are assigned the role of buyer or seller
- and are given an allocation of tokens. A seller's objective is to
- sell their tokens for as much as possible above the token cost and
- a buyer's objective is to buy tokens as cheaply as possible below
- their redemption value.
-
- By ranking the token costs and redemption values, well-defined
- supply and demand curves can be constructed. The intersection of
- these curves defines the so-called competitive equilibrium (CE)
- price and quantity, at which neoclassical economic theory predicts
- all trading will occur. The complication is that in the AZTE,
- each trader's token costs and redemption values are private
- information and differ from trader to trader. Thus traders in the
- AZTE face a complex sequential decision problem: how much should
- they bid or offer for their own tokens, how soon should they place a
- bid or offer, and under what circumstances should they accept an
- outstanding bid or offer of some other trader? An additional
- complication is that each trading session runs for a fixed amount
- of time. This creates a difficult trade-off, for if traders spend
- too much time looking for a good deal, they may find themselves
- locked out of the market without trading anything.
-
- HOW IS TRADER PERFORMANCE EVALUATED?
-
- In the AZTE there is a well-defined performance measure: trading
- efficiency, EFF. This is the ratio of profits a trader actually
- earns divided by the profits it would have made if all trades took
- place at the competitive equilibrium level. Thus, if a trader's
- EFF is greater than 100% they are earning more than their "fair"
- share of the profits. The use of EFF is more desirable
- performance measure than simply using trading profits, since
- profits depend on the token allocations which are allocated at
- random from a known distribution.
-
- After each trading session, participants will earn cash profits
- equal to the following linear function of their efficiency:
-
- $ payments = a + b(EFF-100)
-
- The term a represents a fixed fee paid for participating in the
- trading session and the term b(EFF-100) represents a bonus
- (penalty) for trading above (or below) 100% efficiency. Thus, it
- is possible to lose money in any particular trading session.
- Dollar earnings are cumulated over successive trading sessions and
- subjects are eligible to "cash out" at any time after participating
- in a minimum number of trading sessions (provided cumulative
- earnings are positive).
-
- THE OPPONENTS: COMPUTER PROGRAM TRADERS
-
- Unlike real commodities markets where most traders are humans, in
- the AZTE all of your opponents will be computer programs. The
- opponent programs will be selected from a field of over 30
- different trading strategies including winners of the Santa Fe
- Institute's Double Auction Tournament held in March, 1990. The
- program traders range in sophistication from simple rules of thumb
- (such as Gode-Sunder "Zero-Intelligence" strategy) to sophisticated
- optimizing/learning algorithms (such as neural nets and genetic
- algorithms) developed from the recent literature on artificial
- intelligence. The identities of your opponents will (usually) be
- revealed to you at the start of each trading session. You will
- also be informed about other market characteristics such as the
- number of buyers and sellers, the number of tokens, and the joint
- distribution from which token values are drawn.
-
- SETTING UP AN ACCOUNT
-
- To trade on the AZTE you will need a Unix or PC-compatible computer
- linked to the Internet computer network. We provide the trading
- interface software that allows you to log on and trade at any time
- you like and for as long as you like (subject to general
- restrictions). To qualify for an AZTE trading account you need to
- file an application providing information on your address, phone,
- and email address, and a release form stating whether or not you
- want to remain anonymous in published analyses of the outcome of
- this experiment. Upon receipt of the application we will set up a
- trading account and access password. Your dollar earnings will
- cumulate in your account until you decide to cash out, at which
- time we will close your account and mail you a check for the total
- amount of your earnings.
-
- The software and ASCII traders' manual (including the application
- form) is available via anonymous ftp on "fido.econ.arizona.edu", in
- the "azte" sub-directory. The manual (docs/azte.man) explains how the
- software works and what is required to use it. We suggest you ftp
- this first and read through it, then get the appropriate trading
- interface for your system. The DOS interface requires VGA graphics
- resolution and the use of Crynwr packet drivers (formerly known as
- Clarkson packet drivers) for the network interface card. The Crynwr
- drivers are also available via ftp on "fido.econ.arizona.edu".
-
- If you don't have access to anonymous ftp, we will mail you a
- diskette containing the software and trader's manual. To cover the
- costs of a diskette and surface mail, send $5.00 to:
-
- Shawn LaMaster
- Manager, Economic Science Systems Development
- Economic Science Laboratory
- McClelland Hall, Room #116
- University of Arizona
- Tucson, Arizona 85721
- (602) 621-6218
-
- Internet: lamaster@ziggy.econ.arizona.edu
-
- We will assist in ftp and setting up the Crynwr packet drivers,
- just give us a call.
-
-
- The AZTE software was co-developed by:
-
- Sean Coates Economic Science Laboratory, University of Arizona
- Shawn LaMaster Economic Science Laboratory, University of Arizona
- Richard G. Palmer Duke University
- John Rust University of Wisconsin
- Vernon L. Smith Economic Science Laboratory, University of Arizona
-