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- Path: sparky!uunet!spool.mu.edu!agate!biosci!uwm.edu!csd4.csd.uwm.edu!info-high-audio-request
- From: DPierce@world.std.com (Richard D Pierce)
- Newsgroups: rec.audio.high-end
- Subject: re: ESL & Ribbon Speakers
- Message-ID: <1eg6seINNsi9@uwm.edu>
- Date: 18 Nov 92 14:56:30 GMT
- Organization: University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee
- Lines: 84
- Approved: tjk@csd4.csd.uwm.edu
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- Originator: tjk@csd4.csd.uwm.edu
-
-
- Andreas Yankopolous writes:
- >
- > ... brief description of operating principles of electrostatic
- > loudspeakers, essentially correct, a few minor technical
- > errors, but, generally correct ...
- >
- >In a ribbon speaker, the "voice coil" appears in the form of thin metal
- >wires located in an insulating sheet. The sheet is suspended in a
- >strong magnetic field created by large permanent magnets. The signal
- >from the amplifier flows through the wires embedded in the ribbon. The
- >moving charges in the wire and magnetic field interact to produce a
- >force on the wires and consequently move the ribbon. Since the wires in
- >the ribbon provide the resistance to current flow, ribbon speakers
- >usually have very low impedances and usually require a high current
- >solid state design.
-
- No, in fact most ribbon drivers use a thin metallic foil, not a ribbon
- with wires embedded in it. The entire ribbon is a conductor. Also, many
- ribbon drivers come with matching transformers as well.
-
- >There are many reasons for the clarity of these designs. The vibrating
- >sheet in an electrostatic speaker is very lightweight; Martin-Logan's
- >weigh less than a cubic inch of air!
-
- For some reason (I guess it's "intuitively obvious" to the average
- audiophile) the lightweight diaphragm is somehow taken to be very
- advantageous. People seem to think that being very light, it can be
- accelerated very quickly, thus it has very good transient response, etc.
-
- This is a myth. First, in an electrostatic loudspeaker, the amount force
- applied per unit mass is typically on the same order as normal dynamic
- loudspeakers. Therefore the net acceleration is about the same. Further,
- the transformer that we end up sticking in between the amp and the driver
- acts very well as a bandpass filter and, as such, provides the upper limit
- on transient response. Essentially, no driver, no matter what principle
- it uses, can be made to move any faster than the signal driving it asks.
-
- Further, the "mass" argument completely ignores the effect of the air load,
- which can be significantly greater and pretty much nulifies any (really,
- non-existant) advantage of low mass.
-
- One further nit that can stand some debunking: the statement that the
- diaphragm weighs less than a cubic inch of air seems a bit hard to
- swallow. The density of air at STP is 1.18 kg/m^3. Thus, a cubic inch of
- air weighs in at 0.000000491 kg or a whopping 0.000491 grams. Most
- materials that are used for such diaphragms have a density damn close to
- that of water, or 1000 kg/m^3. This implies that the total material used
- must have a volume no greater than 4.91x10^-10 m^3. Using a material
- that's, say, 5x10^-6 m thick (0.2 mil), that means its total area
- cannot exceed about 1x10^-4 m^2, or a square diaphragm about 1 cm or 0.4
- inchs on a side. Now, if they are saying a square inch of the material
- weighs about the same as a cubic inch of air, I might allow them the order
- of magnitude leeway, but by saying the diaphragm weighs that much,
- well, somebody's off by at least a couple orders of magnitude.
-
- >Also, with both of these designs, the force is applied more or less
- >uniformly over the entire diaphram. A dynamic speaker concentrates the
- >force in the center of the cone or around the perimiter for the dome.
-
- Yeah? So what? As several people over the years have pointed out, uniform
- drive does not imply uniform motion. A variety of measurements (including
- a number I have performed over the years) demonstrate very clearly that
- large diaphragm electrostatic drivers not only to not move uniformly, they
- are particularly terrible in that they suffer as much, if not more, from
- non-uniform motion as other technologies.
-
- There is a good, demonstrable reason why electrostatics and (to a lesser
- extent, ribbons) sound clean and open, and that is (when done right) the
- lack of a box. But, at the same time, it's amazing what a couple of well
- placed braces and the right kind of absorptive material can do to make a
- box-based system sound much better.
-
- One of the finest, most open sounding and neutral speakers I've ever heard
- was a modified double pair of older Quad ESL's. Another example were B&W
- 801's. Two examples of speakers that used radically different approaches,
- but sounded more alike then they sounded different in many ways. One was
- electrostatic, the ither was "conventional" (but very well executed)
- dynamic driver/box technology.
-
- | Dick Pierce |
- | Loudspeaker and Software Consulting |
- | 17 Sartelle Street Pepperell, MA 01463 |
- | (508) 433-9183 (Voice and FAX) |
-