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- From: hybl@umbc4.umbc.edu (Dr. Albert Hybl (UMAB-BIOPHYS))
- Newsgroups: bionet.info-theory
- Subject: What is a "perfect" crystal?
- Summary: You all eat too much LITE chowder?
- Keywords: X-ray_Diffraction Single_Crystals Disorder Twinning Entropy
- Message-ID: <1992Nov15.210817.20886@umbc3.umbc.edu>
- Date: 15 Nov 92 21:08:17 GMT
- Sender: newspost@umbc3.umbc.edu (News posting account)
- Organization: Univ. of MD, Baltimore County
- Lines: 103
-
- In message <Bxqnnx.9vy@ncifcrf.gov> dated Sun, 15 Nov 1992 03:43:09 GMT
- from toms@fcs260c2.ncifcrf.gov, Tom Schneider writes: "HUNH?" and
- >In article <1992Nov12.171556.15938@umbc3.umbc.edu> hybl@umbc4.umbc.edu
- >(Dr. Albert Hybl (UMAB-BIOPHYS)) writes:
- >>Is the entropy disordered crystal more "perfect" than the
- >>hypothetical untwinned crystal? Who or what defines "perfect?"
- >
- >Whoa! Sorry, the chemistry jargon is getting in my way.
- >3. What was the experiment you did, and what were the results?
- The experiment was an X-ray diffraction crystal_structure
- determination of "1,3-Diglyceride of 11-Bromoundecanoic Acid."
- The results were reported by D. Dorset & A. Hybl (1971)
- in Acta Crystallographica Vol. B27, Part 5 May 1971 pages 977-986.
- Fractional atomic coordinates and thermal parameters with standard
- deviations are published for all of the non-hydrogen atoms.
- The abstract says:
- The symmetric diglyceride of 11-bromoundecanoic acid,
- C25H46Br2O5 (DBU), was crystallized from chloroform showing
- a tabular monoclinic aspect and having space group C2/c, with
- unit-cell dimensions a=9.36, b=5.58, c=54.53 A, beta=90.40 degrees
- and with Z=4. The structure was determined by a three-dimensional
- X-ray diffraction analysis. Data were collected with a General
- Electric XRD-6 manual diffractometer and nickel-filtered Cu
- Kalpha radiation. The structure was solved by the heavy atom
- method. Block-diagonal least-squares refinement led to an R
- of 0.09. A pseudo twofold axis of molecular symmetry is
- utilized as a statistical axis of symmetry by the space group.
- The two hydrocarbon chain tails in the molecule point in
- opposite directions and are packed in layers with the chain
- axis parallel. The direction of the chain tilt, however,
- alternates in successive layers.
-
- There are several figures of the molecule and its crystal structure
- included in the paper. Do you have a library at the Fort?
-
- >1. What is the molecular system being proposed here? A crystal
- >with two forms of phospholipid? Do they interconvert in short
- >time scales? Are they a mixture?
- There is ONLY ONE KIND OF MOLECULE IN ONLY ONE CONFIGURATION
- in the crystals. It does NOT contain any Phosphorus. The
- rotational isomers do NOT interconvert; not in the solution nor
- in the crystal during the time scale of the experiment.
- They are not a mixture--they are a single crystal. THE MOLECULE
- DOES NOT CONTAIN A TWOFOLD AXIS OF SYMMETRY!
-
- >2. What do you mean by "entropy twinning"?
- Assume that the birth of a crystal nucleus has occurred and
- molecules are being deposited at the crystal face with release
- of heat energy. Either of the two rotational orientations of
- the molecule are deposited at RANDOM. X-ray diffractions sees
- only a space averaged structure. During the analysis, we found
- the oxygen atom attached to the middle carbon atom of the
- glycerol group appearing ambiguously as two peaks related by a
- pseudo-symmetry axis.
- We also saw "(1) a very evident twofold axis of molecular
- symmetry; (2) that the disorder does not perturb the packing lattice
- energy; (3) the free energy of the crystal is probably lower in
- the disordered form by a residual entropy contribution of
- (k ln 2^N) = R ln 2 = 1.38 cal/mole degree; (4) by placing the
- twofold axis of pseudo molecular symmetry coincident to a
- twofold axis in the space group C2/c, only half as many
- independent parameters are needed to describe the structure."
- I hope that explains the entropy. Twinning is a crystal-
- lographic term related to growth. F.C. Phillips [(1956).
- in "An Introduction to Crystallography," Longmans, Green and
- Co., London . New York . Toronto, on page 166] says "The
- reasons for the formation of twin-crystals, as for many other
- features of crystal habit, are not yet completely understood. ...
- The most important factor, however, is believed to lie in
- the geometry of the internal structure of the particular
- substance, the substance being by chance almost symmetrical
- about the direction of the twin-axis (axis of pseudo-symmetry)
- or almost symmetrical over a twin-plane (plane of
- pseudo-symmetry). ... when a portion of the structure is in
- twinned orientation this pseuodo-unit extends almost without
- deviation over the two orientations in relationship to the
- details of the internal structural pattern ..." Ok, now you
- have the reason for the use of the term entropy twinning.
-
- >Thanks for your patience.
- You should add some FAT to you chowder, after all, every living cell
- contains some lipids. I intended this to be an example for
- something being discused--I forgot what. Oh, well--just toss
- it into chowder pot.
-
- >
- > CH2OR CH2OR (below plane)
- > . .
- > . .
- > HO-C-H and H-C-OH
- > . .
- > . .
- > CH2OR CH2OR (below plane)
- > (a) (b)
-
- O H H
- R = -C-(C)9-C-Br
- H H
- >
- >The disorder results from the competitive occupancy for each
- >site by rotational isomers (a) and (b).
-
- Albert Hybl (hybl@umbc3.umbc.edu)
-