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- Path: sparky!uunet!ogicse!das-news.harvard.edu!das-news!smith
- From: smith@gramian.harvard.edu (Steven Smith)
- Newsgroups: sci.math
- Subject: The Trigonometry of Small Geodesic Triangles
- Message-ID: <SMITH.92Jul28165339@gramian.harvard.edu>
- Date: 28 Jul 92 21:53:39 GMT
- Article-I.D.: gramian.SMITH.92Jul28165339
- Sender: usenet@das.harvard.edu (Network News)
- Distribution: sci.math
- Organization: Harvard Robotics Lab, Harvard University
- Lines: 38
-
- Let M be an n-dimensional Riemannian manifold with Riemannian
- structure g, c a point in M, and N_c a normal neighborhood of c which
- is a normal neighborhood of each of its points. Let p,q be points in
- N_c. Then cpq is a triangle in N_c whose angles are C, P, Q, and
- whose sides are geodesics of length x = d(c,p), y = d(c,q), and z =
- d(p,q).
-
- If the triangle cpq is small, what can be said about the relationships
- between its angles and sides?
-
- There is a very complete classical treatment of this question in
- Forsyth's _Intrinsic Geometry of Ideal Space_ (MacMillan, 1935).
- Forsyth derives the second order approximation of Gauss's formula
-
- 1
- C + P + Q - PI = - x y K sin C
- 2
-
- where K is the sectional curvature of M at c along the section
- generated by the directions of the geodesics cp and cq at c. Also,
- there appears the third order (inclusive) approximation of the law of
- cosines
- 1 ( 2 2 2 )
- ( 2 2 )- ( 1 x y sin C )
- z = ( x + y - 2 x y cos C )2 ( 1 - - K ---------------- )
- ( ) ( 6 2 2 )
- ( x +y - 2xy cos C )
-
- As I said, Forsyth's treatment is (of course) very classical (!!!). I
- suppose I could translate it into modern language, but life is short.
- Could anyone point me toward a modern treatment of this subject?
-
- I know that comparison theory (a la Cheeger), Toponogov's Theorem, and
- Cartan's treatment of Riemannian manifolds of nonpositive curvature
- all provide some beautiful global inequalities, but I am hoping to
- find pointers to sharper approximations.
-
- Steven Smith
-