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- From: benzvi@noneuclid.geom.umn.edu (David Ben-zvi)
- Subject: Re: Geometry - Euclidean/elliptic/hyperbolic.
- Message-ID: <1992Jul30.190314.891@news2.cis.umn.edu>
- Sender: news@news2.cis.umn.edu (Usenet News Administration)
- Nntp-Posting-Host: noneuclid.geom.umn.edu
- Organization: Geometry Center, University of Minnesota
- References: <1992Jul30.172517.6127@csc.canterbury.ac.nz>
- Date: Thu, 30 Jul 1992 19:03:14 GMT
- Lines: 86
-
- In article <1992Jul30.172517.6127@csc.canterbury.ac.nz> wft@math.canterbury.ac.nz (Bill Taylor) writes:
- >I have a small list here of simple characteristic differences between the
- >three types of homogeneous geometry.
- >
- >If anyone can add further items of interest, I would be most grateful.
- >---------------
- > Euclidean Elliptic Hyperbolic
- > ========= ======== ==========
- >One parallel to a line through a given pt. No parallels. Many parallels.
- >
- >Triangle angles add to 180. More than 180. Less than 180.
- >
- >Triangles have arbitrary area. Upper limt to area. <-- ditto
- >
- >Whole space has infinite area. Finite. Infinite.
- >
- >Minimum distance between parallel lines <inapplicable> At a particular
- > achieved by every point on either line. point on each.
-
- The comment about Euclidean and Hyperbolic spaces having
- infinite area is not true for all spaces having these kinds
- of geometry. It is true of the model spaces for these geometries-
- the simply connected (in these cases, contractible) homogeneous spaces
- E^n and H^n (Euclidean and Hyperbolic n-space)-this is probably what you meant.
- Every euclidean/hyperbolic
- manifold has E^n/H^n as its universal covering space. But for many purposes
- euclidean/hyperbolic manifolds of finite volume such as the torus/genus g
- surface (g>1) are the most interesting. (All of these can be represented
- as the actions of some nice groups -Kleinian groups in the hyperbolic case,
- pretty boring groups in the euclidean - acting on the universal cover.)
-
- An interesting note about parallels in hyperbolic space - we can talk about lines
- parallel to a given line, these being required to meet the other line at
- infinity (i.e. on the unit disc in the Poincare or Klein models). This corresponds
- to our regular notion of parallels, meeting at the horizon. There are also
- lines that don't intersect a given line either in the finite or infinite part
- of the hyperbolic space (i.e. not even asymptotically). These are called
- ultraparallels. Given two ultraparallel lines, there is a unique line perpendicular
- to both. If we think of our hyperbolic space as lying in projective space
- (projective = Klein model), then every two ultraparallels meet at a point
- OUTSIDE infinity, and these points correpond to the perpendiculars we constructed.
- Since projective space=disc+Mobius strip, we can say that there is a Mobius strip
- outside infinity correponding to the perpendiculars (and thus intrinsically
- defined!) For higher dimensional hyperbolic spaces there is a simillarly
- defined perpendicular hyperplane given two ultraparallels, and the set of these
- hyperplanes form the higher dimensional analogues of Mobius strips
- (= tautological or canonical line bundle over projective space P^(n-1)).
- Thus we can truly say that there is a Mobius strip outside of infinity!
-
- Final note - in your enumeration of homogeneous geometries you might want to include
- Thurston's list of eight homogeneous geometries for three-manifolds.
- The three you mentioned are the isotropic ones. Besides these
- there are:
- H^2 x E geometry - it looks like the hyperbolic plane in one
- direction and like the Euclidean line in another.
-
- S^2 x E : spherical in some directions, 1-D Euclidean looking "up".
-
- Twisted H^2 x E, or PSL2(R) geometry: this looks like H^2xE except
- that it's twisted - in moving along the H^2 direction you slide
- down the E direction. (This is a natural geometry on the
- universal cover of PSL2(R), the group of hyperbolic isometries)
-
- Twisted Euclidean (or Nilgeometry) - same idea. there's a good picture of this
- as a "junglejim" in Jeff Weeks' book.
-
- Solvegeometry - this is the really wierd one. Essentially no two
- directions look the same. It is made out of Euclidean planes,
- but when you move up you get squished in one direction and expanded in
- another, viceversa for moving down. Geodesics look very strange-
- to get from one point to another in the same Euclidean plane, it's
- better to move up (say) so that lengths shrink, and then move back down.
-
- (For a complete description of these geometries, see Thurston's preprint
- "Three Dimensional Geometry and Topology". There's also an article
- by Peter Scott, "The Geometries of 3-manifolds" in the Bulletin of the London
- Mathematical Society" 15, 1983, - I haven't read this).
-
-
- Hope this helps,
- David Ben-Zvi (benzvi@geom.umn.edu)
-
- =============================
-
- "The surface was invented by the devil" - Wolfgang Pauli
-
-