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========================================== ICD ST Disk CLEANUP Program Copyright ╜ 1992 by ICD, Inc. 1220 Rock St. Rockford, IL 61101 (815) 968-2228 ========================================== MANUAL ------ Read this entire document before running CLEANUP ST. You may wish to make a printed copy for reference. Copyright Notice and Disclaimer ------------------------------- This software and documentation is copyrighted material. All rights reserved. Reproduction or translation of any part of this work (beyond that permitted by sections 107 and 108 of the United States Copyright Act) without permission of the copyright owner is unlawful. CLEANUP ST is NOT public domain software and may NOT be distributed by you in any form. Violators will be subject to prosecution. In no event will ICD, Inc. be liable for any damages whatsoever (including without limitation, damages for loss of business profits, business interruption, loss of business information, or the like) arising out of the use of, interruption in the use of, or inability to use this software, even if ICD Inc. has been advised of any possibility or likelihood of such damages. Hardware and Software Requirements ---------------------------------- CLEANUP ST requires the ICD ST Host Adapter in your system. Hard, floppy, and RAM disk problems can be diagnosed and corrected. CLEANUP ST works only on TOS (GEM) and PC-DITTO partitions. It will not process Magic SAC, Spectre 128, or other foreign directory structures. CLEANUP also requires that you have installed ICDBOOT.PRG (ICDBOOT.SYS) version 3.20 or later. The latest version is included in the AUTO folder of the CLEANUP diskette. Copy it to the root directory of your boot hard drive, trash the old ICDBOOT.SYS and rename the new ICDBOOT.PRG as ICDBOOT.SYS. Or HDUTIL.PRG version 2.0 will do this for you...just select the Boot button. Purpose ------- Disk structures tend to become corrupted to a certain degree over a period of time. CLEANUP ST shows any defects and allows you to recover from most faults. Possible causes of corruption include: poor software, power surges and power failures, and hardware problems such as deterioration of the magnetic coating on the disk platter or a faulty disk controller or DMA chip. Failing to reboot after a program bombs, or pressing RESET while a program is writing to the disk, are two other common causes of damage. A final cause, and often the most difficult to prove and eliminate, are the infamous 'virus' programs. CLEANUP ST is designed to detect and enable correction of every disk fault that we could conceive of. However, it is not a virus detector. It can only detect some of the possible symptoms of a viral infection. CAUTIONARY Note --------------- This program has a test mode. Generally, when you run the program for the first time, select this mode. The program acts normally except that NO permanent changes are made on your disk. Doing this allows you to note any cross links and other possible defects. Then you can examine the files in question to decide which (if any) you want to keep. Then rerun CLEANUP ST again to permanently correct the defects. NEVER put cross linked files in the trashcan! Once you have cleaned up all partitions for the first time, it will usually not be necessary to use test mode. Just run CLEANUP ST periodically to make sure your partitions are OK. Running CLEANUP --------------- Double click on the program name or icon. At the initial screen, press the left mouse button or any key to avoid the delay. The main menu will appear next. The primary options here are: Cleanup (select and check disk structures), Mapping (select special options for bad sector checking and mapping), and Hard Disk (save or restore Partition and Boot sectors). You can also select Auto Mode, Print Mode, and Test Mode. You can traverse the main and secondary menus as desired. Generally select Exit to get out of a secondary menu back to the main menu, and Continue to go forward with the program. Using DESKTOP.ACC ----------------- If you have ICD's DESKTOP.ACC installed in your system, you can access it through version 3.17 and later of CLEANUP. DESKTOP.ACC is our accessory which performs the following actions: 1 - Allows you to name/rename hard drive partitions. 2 - Places hard drive partition names in GEM desktop icons. 3 - Allows you to enable/disable partitions at will (make them visible or invisible to the booter and other programs). 4 - Allows you to modify the logical order in which the system sees the drives (drive swapping). 5 - Allows you to permanently save a new logical swap order. 6 - Lets you enable or disable write verify and write cache, temporarily. (Read caching and write verify must have been enabled in ICDBOOT with HDUTIL's "Config" option). 7 - Updates any open GEM desktop windows affected by drive swapping or toggling. A button marked "ICD Desktop" will appear at the upper left hand corner of the main dialog. This feature will make it easier to use CLEANUP on partitions which were disabled at run time. Cleaning Up Your Drives ----------------------- At the Select Drive(s) menu, click on one or more drives. (Drives not on line will not be selectable). Note that as you select each drive, the Mode options currently in effect (button selected) will apply to that drive only. To clear previous options and apply the current ones, deselect and then reselect the drive. To learn more about the various modes, see the Modes section below. If this seems confusing, note that you could perform the following sequences of actions: 1 - Go to Select Drives, select drive C and Exit. 2 - Select Test Mode, go to Select Drives, select drive D and Exit. 3 - Deselect Test Mode, select Auto Mode, go to Select Drives, select drive E, and Exit. 4 - Go to Mapping menu, select Enter Mode, Exit, go to Select Drives, select drive F, and Continue. Drive C would be tested in totally normal fashion; drive D would be checked in Test Mode, drive E in Auto Mode, drive F in Auto/Enter mode. You don't have to get "fancy" like this, but it is nice to be able to. Continuing the CLEANUP ---------------------- The program will display a window showing the Disk Structure statistics for the current drive. When through examining it, click on Continue. This window is not shown in Auto Mode. If the boot sector is a bad sector, normally the partition would not even be detected by the program. However, you may get a message saying the Boot sector is bad or corrupted and to try to Restore it. If this is not possible, your disk is not useable and you should try reformatting. Next the File Allocation Tables (FATs) are examined. Two copies of the FAT are kept on the disk; they are compared. Possible faults here include: 1 - One or both FATs have invalid clusters. (These are clusters greater than the number of data clusters on the disk). If the number of invalid clusters in each table is not equal, the program will use the FAT with the least defects. If both FATs have the same number of invalid clusters, you will be asked to choose which one to use. 2 - Neither FAT has any invalid clusters, but they are not identical. You will be asked to choose one. 3 - Unreassignable bad sector in FAT. This is a FATAL error as it makes the disk unuseable, and reformatting may be the only way to make it useful again. Next the directory is mapped. Each branch of the directory tree is traced to its end. Possible problems here include: 1 - File names with an unusual number of invalid characters, or embedded spaces, linefeeds, or carriage returns.. You will be given the oportunity to rename these. 2 - Main directory has an unreassignable bad sector. This is a FATAL error; the the disk is not useable and reformatting is the only possible way to reclaim it. 3 - A subdirectory has a bad sector. The program will attempt to recover the data. Valid data will be moved to a good region of the disk. You will be informed of the results. (If there is no free space, the directory will be truncated). 4 - Invalid subdirectory. If a directory entry's status byte was changed to make it appear to be a subdirectory (folder) then an unusual number of bad file names are likely to be detected, You will then be asked if you want to change the status of the particular entry to make it a normal file. If you choose Yes, the directory will be completely remapped. 5 - Bad file attribute byte. The file attribute byte determines whether the system sees the item as a file or folder. In addition, other attributes such as archive, hidden, system, and read only are set here. Some bits are undefined and therefore illegal. The file name and path are displayed, along with the bad attributes, and you will be asked to select the proper attributes. You will not be allowed to select illegal combinations of attributes. After the directory is mapped, a window with the File Structure statistics is displayed for your information. Click on Continue when finished examining this. This window is not displayed in Auto Mode. Next, CLEANUP ST examines the allocation chain of all files and subdirectories. Possible problems found here include: 1 - Files with invalid allocation chains. This means that one of the clusters in the allocation chain of the file does not exist. You will be given the file name and the opportunity to delete the file. You may also be given the option to truncate the file to valid clusters if the file in question is not binary code (files with extensions of .PRG, .TOS, .TTP, or .O) and the invalid cluster is not the file's first cluster You would probably want to truncate text files and delete other kinds. 2 - Cross linked files. This means that two or more files are claiming the same sectors, or a file is linked to itself. If two or more files claim the same sector, only one of them can be valid. All files will be displayed and you will be given the opportunity to delete one or more. 3 - Files whose file size (in the directory entry) does not match the number of clusters allocated in its FAT chain. If the file has too many clusters, you will be asked if you want to delete or truncate the file. If the file has too few clusters, yet its allocation chain is valid, you will be asked if you wish to adjust the filesize in the corresponding directory entry. Next the FAT is examined for any remaining valid cluster chains that are not claimed by a file. You will be given the opportunity to create correlating files. These will be named ?UNKNOWN.1, ?UNKNOWN.2, etc., in the root (main) directory of the partition. Remember that when you truncate a file with an invalid cluster chain, there may be an unclaimed cluster chain left over which will be found at this time. Generally you would choose to create these files and examine them later...before (usually) deciding that they are junk and discarding them. Finally, CLEANUP ST checks your disk for bad sectors. Possible problems here include: 1 - Bad sectors in Boot, FAT, or main directory sectors. All of these sectors have been previously accessed and so any bad sectors found should have been dealt with already. However, it is possible to have intermittent or "flaky" bad sectors which were read OK the first time and came up bad this time. The solution is to abort and rerun CLEANUP, and hope that things go better the next time. Otherwise, these bad sectors are FATAL in that they make the disk unuseable. Reformatting the disk is then the only way to reclaim it, and that may not be effective if the media has physical damage. 2 - File claiming a bad sector. The program will attempt to recover the data and move it to a good area of the disk. You will be informed of the results. Note that files of type .PRG, .TOS, .TTP, and .O will be deleted as it is a certainty that these files (binary code) will no longer be good. The file will also be deleted if there is no free space to move good data to. If any bad sectors are found, you will have the option of getting a list of them. You will also be asked if you want to map bad sectors either in the FAT or through SCSI. Normally, respond Yes...this removes the bad sectors from any further use. This concludes the disk processing of CLEANUP ST. If any corrective action taken has changed the FAT, you will be asked if it is OK to rewrite it. Respond Yes to make changes permanent. If any bad sectors were found and relinked, or any files deleted/truncated, ?UNKNOWN files created, etc., responding 'Yes' here is a MUST to avoid more corruption. Finally, if any defects were detected, you can choose to display a complete report of them. At the conclusion of running CLEANUP, you will be returned to the main menu. At this time, you can change options, rerun CLEANUP, or Quit. Aborting the CLEANUP -------------------- As long as no writes have been performed, a control-C keypress will cause the program to stop its execution and return to the main menu. You may have to press control-C several times to get the program's attention, and there may be slight delays. Other Contingencies ------------------- A few rather obscure possibilities were not mentioned above. Most of these relate to out of memory conditions which are not likely to occur. You may get a message that your drive has a non-standard structure. You can call ICD about this. However, it is most likely that your boot sector has been corrupted; when this happens, you should first try using the Restore function. If this fails, the only solution is likely to be reformatting. We have by no means covered EVERY possible message from CLEANUP. Most are self-explanatory and do not demand decisions from the operator. Remember, if you have any questions, CALL ICD and we will be glad to help you. Data Recovered from Bad Sectors ------------------------------- CLEANUP ST attempts to recover data from bad sectors and informs you whenever it is successful. Note that this data is almost always highly corrupted; keep notes on which files are recovered and examine them most carefully. Unless these are straight text files, it is a very good idea to delete them! Mapping Bad Sector Options -------------------------- In this menu, you will be able to set the number of times each sector is read while testing for bad sectors. This value will be between 1 and 999. Normally, each sector is read once. Choosing to read each sector two or more times will drastically slow down the execution of CLEANUP, but may be helpful to those who have a disk which seems to exhibit intermittent bad sectors. You will also be able to select various modes: BIOS/SCSI Checking Mode for checking for bad sectors, FAT/SCSI Mapping Mode for mapping bad sectors, Enter Mode for entering lists of known bad sectors, and Skip Mode for skipping the bad sector test altogether. See the next section. Choosing your Modes ------------------- Modes are ways of performing the CLEANUP. As each drive is selected in the Select Drives menu, the modes currently in effect will be applied to it. Auto Mode runs CLEANUP all the way through without requiring any mouse clicks/keystrokes from the user as long as no errors are found. The boxes of information about disk and file structure are not displayed in automatic mode. To choose automatic mode, click on the 'Auto' box when selecting which drive(s) to check. Print Mode prints out errors only during the CLEANUP session. If no errors are found, nothing is printed. If one or more errors is found, a header showing the time, date, and drive is first shown. Then a brief description of each problem is printed. In some cases your response is also printed. Test Mode "write protects" the target disk. In other words, CLEANUP runs normally (or as much so as possible) but NO permanent changes are made. It is usually wise to select this Mode when first running CLEANUP on your disks. That way, you can make a note of any cross- linked files on your disk, Quit CLEANUP, examine the files and decide which (if any) to keep. Or, it may be that your disk is SO strangely messed up that CLEANUP will get lost. We have tried to compensate for any and all eventualities, and estimate that CLEANUP will handle in excess of 99% of all possible structural defects. Nonetheless, we are always prepared for surprises. This is the purpose of Test Mode. (There are a few circumstances under which CLEANUP will run in a slightly different fashion while in Test Mode...these involve changes in the directory tree, mainly. There is no way to make the modes completely compatible). Enter Mode lets you enter up to 20 previously known bad sectors to be mapped out. This won't be nearly as useful as letting CLEANUP find bad sectors, but you might need the feature some day. Skip Mode lets you skip the testing for bad sectors altogether. This will speed program execution, but use this mode only if you are SURE that you don't have newly-developed bad sectors!!! There are two modes for testing for bad sectors: BIOS Mode and SCSI Mode. BIOS tests through the input/output routines of the ST, which do retries on bad sectors, and generally finds truly bad sectors only. SCSI Mode operates directly through the hardware, and will usually be both faster and more adept at finding marginal sectors. However, many of these marginal sectors will be perfectly useable due to the error correcting code in most hard disk controllers. There are two modes for the mapping out (elimination) of bad sectors: FAT Mode and SCSI Mode. FAT Mode places a special value in the File Allocation Table meaning that the cluster containing a bad sector is to be skipped under all circumstances. SCSI Mode actually substitutes a good sector from an area of the disk reserved at physical format time. Thus SCSI Mode makes bad sectors totally non-existent...and some ST software (Magic Sac/Spectre 128) requires error-free partitions! BUT...there is a catch. Some drives/controllers (SASI and Adaptec) do not support sector reassignment. OR, your drive may not have been formatted to allow sectors held in reserve for this event. OR, you may have already used up all available reserved sectors! In this case FAT Mode will be used. If you require error-free partitions, your only options at this time are to back up files and physically reformat the drive, or if this fails to get a new drive. Running CLEANUP from a Configuration File ----------------------------------------- Version 3.12 and later of CLEANUP will look for a file called CLEANUP.CFG in the same folder. You can set up the configuration as desired and CLEANUP will self-configure and run automatically. Valid entries in the configuration file and their meaning are as follows: auto select auto mode print select print mode test select test mode test scsi test for bad sectors through scsi, if possible map scsi map out bad sectors through scsi, if possible skip skip bad sector test drives c[defghijklmnop] test drives listed and found on line drives all test all drives presently logged by ICDBOOT go begin CLEANUP automatically, if at least one drive listed is on line and escape was not pressed stop if at least one drive listed is on line, then after CLEANUP, exit to GEM desktop if no errors found and escape key not pressed Here is a sample configuration file, created with an ordinary text editor: auto print skip drives cdef go stop We will test drives C,D,E, and F in Auto Mode, skipping the bad sector test; the CLEANUP will begin automatically and will terminate to the GEM desktop unless errors are found or the escape key is pressed at some point. When CLEANUP is running from file with "go" specified, a warning will flash on the title screen. Pressing <Esc> at this time will abort the automatic run. When CLEANUP returns to the main menu, with "stop" specified, you will have 20 seconds to press escape, if you haven't already done so. You can also press control-C at any point during the CLEANUP and return to the main menu. This too will prevent an automatic exit. Saving and Restoring Partition and Boot Sectors ----------------------------------------------- Version 2 of CLEANUP incorporates a new and useful feature. You can back up the crucial Partition and Boot sectors on your hard drives to special files on diskettes. Then, in the event that these sectors get "blown away" by an ill-behaved program or worse, it will be possible to restore them and (maybe) even get your files back! To back up these sectors, choose the Backup option, follow the directions, and when finished put the disk away in a safe place! IF you ever find that you cannot access your drive you can try the Restore option. If you don't have a hardware problem, this will probably bring the disk "back to life" although of course there is no guarantee that other structural damage has not occurred. So if you ever need to Restore, be sure to do a thorough CLEANUP afterwards. Make sure you make new backups after changing the configuration of your hard drive system (i.e. adding new drives or changing SCSI ID's on old ones). A third option has now been incorporated into CLEANUP. If you have been unlucky enough to have your partition sector destroyed, and you have no backup, or your backup has been corrupted, CLEANUP will attempt to rebuild it for you. Select the Rebuild option; the program will scan for on-line SCSI ID's and ask you to choose one or more. Then it will ask you for the OK to try each LUN found under that ID. Once you have selected 'Yes' CLEANUP will begin scanning for partitions; this process may go very quickly if you have no non-GEM (i.e. Magic Sac/Spectre 128, Minix, OS9, Hybrid Arts, etc.) partitions; if you have one or more of these type of partitions, the scan WILL take a long time. Additionally, the program is not able to differentiate between various non-GEM types of partitions, and it is not able to differentiate between two contiguous non-GEM partitions. Finally, you must have at least one GEM partition in order for this option to succeed. Upon completion of the scan, a box will be displayed showing the partitions found and their types -- either GEM or UNK (for any other type). You are asked if it is OK to use these partitions; if you think they look all right, select 'Yes' and a new partition sector will be written. If you had hard drive auto-booting enabled from one of these partitions, it will now be disabled. However, your GEM partitions should now be accessible after exiting CLEANUP. Note that this option will ONLY work on disks formatted with ICD's own hard drive formatter. It will not work on disks formatted or repartitioned using ANY other manufacturer's hard drive software. If you had non-GEM partitions, the only way you may be able to recover them is to use ICD's Hard Disk Formatter version 3.10 or later to edit the non-GEM partition types (and perhaps sizes) and use the 'Rewrite Partition Sector Only' option. BE CAREFUL not to select the 'Partition Entire Hard Disk' option; this would destroy all your data. Obviously the Rebuild option of CLEANUP should be used only as a last resort. You are far better off to make backups of the partition and boot sectors of all your hard drives and keep them on a floppy, along with a copy of CLEANUP (obviously!) just in case that awful day comes along when you find one or more of your hard disks is inaccessible! Cautionary Note --------------- This software has been thoroughly tested by ICD, and has saved the files of dozens of Hard Drive users. However, it's always possible that you may find minor incompatibilities or bugs. Once again, we have tried to anticipate every possible type of corruption...but something new does come up from time to time. PLEASE notify ICD by telephone (if possible) if you have any problems. Remember that a faulty disk controller or disk drive can cause a large number of problems...especially if bad sectors are reported on an intermittent basis. Obviously, CLEANUP ST cannot compensate for hardware problems. Problems, Suggestions, and Updates ---------------------------------- This software has evolved in response to user requests and problems. If you have suggestions (or problems), we want to hear about them! Updates are periodically available. Update policy as of Version 1.9 is that updates may be obtained by sending in the original CLEANUP disk with $10. (Call 815-968-2228, ask for Howard Peters regarding any of the above). Avoiding Future Corruption -------------------------- REMEMBER TO MAKE FREQUENT BACKUPS OF YOUR WORK!!! This is your best defense against disk corruption. ICD sells a very nice, very fast Tape backup system which will back up 6.5 megabytes per minute. If you are doing work which is worth money to you, we strongly recommend the purchase and use of this system. Avoid the temptation to add every desk accessory known to man to your system. Add these things one at a time and test for several days before going on to the next. The same caution applies to bootup programs for your Auto folder. There are desk accessories and DOS enhancements/replacements which are known to corrupt disks. Proceed with care! Run CLEANUP ST often! Be careful with public domain software. Some of these programs are trojan horses or virus vectors. Everything may appear to be OK for weeks or months. Then, without warning, your disk may be totally fried! This is one more reason to purchase quality commercial software from reputable companies and definitely avoid the use of pirated programs.