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{bitmap= 26,50,"flags\BosHer.bmp"}
{bigtext=150,120,"Bosnia and Herzegovina"}
{4}Note: On 21 November 1995, in Dayton, Ohio, the former Yugoslavia's three warring parties
signed a peace agreement that brought to a halt over three years of interethnic civil strife in
Bosnia and Herzegovina (the final agreement was signed in Paris on 14 December 1995). The
Dayton Agreement, signed by Bosnian President IZETBEGOVIC, Croatian President TUDJMAN,
and Serbian President MILOSEVIC, divides Bosnia and Herzegovina roughly equally between the
Muslim/Croat Federation and the Bosnian Serbs while maintaining Bosnia's currently recognized
borders. An international peacekeeping force (IFOR) of 60,000 troops began to enter Bosnia in
late 1995 to implement and monitor the military aspects of the agreement and is scheduled to
depart the country within one year. A High Representative appointed by the UN Security Council
is responsible for civilian implementation of the accord, including monitoring implementation,
facilitating any difficulties arising in connection with civilian implementation, and coordinating
activities of the civilian organizations and agencies in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Bosnian
conflict began in the spring of 1992 when the Government of Bosnia and Herzegovina held a
referendum on independence and the Bosnian Serbs - supported by neighboring Serbia -
responded with armed resistance aimed at partitioning the republic along ethnic lines and joining
Serb-held areas to form a "greater Serbia." In March 1994, Bosnia's Muslims and Croats reduced
the number of warring factions from three to two by signing an agreement in Washington creating
their joint Muslim/Croat Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
{1}Geography{4}
{4}To see a map of Bosnia and Herzegovina, click {z,"11.916386,39.676204,23.748130,48.808278",here}{4}!
{2}Location:{4} Southeastern Europe, bordering the Adriatic Sea and Croatia
{2}Area:{4}
{3}total area:{4} 51,233 sq km
{3}land area:{4} 51,233 sq km
{3}comparative area:{4} slightly smaller than West Virginia
{2}Land boundaries:{4}
{3}total:{4} 1,459 km
{3}border countries:{4} Croatia 932 km, Serbia and Montenegro 527 km (312 km with Serbia, 215 km
with Montenegro)
{2}Coastline:{4} 20 km
{2}Maritime claims:{4} NA
{2}International disputes:{4} none
{2}Climate:{4} hot summers and cold winters; areas of high elevation have short, cool summers and
long, severe winters; mild, rainy winters along coast
{2}Terrain:{4} mountains and valleys
{3}lowest point:{4} Adriatic Sea 0 m
{3}highest point:{4} Maglic 2,386 m
{2}Natural resources:{4} coal, iron, bauxite, manganese, forests, copper, chromium, lead, zinc
{2}Land use:{4}
{3}arable land:{4} 20%
{3}permanent crops:{4} 2%
{3}meadows and pastures:{4} 25%
{3}forest and woodland:{4} 36%
{3}other:{4} 17%
{2}Irrigated land:{4} NA sq km
{2}Environment:{4}
{3}current issues:{4} air pollution from metallurgical plants; sites for disposing of urban waste are
limited; widespread casualties, water shortages, and destruction of infrastructure because of civil
strife
{2}natural hazards:{4} frequent and destructive earthquakes
{2}international agreements:{4} party to - Air Pollution, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life
Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection
{2}Geographic note:{4} as of January 1996, Bosnian Serb leaders continued to demand revisions to the
territorial aspects of the Dayton Agreement, especially in Sarajevo - designated to be under
Federation control - and the Brcko/Posavina corridor area; members of the Bosnian Croat
community also reject several territorial aspects of the agreement, citing that historically Bosnian
Croat lands are to be transferred to Bosnian Serb control; despite disagreements, initial
implementation of the agreement as of January 1996 appeared on course with the warring parties
meeting the deadline for withdrawal of forces from the front lines in Sarajevo
{1}People{4}
{2}Population:{4} 2,656,240 (July 1996 est.)
{3}note:{4} all data dealing with population is subject to considerable error because of the dislocations
caused by military action and ethnic cleansing
{2}Age structure:{4}
{3}0-14 years:{4} 20% (male 276,530; female 248,519)
{3}15-64 years:{4} 68% (male 892,807; female 915,686)
{3}65 years and over:{4} 12% (male 133,081; female 189,617) (July 1996 est.)
{2}Population growth rate:{4} -2.84% (1996 est.)
{2}Birth rate:{4} 6.34 births/1,000 population (1996 est.)
{2}Death rate:{4} 15.92 deaths/1,000 population (1996 est.)
{2}Net migration rate:{4} -18.82 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1996 est.)
{2}Sex ratio:{4}
{3}at birth:{4} 1.07 male(s)/female
{3}under 15 years:{4} 1.11 male(s)/female
{3}15-64 years:{4} 0.98 male(s)/female
{3}65 years and over:{4} 0.7 male(s)/female
{3}all ages:{4} 0.96 male(s)/female (1996 est.)
{2}Infant mortality rate:{4} 43.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1996 est.)
{2}Life expectancy at birth:{4}
{3}total population:{4} 56.11 years
{3}male:{4} 51.16 years
{3}female:{4} 61.39 years (1996 est.)
{2}Total fertility rate:{4} 1 children born/woman (1996 est.)
{2}Nationality:{4}
{3}noun:{4} Bosnian(s), Herzegovinian(s)
{3}adjective:{4} Bosnian, Herzegovinian
{2}Ethnic divisions:{4} Serb 40%, Muslim 38%, Croat 22% (est.)
{2}Religions:{4} Muslim 40%, Orthodox 31%, Catholic 15%, Protestant 4%, other 10%
{2}Languages:{4} Serbo-Croatian 99%
{2}Literacy:{4} NA
{1}Government{4}
Government note: The US recognizes the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Federation of
Bosnia and Herzegovina, formed by the Muslims and Croats in March 1994, remains in the
implementation stages.
{2}Name of country:{4}
{3}conventional long form:{4} Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina
{3}conventional short form:{4} Bosnia and Herzegovina
{3}local long form:{4} Republika Bosna i Hercegovina
{3}local short form:{4} Bosna i Hercegovina
{3}note:{4} under the new constitution initialed in Dayton, Ohio, on 21 November 1995, the name of the
country will be changed from Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina to simply Bosnia and
Herzegovina and will be made up of the Muslim/Croat Federation and the Bosnian Serb entity now
called Republika Srpska
{2}Type of government:{4} emerging democracy
{2}Capital:{4} Sarajevo
{2}Administrative divisions:{4} 109 districts (opstinas, singular - opstina) Banovici, Banja Luka, Bihac,
Bijeljina, Bileca, Bosanska Dubica, Bosanska Gradiska, Bosanska Krupa, Bosanski Brod,
Bosanski Novi, Bosanski Petrovac, Bosanski Samac, Bosansko Grahovo, Bratunac, Brcko,
Breza, Bugojno, Busovaca, Cazin, Cajnice, Capljina, Celinac, Citluk, Derventa, Doboj, Donji
Vakuf, Foca, Fojnica, Gacko, Glamoc, Gorazde, Gornji Vakuf, Gracanica, Gradacac, Grude, Han
Pijesak, Jablanica, Jajce, Kakanj, Kalesija, Kalinovik, Kiseljak, Kladanj, Kljuc, Konjic, Kotor
Varos, Kresevo, Kupres, Laktasi, Listica, Livno, Lopare, Lukavac, Ljubinje, Ljubuski, Maglaj,
Modrica, Mostar, Mrkonjic-Grad, Neum, Nevesinje, Odzak, Olovo, Orasje, Posusje, Prijedor,
Prnjavor, Prozor, (Pucarevo) Novi Travnik, Rogatica, Rudo, Sanski Most, Sarajevo-Centar,
Sarajevo-Hadzici, Sarajevo-Ilidza, Sarajevo-Ilijas, Sarajevo-Novi Grad, Sarajevo-Novo, Sarajevo-
Pale, Sarajevo-Stari Grad, Sarajevo-Trnovo, Sarajevo-Vogosca, Skender Vakuf, Sokolac, Srbac,
Srebrenica, Srebrenik, Stolac, Sekovici, Sipovo, Teslic, Tesanj, Drvar, Duvno, Travnik, Trebinje,
Tuzla, Ugljevik, Vares, Velika Kladusa, Visoko, Visegrad, Vitez, Vlasenica, Zavidovici, Zenica,
Zvornik, Zepce, Zivinice
{3}note:{4} administrative reorganization is currently under negotiation with the assistance of
international mediators; spellings not yet approved by the US Board on Geographic Names
{2}Independence:{4} NA April 1992 (from Yugoslavia)
{2}National holiday:{4} NA
{2}Constitution:{4} first promulgated in 1974 (under the Communists), amended 1989, 1990, and 1991;
constitution of Muslim/Croat Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina ratified April 1994; under the
Dayton Agreement signed 21 November 1995, the Muslim/Croat Federation and the Serb republic
government agreed to accept new basic principles in their constitutions
{2}Legal system:{4} based on civil law system
{2}Suffrage:{4} 16 years of age, if employed; 18 years of age, universal
{2}Executive branch:{4}
{3}chief of state:{4} President Alija IZETBEGOVIC (since 20 December 1990) was elected by a
collective (seven-member) presidency (of which he is a member); other members of the collective
presidency are: Ejup GANIC (since NA November 1990), Nijaz DURAKOVIC (since NA October
1993), Stjepan KLJUJIC (since NA October 1993), Ivo KOMSIC (since NA October 1993), Mirko
PEJANOVIC (since NA June 1992), Tatjana LJUJIC-MIJATOVIC (since NA December 1992); the
collective presidency is elected from among the National Assembly with at least two members
drawn from each of the three main ethnic groups
{3}head of government:{4} Prime Minister Hasan MURATOVIC (since 30 January 1996) was elected by
the collective presidency and the National Assembly
{3}cabinet:{4} there is an executive body of ministers with no formal name who are members of, and
responsible to, the National Assembly
{3}note:{4} the president of the Muslim/Croat Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina is Kresimir ZUBAK
(since 31 May 1994); Vice President Ejup GANIC (since 31 May 1994); elections for the
Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Presidency of the Republika Srpska will take
place between six and nine months after the entry into force of the Dayton Agreement (14
December 1995)
{2}Legislative branch:{4} bicameral National Assembly
Chamber of Municipalities (Vijece Opeina): elections last held November-December 1990 (next to
be held NA); percent of vote by party NA; seats - (110 total) SDA 43, SDS BiH 38, HDZ BiH 23,
Party of Democratic Changes 4, DSS 1, SPO 1
Chamber of Citizens (Vijece Gradanstvo): elections last held November-December 1990 (next to
be held NA); percent of vote by party NA; seats - (130 total) SDA 43, SDS BiH 34, HDZ BiH 21,
Party of Democratic Changes 15, SRSJ BiH 12, LBO 2, DSS 1, DSZ 1, LS 1
{3}note:{4} the new constitution signed as part of the Dayton agreement on 21 November 1995 provides
for a new bicameral Parliamentary assembly which will consist of a House of Peoples with 15
delegates, two-thirds from the Muslim/Croat Federation and one-third from the Serbian republic,
and a House of Representatives with 42 members, two-thirds from the Muslim/Croat Federation
and one-third from the Serbian republic; elections are scheduled to be held six to nine months
after the entry into force of the Dayton Agreement
{2}Judicial branch:{4} Supreme Court; Constitutional Court
{2}Political parties and leaders:{4} Civic Democratic Party (GDS), Ibrahim SPAHIC; Party for Bosnia,
Haris SILAJDZIC; Croatian Democratic Union of BiH (HDZ), Bozo RAJIC; Croatian Peasants'
Party of BiH (HSS), Stanko STISKOVIC; Independent Serbian Democratic Party (NSDS), Petar
DODIK; Liberal Bosniak Organization (LBO), Muhamed FILIPOVIC; Liberal Party (LS), Rasim
KADIC, president; Muslim-Bosniac Organization (MBO), Adil ZULFIKARPASIC; Party of
Democratic Action (SDA), Alija IZETBEGOVIC; Republican Party of Bosnia and Herzegovina,
Stjepan KLUJIC; Serb Democratic Party (SDS), Radovan KARADZIC, president; Serbian Civic
Council (SGV), Mirko PEJANOVIC; Serbian Consultative Council, Ljubomir BERBEROVIC; Social
Democratic Party (SDP - formerly the Democratic Party of Socialists (DSS)), Nijaz DURAKOVIC,
president; Socialist Party of Republika Srpska, Zivko RADISIC; Union of Social Democrats
(SSDB), Salim BESLAGIC; United Left of the Bosnian Serb Republic (ULRS), Mile IVOSEVIC;
Serbian Renewal Movement (SPO), Milan TRIVUNCIC, note - this party participated in the 1990
elections, but may not exist now; Party of Democratic Changes, leader NA, note - this party
participated in the 1990 elections, but may not exist now; Alliance of Reform Forces of Yugoslavia
for Bosnia and Herzegovina (SRSJ BiH), Dr. Nenad KECMANOVIC, president, note - this party
participated in the 1990 elections, but may not exist now; Democratic League of Greens (DSZ),
Drazen PETROVIC, note - this party participated in the 1990 elections, but may not exist now;
Yugoslav United Left (JUL), CAREVIC; Serb Liberal Party, Miodrag ZIVANOVIC; Serb Radical
Party; Serb Patriotic Party, Slavko ZUPLJANIN; Serb Homeland Party
{2}Other political or pressure groups:{4} NA
{2}International organization participation:{4} CE (guest), CEI, ECE, FAO, ICAO, IFAD, ILO, IMO,
Intelsat (nonsignatory user), Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ITU, NAM (guest), OSCE, UN,
UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO
{2}Diplomatic representation in US:{4}
{3}chief of mission:{4} Ambassador Sven ALKALAJ
{3}chancery:{4} Suite 760, 1707 L Street NW, Washington, DC 20036
{3}telephone:{4} [1] (202) 833-3612, 3613, 3615
{3}FAX:{4} [1] (202) 833-2061
{3}consulate(s) general:{4} New York
{2}US diplomatic representation:{4}
{3}chief of mission:{4} Ambassador John K. MENZIES
{3}embassy:{4} 43 Ul. Djure Djakovica, Sarajevo
{3}mailing address:{4} use street address
{3}telephone:{4} [387] (71) 645-992, 445-700, 659-743
{2}Flag:{4} white with a large blue shield; the shield contains white fleurs-de-lis with a white diagonal
band running from the upper hoist corner to the lower outer side
{1}Economy{4}
{2}Economic overview:{4} Bosnia and Herzegovina ranked next to The Former Yugoslav Republic of
Macedonia as the poorest republic in the old Yugoslav federation. Although agriculture has been
almost all in private hands, farms have been small and inefficient, and the republic traditionally
has been a net importer of food. Industry has been greatly overstaffed, one reflection of the
rigidities of communist central planning and management. TITO had pushed the development of
military industries in the republic with the result that Bosnia hosted a large share of Yugoslavia's
defense plants. The bitter interethnic warfare in Bosnia caused production to plummet,
unemployment and inflation to soar, and human misery to multiply. No economic statistics for
1992-95 are available, although output clearly has fallen substantially below the levels of earlier
years and almost certainly is well below $1,000 per head. The country receives substantial
amounts of humanitarian aid from the international community.
{2}GDP:{4} purchasing power parity - $1 billion (1995 est.)
{2}GDP real growth rate:{4} NA%
{2}GDP per capita:{4} $300 (1995 est.)
{2}GDP composition by sector:{4}
{3}agriculture:{4} NA%
{3}industry:{4} NA%
{3}services:{4} NA%
{2}Inflation rate (consumer prices):{4} NA%
{2}Labor force:{4} 1,026,254
{3}by occupation:{4} NA%
{2}Unemployment rate:{4} NA%
{2}Budget:{4}
{3}revenues:{4} $NA
{3}expenditures:{4} $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA
{2}Industries:{4} steel, coal, iron ore, lead, zinc, manganese, bauxite, vehicle assembly, textiles,
tobacco products, wooden furniture, tank and aircraft assembly, domestic appliances, oil refining;
much of capacity damaged or shut down (1995)
{2}Industrial production growth rate:{4} NA%
{2}Electricity:{4}
{3}capacity:{4} 3,800,000 kW
{3}production:{4} NA kWh
{3}consumption per capita:{4} NA kWh (1993)
{2}Agriculture:{4} wheat, corn, fruits, vegetables; livestock
{2}Illicit drugs:{4} NA
{2}Exports:{4} $NA
{3}commodities:{4} NA
{3}partners:{4} NA
{2}Imports:{4} $NA
{3}commodities:{4} NA
{3}partners:{4} NA
{2}External debt:{4} $NA
{2}Economic aid:{4}
{3}recipient:{4} ODA, $NA
{2}Currency:{4} 1 dinar = 100 para; Croatian dinar used in Croat-held area, presumably to be replaced
by new Croatian kuna; old and new Serbian dinars used in Serb-held area; hard currencies
probably supplanting local currencies in areas held by Bosnian Government
{2}Exchange rates:{4} NA
{2}Fiscal year:{4} calendar year
{1}Transportation{4}
{2}Railways:{4}
{3}total:{4} 1,021 km (electrified 795 km)
standard gauge: 1,021 km 1.435-m gauge (1991)
{2}Highways:{4}
{3}total:{4} 21,168 km
{3}paved:{4} 11,436 km
{3}unpaved:{4} 9,732 km (1991 est.)
{2}Waterways:{4} NA km
{2}Pipelines:{4} crude oil 174 km; natural gas 90 km (1992); note - pipelines now disrupted
{2}Ports:{4} Bosanski Brod
{2}Merchant marine:{4} none
{2}Airports:{4}
{3}total:{4} 24
{3}with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m:{4} 3
{3}with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m:{4} 3
{3}with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m:{4} 1
{3}with paved runways under 914 m:{4} 7
{3}with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m:{4} 1
{3}with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m:{4} 9 (1995 est.)
{1}Communications{4}
{2}Telephones:{4} 727,000
{2}Telephone system:{4} telephone and telegraph network is in need of modernization and expansion;
many urban areas are below average when compared with services in other former Yugoslav
republics
{3}domestic:{4} NA
{3}international:{4} no satellite earth stations
{2}Radio broadcast stations:{4} AM 9, FM 2, shortwave 0
{2}Radios:{4} 840,000
{2}Television broadcast stations:{4} 6
{2}Televisions:{4} 1,012,094
{1}Defense{4}
{2}Branches:{4} Army
{2}Manpower availability:{4}
{3}males age 15-49:{4} 654,326
{3}males fit for military service:{4} 524,963
males reach military age (19) annually: 22,902 (1996 est.)
{2}Defense expenditures:{4} $NA, NA% of GDP