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- Newsgroups: misc.activism.progressive
- Path: sparky!uunet!wupost!mont!pencil.cs.missouri.edu!rich
- From: rich@pencil.cs.missouri.edu (Rich Winkel)
- Subject: WOMEN: Islamic historians suppress evidence of woman rulers
- Message-ID: <1992Jul21.092323.23507@mont.cs.missouri.edu>
- Followup-To: alt.activism.d
- Originator: rich@pencil.cs.missouri.edu
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- Organization: PACH
- Date: Tue, 21 Jul 1992 09:23:23 GMT
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- Lines: 126
-
- /** gen.women: 197.0 **/
- ** Topic: WOMEN: Islamic historians suppress **
- ** Written 8:57 pm Jul 16, 1992 by peg:paua in cdp:gen.women **
- /* Written 1:58 pm Jul 14, 1992 by cdp:newsdesk in peg:ips.english */
- /* ---------- "WOMEN: Islamic historians suppress" ---------- */
- Copyright Inter Press Service 1992, all rights reserved.
-
- Title: WOMEN: Islamic historians suppress evidence of woman rulers
-
- an inter press service feature
-
- by marit scheepmaker
-
- amsterdam, jul 14 (ips) -- islamic historians are deliberately
- suppressing evidence that muslim women have become community
- leaders, says a prominent moroccan feminist.
-
- fatimi mernissi should know. a well-known arab writer, she has
- delved into ''nearly forgotten'' historic archives to research a
- book which reveals that islamic history has known 16 women heads
- of state.
-
- first published in french in 1990, sul~tanes oubliees, femmes
- chefs d'etat en islam -- for~gotten sultanes, female heads of
- state in islam -- has since been translated into several
- languages. the dutch edition was published last week.
-
- inspired by opposition to pakistan's benazir bhutto, the
- sociologist-turned-author said bhutto's 1988 election as prime
- minister was of particular significance because it was democratic.
-
- newspapers across the islamic world charged she had no right to
- govern because there was no precedent of a woman heading a
- government, mernissi said in a recent interview. ''but i happened
- to know of one woman who ruled egypt in the 13th century. her name
- was sjadjarat ad-doer. i wonde~red why every~body had forgotten
- about her and started doing re~search.''
-
- researching her book, mernissi says was like playing detective.
- erasing from history women rulers such as sultanes, malikates and
- chatoens amounted to ''a kind of historic murder,'' she says.
-
- other woman rulers could not claim the title of head of state
- because islamic leaders failed to grant them the 'chutba' in
- friday prayers, which officially would have given them appropriate
- status.
-
- most women rulers emerged in asian islam. arabs knew only two who
- had received official friday prayer mention: malika asma and
- malika oerwa, rulers of yemen in the 11th and 12th century.
-
- ''it's remarkable that outside yemen, even highly esteemed
- historians don't mention this fact,'' mernissi says. ''of~ course,
- this collective loss of memory is no coincidence. this kind of
- knowledge is a direct threat to the authority of the islamic
- clergy.'
-
- revealing the history of islamic women in government may
- influence the perspective of islamic women today, she says.~
-
- ''women have been taught to please men, to efface them~selves, to
- be submissive, to show their weakness and helplessness. but these
- yemenite queens show us that striving for power and being loved
- can go hand in hand,'' mernissi writes. ' (more/ips)
-
- women: islamic historians suppress evidence of woman rulers(2-e)
-
- women: islamic (2)
-
- mernissi has made a career of writing about the role of women in
- islam as well as islam's relationship to democracy. contrary to
- western perceptions of undemocratic intolerance, islam to her is a
- rich, multilayered culture. benazi bhutto, she says, was a
- revolutionary elected by ''people without shoes''.
-
- mernissi discounts the fact that she was the daughter of
- pakistan's powerful leader, zulfikar ali bhutto, whom the military
- regime hanged in 1979. she also dismisses benazir's forced
- dismissal in late 1990. ''the point,'' she says, ''is that the
- people expressed the wish to have a woman as their leader.''
-
- benazir's election, she argues, changed islamic politics. it was
- emulated last year in bangladesh where khaleda zia became prime
- minister. younger women in pakistan and algeria have since
- demonstrated courage in street protests against both dictatorship
- and islamic fun~damentalism. ''muslims, just like christians
- during the inquisition, hate...state violence,'' mernissi says.
-
- opposed to modern day fundamentalism, mernissi compares her
- fundamentalist islamic brethren to germany's fascists of the 1930s
- who constituted ''the biggest workers' move~ment that ever existed
- in germany and turned out to be the final stage of despotism...
- the final convulsion of authoritarianism before the germans would
- become europeans.''
-
- in her latest book, la peur-modernite, -- the fear of modernism --
- mernissi, like other arab writers, predicts that last year's gulf
- war against iraq will strengthen fundamenta~list movements. she
- blames the west for islam's lack of democracy.
-
- ''western europe managed to put dicta~torship behind it after
- many centuries. but we never had a normal development because
- western coun~tries fearing nationalisation of the oil sector,
- systema~tical~ly supported the oil sheiks and ob~structed
- demo~cratic develop~ments,'' she says
-
- as a result, arab politicians are still able to employ religion
- as a means of suppressing the people, she says. their political
- control is enhanced by the lack of modern education in many
- islamic countries.
-
- people ''have never heard of rous~seau,'' the concept of
- individu~alism or the declara~tion of human rights, ''which is, to
- my mind, the most beautiful gift that wes~tern civili~sation has
- given the world.'' arab women, she says, are entitled to
- ''everything'' the world has to offer.
-
- ''that can be candlelight, computers, the declaration of human
- rights, the quran and the mosque. i want everything. why should i
- only listen to some imam who tells me what i should do and think?
- religion is not only an institution, not only power. it's also an
- attitude of mind, language, symbols. in that way islam will not
- die.'' (end/ips/ip/ms/cpg/jmd/92)
-
- ** End of text from cdp:gen.women **
-
-