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- Path: sparky!uunet!ogicse!das-news.harvard.edu!husc-news.harvard.edu!husc8.harvard.edu!mcirvin
- From: mcirvin@husc8.harvard.edu (Mcirvin)
- Newsgroups: sci.physics
- Subject: A long-winded primer on four-vectors (part 1)
- Keywords: four-vectors
- Message-ID: <1992Jul21.182314.14031@husc3.harvard.edu>
- Date: 21 Jul 92 22:23:12 GMT
- Article-I.D.: husc3.1992Jul21.182314.14031
- References: <mcirvin.711489157@husc10> <130889@lll-winken.LLNL.GOV> <mcirvin.711673227@husc8> <1992Jul21.141253.17366@jlc.mv.com>
- Lines: 133
- Nntp-Posting-Host: husc8.harvard.edu
-
- john@jlc.mv.com (John Leslie) writes:
-
- > Could someone have mercy on those of us whose college physics is
- >twenty or more years in the past? What is "four-vectors"?
-
- Be careful what you wish for... people like me are listening!
- What follows is a lengthy primer on four-vectors in special
- relativity. In fact, much of basic special relativity is
- implicit in it.
-
- (Be patient: the most mathematically difficult part of
- this post is right at the beginning, and the physics is
- all at the end, in part 2!)
-
- I. Lorentz transformations
-
- A four-vector, in this context, is a vector in four-dimensional
- Minkowski spacetime, a space in which time functions as a fourth
- dimension. A four-vector transforms in the usual way under
- rotations, and in a well-defined way under velocity boosts,
- similar to rotations but involving hyperbolic rather than
- trigonometric functions of the appropriate parameter, and
- some different minus signs.
-
- Imagine a rotation in the xy plane in ordinary three-space. A
- vector in the xy plane transforms as follows under a rotation
- by the angle theta:
-
- x -> x' = x cos theta - y sin theta
- y -> y' = x sin theta + y cos theta
-
- Likewise, a four-vector in the xt plane (t = time!) transforms
- like this under a velocity boost with "rapidity parameter" phi:
-
- x -> x' = x cosh phi + t sinh phi
- t -> t' = x sinh phi + t cosh phi
-
- where by x and t, I mean the corresponding vector components.
-
- Cosh phi is the famous time dilation factor, gamma, which
- is 1/sqrt(1-v^2/c^2), with v the relative velocity. Sinh phi
- is gamma times v/c, or just gamma*v if c = 1. Quantities
- such as velocity, energy, and momentum can be expressed in terms
- of four-vectors, making notation more compact and easy to
- handle, and making it obvious when something is a relativistic
- invariant and when it isn't.
-
- II. Invariant length and inner products
-
- Consider an ordinary vector V in three-dimensional space. The
- squared length of this vector,
-
- 2 2 2
- V + V + V
- x y z ,
-
- is independent of rotations in three-dimensional space. There
- is a similar quantity associated with a four-vector A,
-
- 2 2 2 2
- + A - A - A - A
- t x y z ,
-
- which is *invariant* under both rotations and velocity boosts
- (or, in the language usually used, "arbitrary Lorentz
- transformations.") Notice the different sign on the t
- (time) component! The *overall* sign is just a convention, but
- the *difference* in sign between the time component and the
- spatial components is what makes this quantity invariant
- under boosts. If you like, you can prove it for a four-vector
- in the xt plane, with the y and z components set to zero;
- it's easy if you know that cosh^2 phi - sinh^2 phi = 1.
-
- (The overall sign convention varies greatly among authors!
- Many like to set the first term negative and the
- others positive. I'll continue to use this one, though.)
-
- This is made more general by redefining the dot or inner
- product of two vectors. For three-vectors, the dot product
- of vectors P and Q is defined as
-
- P Q + P Q + P Q , abbreviated as P Q
- x x y y z z i i
-
- where the sum over repeated indices is understood. For
- four-vectors, the inner product of R and S is
-
- R S - R S - R S - R S (1)
- t t x x y y z z .
-
- Just as the dot product of two vectors is invariant under
- rotations, this inner product is invariant under Lorentz
- transformations, both rotations and boosts.
-
- III. The metric
-
- A shorter way of writing this, using the summation convention,
- is to define the "metric tensor", g, which is a matrix
-
- 1 0 0 0
- g = 0 -1 0 0
- ab 0 0 -1 0
- 0 0 0 -1
-
- Then the inner product (1) can be abbreviated
- T
- R g S or, if you like, just R gS.
- a ab b
-
- In the index version of the expression, the repeated
- indices imply sums over all four possible values of both
- a and b.
-
- (It is sometimes customary to use Greek indices when the
- index can vary over all four dimensions. ASCII doesn't
- include Greek, so I'm using a and b instead.)
-
- To keep track of when we need to use the metric tensor, we can
- use upper indices (which look like exponents, but aren't) and
- lower indices, and use the rule that you do sums over products
- where an upper index is the same as a lower index: the inner
- product of R and S is then
-
- a b
- R S where S = g S
- a a ab ,
-
- and we use the metric tensor g to "lower indices."
- But this is really just another compact abbreviation for (1).
-
- --
- Matt McIrvin, grad student, Dept. of Physics, Harvard University
- mcirvin@husc.harvard.edu mumble mumble mumble mumble mumble
-