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- From: res4w@galen.med.Virginia.EDU (Robert E. Schmieg)
- Subject: Re: herpes virus
- Message-ID: <1992Nov20.182415.19926@murdoch.acc.Virginia.EDU>
- Sender: usenet@murdoch.acc.Virginia.EDU
- Organization: University of Virginia
- References: <41267@sdcc12.ucsd.edu>
- Distribution: world
- Date: Fri, 20 Nov 1992 18:24:15 GMT
- Lines: 99
-
- Yes, the herpesvirus family can infect the brain.
-
- The different herpesviruses that can cause viral meningitis
- (inflammation of the membranes covering the brain) or
- encephalitis (inflammation of the brain matter), along with
- the common clinical syndrome <>, include:
- herpes simplex, types 1 and 2 (HSV-1, HSV-2)
- HSV-1 <cold sores>
- HSV-2 <genital herpes>
- varicella-zoster (VZV)
- <chickenpox, shingles>
- Epstein-Barr (EBV)
- <infectious mononucleosis>
- cytomegalovirus (CMV)
- <cytomegalic inclusion disease>
-
- A few definitions:
- viral meningitis - "a benign, self-limited illness with
- clinical signs of headache, fever, and meningeal inflammation"
- synonyms: aseptic meningitis, serous meningitis
-
- viral encephalitis - "more severe illness in which fever,
- headache, and meningeal inflammation are complicated by
- depression of the state of consciousness, seizures, and/or
- focal neurologic deficits suggesting inflammation within the
- parenchyma of the brain"
- synonym: meningoencephalitis
-
- encephalomyelitis - encephalitis with signs of spinal cord
- involvement
-
-
- The damage caused to the central nervous system (CNS)
- depends upon the type of clinical infection and the specific
- virus.
-
- Herpesviruses show no seasonal distribution.
-
- I will restrict the following to encephalitis, as it is the
- most severe and potentially lethal manifestation of central
- nervous system infection by the family of herpesviruses.
- The estimated incidence of herpesvirus encephalitis is from
- 1000 to 2000 per year in the United States.
-
- HSV-1
- =====
- most common cause of localized herpesvirus encephalitis
- past history of cold sores, etc. does NOT help in ruling out
- or suggesting this diagnosis
- dx is suggested by temporal lobe signs & severity of
- encephalitis
- can seldom be isolated from blood or CSF
- early definitive diagnosis still requires a brain biopsy
- all age groups can be affected, but 3rd & 4th decades are
- lower rates; see in children, young adults (15-30), and older
- patients (50+) most commonly
- in neonates: panencephalitis
- in adults: encephalitis with localization in the temporal and
- frontal lobes initially, often with marked asymmetry
- tx: acyclovir, vidarabine
- prognosis: depends upon timing of institution of specific
- therapy; the early the better. Mortality rates of
- untreated HSV-1 encephalitis are about 70%, which can be
- reduced to about 30% with specific therapy
- about 50% of survivors have neurological impairment, ranging
- from motor & sensory deficits, aphasia, and Korsakoff's
- psychosis. Level of consciousness at time of institution
- of therapy is a major determinant of long-term prognosis.
-
- HSV-2
- ====
- rare for encephalitis to occur in adults
- onset of HSV-2 infection may coincide with appearance of
- genital lesions
- HSV-2 can be isolated from CSF or blood
- in neonates: causes generalized and severe encephalitis,
- occurs in up to 50% of neonates delivered vaginally in women
- with primary HSV-2 infection; risk to infant is lower if
- mother has recurrent HSV-2 lesions at time of delivery
-
- VZV
- ===
- overt CNS infection is very rare, but fairly severe when it
- happens.
- in immunosuppressed patients: can cause multifocal
- encephalitis with lots of sharply circumscribed lesions
- tx: no proven specific treatment that I know of, but usually
- these pts are started on acyclovir
- prognosis: mortality rate less than 10%, permanent sequelae
- rare; this may not hold true for pts with underlying cancer
- or immunosuppression
-
- References:
- Johnson, RT. Herpes Simplex Encephalitis /and/ Viral
- Meningitis and Encephalitis, in Cecil Textbook of Medicine,
- 17th ed., 1985.
-
- Moore, JH. The Nervous System, in Robbins Pathologic Basis of
- Disease, 4th ed., 1989.
-