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{bitmap= 26,50,"flags\Chile.bmp"}
{bigtext=150,120,"Chile"}
{1}Geography{4}
{4}To see a map of Chile, click {z,"-86.389010,-40.689053,-55.177749,-16.799029",here}{4}!
{2}Location:{4} Southern South America, bordering the South Atlantic Ocean and South Pacific Ocean,
between Argentina and Peru
{2}Area:{4}
{3}total area:{4} 756,950 sq km
{3}land area:{4} 748,800 sq km
{3}comparative area:{4} slightly smaller than twice the size of Montana
{3}note:{4} includes Isla de Pascua (Easter Island) and Isla Sala y Gomez
{2}Land boundaries:{4}
{3}total:{4} 6,171 km
{3}border countries:{4} Argentina 5,150 km, Bolivia 861 km, Peru 160 km
{2}Coastline:{4} 6,435 km
{2}Maritime claims:{4}
contiguous zone: 24 nm
{3}continental shelf:{4} 200 nm
{3}exclusive economic zone:{4} 200 nm
{3}territorial sea:{4} 12 nm
{2}International disputes:{4} short section of the southern boundary with Argentina is indefinite; Bolivia
has wanted a sovereign corridor to the South Pacific Ocean since the Atacama area was lost to
Chile in 1884; dispute with Bolivia over Rio Lauca water rights; territorial claim in Antarctica
(Chilean Antarctic Territory) partially overlaps Argentine and British claims
{2}Climate:{4} temperate; desert in north; cool and damp in south
{2}Terrain:{4} low coastal mountains; fertile central valley; rugged Andes in east
{3}lowest point:{4} Pacific Ocean 0 m
{3}highest point:{4} Cerro Aconcagua 6,962 m
{2}Natural resources:{4} copper, timber, iron ore, nitrates, precious metals, molybdenum
{2}Land use:{4}
{3}arable land:{4} 7%
{3}permanent crops:{4} 0%
{3}meadows and pastures:{4} 16%
{3}forest and woodland:{4} 21%
{3}other:{4} 56%
{2}Irrigated land:{4} 12,650 sq km (1989 est.)
{2}Environment:{4}
{3}current issues:{4} air pollution from industrial and vehicle emissions; water pollution from raw
sewage; deforestation contributing to loss of biodiversity; soil erosion; desertification
{2}natural hazards:{4} severe earthquakes; active volcanism; tsunamis
{2}international agreements:{4} party to - Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic Treaty,
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous
Wastes, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands;
signed, but not ratified - Desertification, Law of the Sea
{2}Geographic note:{4} strategic location relative to sea lanes between Atlantic and Pacific Oceans
(Strait of Magellan, Beagle Channel, Drake Passage); Atacama Desert is one of world's driest
regions
{1}People{4}
{2}Population:{4} 14,333,258 (July 1996 est.)
{2}Age structure:{4}
{3}0-14 years:{4} 29% (male 2,071,816; female 2,041,417)
{3}15-64 years:{4} 65% (male 4,599,173; female 4,651,030)
{3}65 years and over:{4} 6% (male 403,019; female 566,803) (July 1996 est.)
{2}Population growth rate:{4} 1.24% (1996 est.)
{2}Birth rate:{4} 18.09 births/1,000 population (1996 est.)
{2}Death rate:{4} 5.68 deaths/1,000 population (1996 est.)
{2}Net migration rate:{4} 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1996 est.)
{2}Sex ratio:{4}
{3}at birth:{4} 1 male(s)/female
{3}under 15 years:{4} 1.02 male(s)/female
{3}15-64 years:{4} 0.99 male(s)/female
{3}65 years and over:{4} 0.71 male(s)/female
{3}all ages:{4} 0.97 male(s)/female (1996 est.)
{2}Infant mortality rate:{4} 13.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1996 est.)
{2}Life expectancy at birth:{4}
{3}total population:{4} 74.49 years
{3}male:{4} 71.26 years
{3}female:{4} 77.72 years (1996 est.)
{2}Total fertility rate:{4} 2.23 children born/woman (1996 est.)
{2}Nationality:{4}
{3}noun:{4} Chilean(s)
{3}adjective:{4} Chilean
{2}Ethnic divisions:{4} European and European-Indian 95%, Indian 3%, other 2%
{2}Religions:{4} Roman Catholic 89%, Protestant 11%, Jewish
{2}Languages:{4} Spanish
{2}Literacy:{4} age 15 and over can read and write (1995 est.)
{3}total population:{4} 95.2%
{3}male:{4} 95.4%
{3}female:{4} 95%
{1}Government{4}
{2}Name of country:{4}
{3}conventional long form:{4} Republic of Chile
{3}conventional short form:{4} Chile
{3}local long form:{4} Republica de Chile
{3}local short form:{4} Chile
{2}Type of government:{4} republic
{2}Capital:{4} Santiago
{2}Administrative divisions:{4} 13 regions (regiones, singular - region); Aisen del General Carlos Ibanez
del Campo, Antofagasta, Araucania, Atacama, Bio-Bio, Coquimbo, Libertador General Bernardo
O'Higgins, Los Lagos, Magallanes y de la Antartica Chilena, Maule, Region Metropolitana,
Tarapaca, Valparaiso
{3}note:{4} the US does not recognize claims to Antarctica
{2}Independence:{4} 18 September 1810 (from Spain)
{2}National holiday:{4} Independence Day, 18 September (1810)
{2}Constitution:{4} 11 September 1980, effective 11 March 1981; amended 30 July 1989
{2}Legal system:{4} based on Code of 1857 derived from Spanish law and subsequent codes influenced
by French and Austrian law; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; does not
accept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
{2}Suffrage:{4} 18 years of age; universal and compulsory
{2}Executive branch:{4}
chief of state and head of government: President Eduardo FREI Ruiz-Tagle (since 11 March 1994)
elected for a four-year term by popular vote; election last held 11 December 1993 (next to be held
NA December 1997); results - Eduardo FREI Ruiz-Tagle (PDC) 58%, Arturo ALESSANDRI
24.4%, other 17.6%
{3}cabinet:{4} Cabinet appointed by the president
{2}Legislative branch:{4} bicameral National Congress (Congreso Nacional)
Senate (Senado): election last held 11 December 1993 (next to be held NA December 1997);
results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (46 total, 38 elected) Coalition of Parties for
Democracy 21 (PDC 13, PS 4, PPD 3, PR 1), Union for the Progress of Chile 15 (RN 11, UDI 3,
UCC 1), right-wing independents 10
Chamber of Deputies (Camara de Diputados): election last held 11 December 1993 (next to be
held NA December 1997); results - Coalition of Parties for Democracy 53.95% (PDC 27.16%, PS
12.01%, PPD 11.82%, PR 2.96%), Union for the Progress of Chile 30.57% (RN 15.25%, UDI
12.13%, UCC 3.19%); seats - (120 total) Coalition of Parties for Democracy 70 (PDC 37, PPD 15,
PR 2, PS 15, left-wing independent 1), Union for the Progress of Chile 47 (RN 30, UDI 15, UCC
2), right-wing independents 3
{2}Judicial branch:{4} Supreme Court (Corte Suprema), judges are appointed by the president, the
president of the Supreme Court is elected by the 17-member court
{2}Political parties and leaders:{4} Coalition of Parties for Democracy (CPD) consists mainly of:
Christian Democratic Party (PDC), Alejandro FOXLEY; Socialist Party (PS), Camilo ESCALONA;
Party for Democracy (PPD), Jorge SCHAULSOHN, Radical Party (PR); Union for the Progress of
Chile (UPP) consists mainly of three parties: National Renewal (RN), Andres ALLAMAND;
Independent Democratic Union (UDI), Jovino NOVOA; Center Center Union (UCCP), Francisco
Javier ERRAZURIZ
{2}Other political or pressure groups:{4} revitalized university student federations at all major
universities; labor - United Labor Central (CUT) includes trade unionists from the country's five
largest labor confederations; Roman Catholic Church
{2}International organization participation:{4} APEC, CCC, ECLAC, FAO, G-11, G-77, IADB, IAEA,
IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Inmarsat, Intelsat, Interpol,
IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LAES, LAIA, Mercosur (associate member), NAM, OAS, OPANAL, PCA,
RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMOGIP, UNTSO, UNU, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO,
WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO
{2}Diplomatic representation in US:{4}
{3}chief of mission:{4} Ambassador John BIEHL del Rio
{3}chancery:{4} 1732 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036
{3}telephone:{4} [1] (202) 785-1746
{3}FAX:{4} [1] (202) 887-5579
{3}consulate(s) general:{4} Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, Philadelphia, San
Francisco, and San Juan (Puerto Rico)
{2}US diplomatic representation:{4}
{3}chief of mission:{4} Ambassador Gabriel GUERRA-MONDRAGON
{3}embassy:{4} Avenida Andres Bello 2800, Santiago
{3}mailing address:{4} use street address
{3}telephone:{4} [56] (2) 232-2600
{3}FAX:{4} [56] (2) 330-3710
{2}Flag:{4} two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red; there is a blue square the same height as
the white band at the hoist-side end of the white band; the square bears a white five-pointed star
in the center; design was based on the US flag
{1}Economy{4}
{2}Economic overview:{4} Chile has a prosperous, essentially free market economy, with the degree of
government intervention varying according to the philosophy of the different regimes. Under the
center-left government of President AYLWIN, which took power in March 1990, spending on social
welfare rose steadily. At the same time business investment, exports, and consumer spending
also grew substantially. The new president, FREI, who took office in March 1994, has emphasized
social spending even more. Growth in real GDP in 1991-95 has averaged more than 6.5%
annually, with an estimated one million Chileans having moved out of poverty in the last four
years. Copper remains vital to the health of the economy; Chile is the world's largest producer and
exporter of copper. Success in meeting the government's goal of sustained annual economic
growth of 5% depends on world copper prices, the level of confidence of foreign investors and
creditors, and the government's own ability to maintain a conservative fiscal stance.
{2}GDP:{4} purchasing power parity - $113.2 billion (1995 est.)
{2}GDP real growth rate:{4} 8.5% (1995 est.)
{2}GDP per capita:{4} $8,000 (1995 est.)
{2}GDP composition by sector:{4}
{3}agriculture:{4} 7.4%
{3}industry:{4} 36.4%
{3}services:{4} 56.2% (1985)
{2}Inflation rate (consumer prices):{4} 8.1% (1995 est.)
{2}Labor force:{4} 4.728 million
{3}by occupation:{4} services 38.3% (includes government 12%), industry and commerce 33.8%,
agriculture, forestry, and fishing 19.2%, mining 2.3%, construction 6.4% (1990)
{2}Unemployment rate:{4} 5.4% (1995 est.)
{2}Budget:{4}
{3}revenues:{4} $17 billion
{3}expenditures:{4} $17 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1996 est.)
{2}Industries:{4} copper, other minerals, foodstuffs, fish processing, iron and steel, wood and wood
products, transport equipment, cement, textiles
{2}Industrial production growth rate:{4} 4.3% (1993 est.)
{2}Electricity:{4}
{3}capacity:{4} 4,810,000 kW
{3}production:{4} 22 billion kWh
{3}consumption per capita:{4} 1,499 kWh (1993)
{2}Agriculture:{4} wheat, corn, grapes, beans, sugar beets, potatoes, fruit; beef, poultry, wool; timber;
1991 fish catch of 6.6 million metric tons
{2}Illicit drugs:{4} a minor transshipment country for cocaine destined for the US and Europe; booming
economy has made it more attractive to traffickers seeking to launder drug profits
{2}Exports:{4} $15.9 billion (f.o.b., 1995 est.)
{3}commodities:{4} copper 41%, other metals and minerals 8.7%, wood products 7.1%, fish and
fishmeal 9.8%, fruits 8.4% (1991)
{3}partners:{4} EU 25%, US 15%, Asia 34%, Latin America 20% (1995 est.)
{2}Imports:{4} $14.3 billion (f.o.b., 1995 est.)
{3}commodities:{4} capital goods 25.2%, spare parts 24.8%, raw materials 15.4%, petroleum 10%,
foodstuffs 5.7%
{3}partners:{4} EU 18%, US 25%, Asia 16%, Latin America 26% (1995 est.)
{2}External debt:{4} $21.1 billion (1995 est.)
{2}Economic aid:{4}
{3}recipient:{4} ODA, $62 million (1993)
{2}Currency:{4} 1 Chilean peso (Ch$) = 100 centavos
{2}Exchange rates:{4} Chilean pesos (Ch$) per US$1 - 408.64 (December 1995), 396.78 (1995), 420.08
(1994), 404.35 (1993), 362.59 (1992), 349.37 (1991)
{2}Fiscal year:{4} calendar year
{1}Transportation{4}
{2}Railways:{4}
{3}total:{4} 6,782 km
{3}broad gauge:{4} 3,743 km 1.676-m gauge (1,653 km electrified)
narrow gauge: 116 km 1.067-m gauge; 2,923 km 1.000-m gauge (40 km electrified) (1995)
{2}Highways:{4}
{3}total:{4} 79,593 km
{3}paved:{4} 10,984 km
{3}unpaved:{4} 68,609 km (1991 est.)
{2}Waterways:{4} 725 km
{2}Pipelines:{4} crude oil 755 km; petroleum products 785 km; natural gas 320 km
{2}Ports:{4} Antofagasta, Arica, Chanarol, Coquimbo, Iquique, Puerto Montt, Punta Arenas, San
Antonio, San Vicente, Talcahuano, Valparaiso
{2}Merchant marine:{4}
{3}total:{4} 37 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 529,512 GRT/925,364 DWT
{3}ships by type:{4} bulk 11, cargo 8, chemical tanker 4, combination ore/oil 2, container 1, liquefied gas
tanker 2, oil tanker 4, roll-on/roll-off cargo 3, vehicle carrier 2 (1995 est.)
{2}Airports:{4}
{3}total:{4} 344
{3}with paved runways over 3,047 m:{4} 5
{3}with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m:{4} 5
{3}with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m:{4} 17
{3}with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m:{4} 16
{3}with paved runways under 914 m:{4} 220
{3}with unpaved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m:{4} 3
{3}with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m:{4} 10
{3}with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m:{4} 68 (1995 est.)
{1}Communications{4}
{2}Telephones:{4} 1.5 million (1994 est.)
{2}Telephone system:{4} modern system based on extensive microwave radio relay facilities
{3}domestic:{4} extensive microwave radio relay links; domestic satellite system with 3 earth stations
{3}international:{4} satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
{2}Radio broadcast stations:{4} AM 159, FM 0, shortwave 11
{2}Radios:{4} NA
{2}Television broadcast stations:{4} 131
{2}Televisions:{4} 2.85 million (1992 est.)
{1}Defense{4}
{2}Branches:{4} Army of the Nation, National Navy (includes Naval Air, Coast Guard, and Marines), Air
Force of the Nation, Carabineros of Chile (National Police), Investigations Police
{2}Manpower availability:{4}
{3}males age 15-49:{4} 3,808,655
{3}males fit for military service:{4} 2,832,198
males reach military age (19) annually: 123,443 (1996 est.)
{2}Defense expenditures:{4} exchange rate conversion - $970 million, 2.0% of GDP (1994 est.)