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- From: reisert@mast.enet.dec.com (Alpha Personal Systems -- DTN 223-5747 -- MLO3-6/B8 17-Dec-1992 1024)
- Message-ID: <9212171522.AA27738@enet-gw.pa.dec.com>
- Subject: Why Dell is a Survivor
- Date: Thu, 17 Dec 92 07:22:30 PST
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- [Forbes October 12th 1992]
-
- Dell more than doubled its revenues in its Aug. 2 quarter from the
- equivalent period last year, closing at close to $2 billion.
-
- Far from ignoring Dell, its competitors are paying it the ultimate form
- of flattery by adopting Dell's direct-to-consumer marketing, bypassing
- retailers. In the face of this stepped-up competition, Dell's (800)
- lines are ringing off the hooks. Calls to Dell's order line have swollen
- by about 40% since a June announcement that Dell was introducing an even
- cheaper line of computers.
-
- Dell's factory is running overtime, cranking out nearly 3,000 machines
- a day to keep up with orders.
-
- Dell, however, is going to have to work a little harder for its money.
- Its after tax net margin dropped from 6% in the fiscal year that ended
- last February to a shade under 5% for the most recent quarter, with
- revenues continuing to grow faster than net profit.
-
- Dell's selling and administrative expenses eat up just 14 cents of its
- sales dollar, against 24 cents at Apple and 30 cents at IBM. Even after
- its massive layoffs of last year, Compaq's marketing overhead costs are
- still taking 20 cents out of the sales dollar.
-
- Economies of scale work in favor of the Dell distribution system. To
- the extent that its sells directly to consumers rather than to
- retailers, Dell has merely to add additional telephone sales people in
- Austin as demand increases. That's how Dell took selling and overhead
- that were 20% of sales last year down to 14% in the last quarter.
-
- Most people have assumed that Dell sold on price alone. It did in the
- beginning, but no longer. Those who attributed Dell's success to
- price-cutting have missed an important point. Although it sells almost
- entirely by telephone, Dell has managed to maintain a level of customer
- satisfaction at least equal to that of competitors who sell through
- stores. "We're not the low cost supplier," Michael Dell says. "Compaq
- and IBM are assuming that price is the problem. The problem is that the
- dealer channel has fundamentally failed at servicing customers."
-
- It helps to understand Dell if you realize that Michael Dell is not so
- much a computer entrepreneur as he is a marketing pioneer. His
- forerunners are not Steve Jobs and Bill Gates but Ray Kroc and Charles
- Schwab.
-
- Dell took the fears and uncertainties out of mail-order computers. Dell
- has astutely positioned his company at a middle point on the
- cost-and-quality curve.
-
- By the mid-1980s Michael Dell realized that while selling on price
- might be a good way of breaking into a market, it was no way to build a
- future. Someone else could cut prices a percentage point lower. Dell
- needed a different edge - reliability. So he offered such amentities as
- unlimited calls to a toll-free technical support line, a 30 day
- moneyback guarantee and next-day, on-site service through independent
- contractors, free for the first year of ownership.
-
- Compaq was the first to hit it big with first-class IBM clones. But
- soon others were putting together clones that would match the IBM PC's
- performance, and suddenly there was extreme ease of entry into what had
- formerly been a highly technological business. Dell correctly saw the
- only way to get an edge in what was fast becoming a commodity business
- was through marketing innovations.
-
- Most retailers thought customers would pay a substantial retail markup
- in return for being able to go to a store and feel and touch a machine.
- Some did and still do. But fewer of them than the establishment
- expected, especially not when a lot of the buyers are old-time users
- coming back for their second or third machine.
-
- The retailers were stunned when they saw how quickly the Texas upstart
- could deliver customized products - in substantially less time than it
- would take them to place the order and wait for the manufacturer to ship
- it.
-
- Suddenly, everyone realized what he had wasn't just a product, it was a
- process.
-
- While IBM, DEC and the others copy an outfit that they once considered
- little more than a nuisance, Dell is pushing its telemarketing strategy
- a step further. This fall Dell should start sending out DellWare, a
- catalog that will offer PC games, software packages like Lotus 1-2-3 and
- computer peripherals like modems, printers and disk drives. Dell hopes
- to become the mail-order equivalent of the computer superstore and is in
- the process of signing up scores of suppliers. "We intend to put the
- reseller out of business," Michael Dell says.
-
- More important, as Dell deeps potential customers out of computer
- stores altogether, the catalog will marry them more to Dell. Already
- Apple Computer has announced it will be starting a similar catalog.
-
- The Dell factory has changed somewhat since the days when assembly was
- done by three men, each sitting at a 6-foot-long table. Today in the
- Austin factory an order for a half dozen machines mingles with one for
- 200 traveling down the assembly lines. But it remains virtually a
- screwdriver operation, with little automation and an almost job-shop
- approach to manufacturing. This both keeps capital costs low and permits
- great flexibility. The disk drives might be on the top or the bottom of
- the base or be absent altogether, if that's what the customer wants.
-
- Because it buys most of its components, Dell supports its near $2
- billion in sales revenues with just $55 million in land, property, plant
- and equipment. That's about $33 of sales for every dollar of fixed
- assets. The comparable figure for IBM is $2. Even WalMart gets only $7
- of retail revenue for every dollar of fixed assets. Dell uses its
- capital chiefly to finance inventories, which it currently turns over at
- a rate of more than eight times a year. Return on equity like that of
- IBM in its heyday - an annualized 29% in Dell's latest Quarter.
-