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- From: daryl@oracorp.com (Daryl McCullough)
- Subject: Re: Human intelligence vs. Machine intelligence
- Message-ID: <1992Nov17.152753.13786@oracorp.com>
- Organization: ORA Corporation
- Date: Tue, 17 Nov 1992 15:27:53 GMT
- Lines: 157
-
- frank@Cookie.secapl.com (Frank Adams) writes:
-
- >>>By the way, this statement as is can easily be falsified by David Chalmers.
- >>>All he has to do is believe *once* -- thereafter he, and everybody else, can
- >>>consistently recognize it as false.
- >>
- >>Exactly. G is true if and only if David Chalmers does not believe G.
- >>If David Chalmers *does* believe G, then G is false (and David
- >>Chalmers happens to believe a manifestly false statement).
- >>
- >>The fact that G *can* meaningfully be false shows that G is not a
- >>paradoxical statement. And it can meaningfully be true, as well.
- >>It all depends on whether David Chalmers' beliefs are consistent.
- >
- >You missed my point -- I was complaining about your wording. Specifically,
- >the phrase "will never be believed". Mr. Chalmers need only only believe
- >G momentarily in order thereafter to have a consisent view of its truth.
-
- I know. I specifically worded it so that it has that property. If
- David Chalmers even once believes G, then G is false.
-
- >But this is all by the way, since I think G is NOT meaningful.
-
- You just said that G could be false. How can it be false if it is
- not meaningful?
-
- >I am quite familiar with G"odel's proof; also the relevant paper by
- >Smullyan. The point is that in G"odel's proof, he can construct the whole
- >machinery formally, and then put the interpretation on it. Although you
- >claim to have done this, you have failed (IMO).
-
- The reason that Godel has to work so hard to construct the machinery
- is because the notions of "diagonalization" and "provable" are not
- primitives in the language of arithmetic; they have to be tediously
- built up from the primitives of +,*,0, successor, =, >, and the logical
- operators.
-
- On the other hand, humans use a much richer language, belief is more
- or less a primitive, and diagonalization is easily defined.
-
- >>>I still believe that sentences like G are invalid.
- >>
- >>Invalid in what sense? Is the notion of diagonalizing a string
- >>invalid? Is the notion of David Chalmers believing something invalid?
- >>G is a simple combination of these two notions.
-
- >The notion of David Chalmers believing something is only valid if the
- >*something* is meaningful. Does he "believe" or "disbelieve" the sun?
-
- It is obviously true that David Chalmers does not believe `the sun'.
- He can only believe things which he can understand to be statements.
- However, not believing something does not imply that one "disbelieves
- it"; to disbelieve something usually means to believe that the
- negation is true.
-
- It is a perfectly meaningful statement (and true) to say that `David
- Chalmers does not believe `the sun''.
-
- Perhaps I need to clarify things: When I say that David Chalmers
- believes a string S, I mean that (1) David Chalmers finds that S
- expresses something meaningful, and (2) David Chalmers finds that the
- statement expressed by S is true. Otherwise, David Chalmers does *not*
- believe S. It is probably the case that David Chalmers does not
- believe `flippity gupples are goo', since he probably would not find
- that meaningful. It is probably also the case that David Chalmers does
- not believe `flippity gupples are not goo'.
-
- I repeat: it is perfectly meaningful to say David Chalmers believes G,
- even when G is nonsensical (although in that case, it will be probably
- be false that David Chalmers believes G).
-
- >When you try to understand what G means, by interpreting the "diagonalizing"
- >operator, you get an infinite regress (in fact, a simple self-reference, but
- >it is not difficult to construct examples using diagonalization where the
- >references are not self-referential, but do produce an infinite regress).
-
- There is no infinite regress! To understand what G means, you only
- need to know (1) what diagonalization means, and (2) what it means for
- David Chalmers to believe something. We know what it means for David
- Chalmers to believe G even when G is nonsensical: David believes G if
- and only if he finds G meaningful and he thinks that G truthfully
- describes the state of the world. If he finds G nonsensical, then he
- does *not* believe G. If he does not believe G, then G is true! Proof:
-
- 1. G_0 is the sentence `Diagonalizing this sentence produces a sentence
- that will never be believed by David Chalmers'.
-
- 2. G is the sentence `Diagonalizing `Diagonalizing this sentence
- produces a sentence that will never be believed by David Chalmers'
- produces a sentence that will never be believed by David Chalmers'.
-
- 3. David Chalmers finds G meaningless (assumption)
-
- 4. Therefore, David Chalmers will never believe G (he can't believe
- things that he finds meaningless).
-
- 5. Since diagonalizing G_0 produces G, and David Chalmers never believes
- G, then we conclude: Diagonalizing G_0 produces a sentence that will
- never be believed by David Chalmers.
-
- 6. Substituting the definition of G_0 into 5, we conclude: Diagonalizing
- `Diagonalizing this sentence produces a sentence that will never be
- believed by David Chalmers' produces a sentence that will never be
- believed by David Chalmers.
-
- 7. We note that the conclusion of 6 is G itself, so we have a proof of G.
-
- Therefore, the assumption that G is meaningless, and David Chalmers never
- believes meaningless things leads to the conclusion that G is true.
-
- >Note that "This sentence has six words." has a different status, because its
- >correctness does not involve a recursive reference to its meaning.
-
- That is a very important point, but it also applies to the sentence G.
- To determine whether G is true, we need not recursively ask what G
- means, we only need to ask whether David Chalmers believes G. That
- ends the recursion, since in any case we can't tell whether David
- Chalmers believes G solely on the basis of the meaning of G; we need
- to know the mechanism by which David Chalmers comes to believe things.
- But if we knew the mechanism, then we still would simply ask whether that
- mechanism will ever come to believe G; we don't need to know the meaning
- of G to determine this, all we need is the syntactic form of G, which is
- the same as in the case of "This sentence has six words".
-
- The only way that G becomes paradoxical is if we assume that David
- Chalmers is so smart that he believes something if and only if it is
- true. In that case, G reduces to the Liar Paradox, which I admit does
- cause problems.
-
- Daryl McCullough
- ORA Corp.
- Ithaca, NY
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