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- From: spurrett@superbowl.und.ac.za (David Spurrett)
- Newsgroups: talk.philosophy.misc,sci.philosophy.tech
- Subject: Re: FREE WILL 2: Neither a Determinist nor an Indeterminist be.
- Message-ID: <spurrett.50.722073674@superbowl.und.ac.za>
- Date: 18 Nov 92 08:01:14 GMT
- Article-I.D.: superbow.spurrett.50.722073674
- References: <spurrett.37.721583229@superbowl.und.ac.za>
- Organization: University Of Natal (Durban)
- Lines: 75
- NNTP-Posting-Host: pc18.superbowl.und.ac.za
-
-
- SUMMARY: A more detailed version of the `difference between determinism
- and the principle of universal causation' is offered.
-
- (1) A Historical Note:
-
- I will not go into any details, but it is worth pointing out that there
- have been many different concepts of causality over the ages, often with
- more than type of cause being regarded as essential for anything to happen.
- Aristotle, for example, spoke of `Material', `Final', `Efficient' and
- `Formal' causes. It is a feature of modern philosophy (following Descartes
- and especially Hume) that most talk of causes centres on `efficient,' or
- mechanical, causes. This is not an essential move, and creates many prob-
- lems. It should also be pointed out that determinism arose in the context
- of a rejection of talking of causes _at_all_, and was intended to be purely
- descriptive.
-
- (2) Determinism and Causation:
-
- "Determinism ... must be carefully distinguished from what we might
- call the Principle of Universal Causation, that is, from the thesis
- that every event (or fact, change, or state of affairs) has a cause."
- [Inwagen `Essay on Free Will'.]
-
- In the work quoted above Peter van Inwagen points out that to _deduce_
- determinism from the Principle of Universal Causation would require three
- additional premisses:
-
- "(1) if an event (or fact, change, state of affairs or what have you)
- has a cause then its cause is always itself an event (or what have
- you) and never a substance or continuant such as a man;
- (2) If an event (or what have you) _A_ was the cause of an event _B_,
- then it follows, given that _A_ happened and given the laws of nature,
- that _B_ "causally necessitated"
- to happen;
- (3) Every chain of causes that has no earliest member is such that, for
- every time _t_, some event in the chain happens earlier than _t_."
- [Inwagen]
-
- These premisses are far from self evident, and we cannot arrive at
- determinism starting from the Principle of Universal Causation unless we
- use all three. Each adds a specific element to the determinist brew, and
- involves a significantly stonger claim than the simple asertion that every
- event has a cause. If we look at each of the three in turn this can be
- clarified:
-
- (1) If the Principle of Universal causation is true, but premiss one is
- false, then the doctrine of immanent causation (sometimes also called
- `agent' causation) is true. If some_thing_ is itself the cause of a
- change, rather than the cause being an earlier state of affairs, then this
- change is causal, but not deterministic. The change is caused, but the
- cause is not. [See R Chisholm's essay `Freedom and the Self']
-
- (2) If the Principle of Universal causation is true, and premiss (1) is
- true, but premiss two is false, then even though every event is caused by
- .MDNM/
- In this case the past does not determine a _unique_ future. This was the
- position urged by G.E.M Anscombe in her inagural lecture "Causality and
- Determination." The primary thrust of the lecture is an argument intended
- to show the non-equivalence of the concept of causation, and that of nec-
- cessitation which underlies determinism.
-
- (3) If the Principle of Universal causation is true, and premiss (1) is
- true, and premiss (2) is true, but premiss three is false, then every event
- may be caused by an earlier event which necessitates it, but determinism
- might still be false, for relatively clear reasons.
-
- ---oOo---
-
- I hope this helps.
- o------------------------------------------o------------------------------o
- | David Spurrett, Department of Philosophy | `I have seen the truth, and |
- | University of Natal, Durban | it makes no sense.' |
- | email: spurrett@superbowl.und.ac.za | - OFFICIAL! |
- o------------------------------------------o------------------------------o
-