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LANGUAGS
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PILOT80
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2000-06-30
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.po 8
--- PILOT/80 DOCUMENTATION ---
Program and text from Remark magazine, issue 39, page 28.
Article by Kurt Albrecht. This file edited by Aaron Contorer.
PILOT/80 (Programmed Inquiry, Learning, Or Teaching) was the
first computer language dedicated to Computer-Aided Instruction
(CAI). Developed in 1969 by John Starkweather, it has been
implemented on mainframes down to micros. This interactive
language enables a person with very little previous computer
experience to construct and run sim simple structure and syntax,
it has proven to be an excellent starter languag language for the
novice programmer. The average person can be writting functional
functional programs in about an hour after learning the language.
Using PILOT, a teacher can present a student with a reading
passage, give him time to study it, and then ask him multiple
choice, fill-in-the-blank, or true-false questions. The program
can include responses keyed to the student's answer, and thus it
can give comment or advice to the student. It can introduce a
mathematical problem and offer the solution on a step-by-step
basis or give the student an opportunity to discover as many of
the steps as he can, with hints from the computer if needed.
However, PILOT is a word and letter language, not a number
cruncher.
PILOT/80 is a full implementation of the PILOT language. PILOT/80
uses line numbers to identify individual program lines. Not all
versions of PILOT do however. Line numbers are used for editing
purposes only and are never used to branch within a program. They
also painlessly prepare the novice the novice programmer for
languages such as BASIC.
Some versions of PILOT require the programmer to write his/her
program with a text editor. But PILOT/80 contains its own editor,
as well as disk handling functions, and full error reporting
capabilities that explain in plain English what the user did
wrong.
A text editor may be used to write PILOT programs. But remember,
the PILOT/80 editor will catch most all errors as the program is
being typed in. If you use a text editor, do not use line numbers
(PILOT/80 automatically numbers a program upon loading), type all
program lines in uppercase except those with the command T: or
R:, and use the filename extension .PIL.
--- DIRECT COMMANDS ---
When PILOT/80.BAS is loaded and run a prompt will
appear, (Request?). This prompt tells you that you are at the
command level and that the computer is awaiting your
instructions.
.pa
NEW--Erases any program memory and prints the line number 1. The
computer then waits for the programmer to input. Upon receipt of
a carriage return, the computer will jump to the next line and
print the next line number. This process continues until the
programmer types the word 'DONE' following a line number.
LIST--Displays the program memory, line by line. If there is no
program in the memory, the computer ignores this command.
Sections of the program memory may be listed, as may individual
lines. To list from one line number to another, type the two line
numbers after the command 'LIST', separating them with a hyphen.
To list from one line line number to the end of the program, type
the line number after the command 'LIST' and follow it with a
hyphen. To list an individual line, type the line number
following the command 'LIST'. Examples:
LIST --List the entire program LIST 1-5
LIST 1-5 --List from line one to line five LIST 5-
LIST 5 --List from line five to the end of the program
LIST 5 --List just line five
EDIT--Gives the programmer the ability to re-write a program
line that is already in the program memory. A line number
follows the command 'EDIT'. The computer prints this line, then
jumps to the next line where it prints the line number and waits
for the programmer to type in the new program line. Upon receipt
of a carriage return, the computer will jump to the next line
where it prints the next line number.This process continues until
the programmer types the word 'DONE' following a line number.
INSERT--Inserts a new program line into the program memory. The
new line number should follow the command 'INSERT'. All lines
after the inserted line are moved down one line in the program
memory.
DELETE--Deletes a program line from the program memory. The line
number to be deleted should follow the command 'DELETE'. All
lines following the deleted line are moved up one line in the
program memory.
RUN--Executes a program if there is one in the program memory. If
there is not a program in the memory, the computer will ignore
the command. The program may be executed from any program line by
typing the desired starting line number after the command 'RUN'.
SAVE--Saves the program presently in the program memory onto
disk. A file name must follow the command 'SAVE'. This file name
is in the format [d:]<filename>[.ext]. The extension of all
PILOT files is .PIL. The extension is optional; if you don't type
it the computer will.
.pa
LOAD--Loads a program from disk into memory. This command will
erase whatever was in the program memory, so make sure this is
what you want to do before you do something you'll regret!
Filenames are specified as with the 'SAVE' command.
BYE--Exits PILOT/80 and returns to the operating system.
.po 4
PILOT/80 Command Syntax
PILOT/80 Command Function MBASIC Equivalent
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
NEW Enter a new program NEW
EDIT Edit a program line EDIT
INSERT Insert a line(s) into the Line numbers
program
DELETE Delete a line(s) from the DELETE
program
LIST Display program LIST
LLIST Make a hardcopy listing SAVE "LP:",A
SAVE Store program on diskette SAVE
LOAD Retrieve program from diskette LOAD
BYE Return to (Disk operating Syst) SYSTEM
T: Type PRINT
A:<Variable> Ask for keyboard input LINE INPUT
I:<Variable> Input a single character INPUT$(1)
M:<List> Match (Set Y/N logic flag) IF-THEN-ELSE
J:<Label> Jump GOTO
U:<Label> Jump to a User subroutine GOSUB
E: End user subroutine / program RETURN / END
R: Remark REM
S: Screen functions Graphic codes
<Op>Y: Do operation if logic flag is Yes
<Op>N: Do operation if logic flag is No
: Repeat last operation
$<1-10 letters> String variable (10 max.) <Variable>$
*<1-10 characters> Label for J: and U: Line numbers