Axion 3D Atlas/ATLAS.iso/stats/239.txt

Text File | 1998-01-23 | 13KB | 331 lines

{bitmap= 26,50,"flags\Turkmen.bmp"}
{bigtext=150,120,"Turkmenistan"}



{1}Geography{4}
{4}To see a map of Turkmenistan, click {z,"45.789134,29.924880,71.432189,49.390826",here}{4}!

{2}Location:{4} Central Asia, bordering the Caspian Sea, between Iran and Kazakstan

{2}Area:{4}
{3}total area:{4} 488,100 sq km
{3}land area:{4} 488,100 sq km
{3}comparative area:{4} slightly larger than California

{2}Land boundaries:{4}
{3}total:{4} 3,736 km
{3}border countries:{4} Afghanistan 744 km, Iran 992 km, Kazakstan 379 km, Uzbekistan 1,621 km

{2}Coastline:{4} 0 km
{3}note:{4} Turkmenistan borders the Caspian Sea (1,768 km)

{2}Maritime claims:{4} none (landlocked)

{2}International disputes:{4} Caspian Sea boundaries are not yet determined

{2}Climate:{4} subtropical desert

{2}Terrain:{4} flat-to-rolling sandy desert with dunes rising to mountains in the south; low mountains
along border with Iran; borders Caspian Sea in west
{3}lowest point:{4} Sarygamysh Koli -110 m
{3}highest point:{4} Ayrybaba 3,139 m

{2}Natural resources:{4} petroleum, natural gas, coal, sulfur, salt

{2}Land use:{4}
{3}arable land:{4} 2%
{3}permanent crops:{4} 0%
{3}meadows and pastures:{4} 69%
{3}forest and woodland:{4} 0%
{3}other:{4} 29%

{2}Irrigated land:{4} 12,450 sq km (1990)

{2}Environment:{4}
{3}current issues:{4} contamination of soil and groundwater with agricultural chemicals, pesticides;
salinization, water-logging of soil due to poor irrigation methods; Caspian Sea pollution; diversion
of a large share of the flow of the Amu Darya into irrigation contributes to that river's inability to
replenish the Aral Sea; desertification

{2}natural hazards:{4} NA

{2}international agreements:{4} party to - Ozone Layer Protection; signed, but not ratified - Climate
Change, Desertification

{2}Geographic note:{4} landlocked


{1}People{4}

{2}Population:{4} 4,149,283 (July 1996 est.)

{2}Age structure:{4}
{3}0-14 years:{4} 39% (male 826,637; female 804,385)
{3}15-64 years:{4} 56% (male 1,154,415; female 1,188,173)
{3}65 years and over:{4} 5% (male 65,447; female 110,226) (July 1996 est.)

{2}Population growth rate:{4} 1.82% (1996 est.)

{2}Birth rate:{4} 29.12 births/1,000 population (1996 est.)

{2}Death rate:{4} 8.89 deaths/1,000 population (1996 est.)

{2}Net migration rate:{4} -2.08 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1996 est.)

{2}Sex ratio:{4}
{3}at birth:{4} 1.05 male(s)/female
{3}under 15 years:{4} 1.03 male(s)/female
{3}15-64 years:{4} 0.97 male(s)/female
{3}65 years and over:{4} 0.59 male(s)/female
{3}all ages:{4} 0.97 male(s)/female (1996 est.)

{2}Infant mortality rate:{4} 81.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1996 est.)

{2}Life expectancy at birth:{4}
{3}total population:{4} 61.48 years
{3}male:{4} 56.68 years
{3}female:{4} 66.52 years (1996 est.)

{2}Total fertility rate:{4} 3.62 children born/woman (1996 est.)

{2}Nationality:{4}
{3}noun:{4} Turkmen(s)
{3}adjective:{4} Turkmen

{2}Ethnic divisions:{4} Turkmen 73.3%, Russian 9.8%, Uzbek 9%, Kazak 2%, other 5.9%

{2}Religions:{4} Muslim 87%, Eastern Orthodox 11%, unknown 2%

{2}Languages:{4} Turkmen 72%, Russian 12%, Uzbek 9%, other 7%

{2}Literacy:{4} age 15 and over can read and write (1989 est.)
{3}total population:{4} 98%
{3}male:{4} 99%
{3}female:{4} 97%


{1}Government{4}

{2}Name of country:{4}
{3}conventional long form:{4} none
{3}conventional short form:{4} Turkmenistan
{3}local long form:{4} none
{3}local short form:{4} Turkmenistan
{3}former:{4} Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic

{2}Type of government:{4} republic

{2}Capital:{4} Ashgabat

{2}Administrative divisions:{4} 5 welayatlar (singular - welayat): Ahal Welayaty (Ashgabat), Balkan
Welayaty (Nebitdag), Dashhowuz Welayaty (formerly Tashauz), Lebap Welayaty (Charjew), Mary
Welayaty
{3}note:{4} names in parentheses are administrative centers when name differs from welayat name

{2}Independence:{4} 27 October 1991 (from the Soviet Union)

{2}National holiday:{4} Independence Day, 27 October (1991)

{2}Constitution:{4} adopted 18 May 1992

{2}Legal system:{4} based on civil law system

{2}Suffrage:{4} 18 years of age; universal

{2}Executive branch:{4}
{3}chief of state:{4} President Saparmurat NIYAZOV (since 27 October 1990, when the first direct
presidential election occured) was elected to a five-year term by universal suffrage; election last
held 21 June 1992 (next to be held NA 2002); results - Saparmurad NIYAZOV 99.5% (ran
unopposed); note - a 15 January 1994 referendum extended NIYAZOV's term an additional five
years until 2002 (99.99% approval)
{3}head of government:{4} Prime Minister (vacant); Deputy Prime Ministers Mukhamed ABALAKOV
(since NA), Babamurad BAZAROV (since NA), Hekim ISHANOV (since NA), Valeriy
OTCHERTSOV (since NA), Yagmur OVEZOV (since NA), Matkarim RAJAPOV (since NA),
Pirkuly ODEYEV (since NA), Rejep SAPAROV (since NA), Boris SHIKHMURADOV (since NA),
Batyr SARJAYEV (since NA), Amannazar ILAMANOV (since NA), Ilaman SHYKHYYEV (since
NA) were appointed by the president
{3}cabinet:{4} Council of Ministers was appointed by the president
{3}note:{4} NIYAZOV has been asked by various local groups, most recently on 26 October 1995 at the
annual elders meeting, to be "president for life," but that would require an amendment to the
constitution

{2}Legislative branch:{4} under the 1992 constitution, there are two parliamentary bodies, a unicameral
People's Council (Halk Maslahaty - having more than 100 members and meeting infrequently) and
a 50-member unicameral Assembly (Majlis)
Assembly (Majlis): elections last held 11 December 1994 (next to be held NA 1999); results -
percent of vote by party NA; seats - (50 total) Democratic Party 45, other 5; note - all 50
preapproved by President NIYAZOV

{2}Judicial branch:{4} Supreme Court

{2}Political parties and leaders:{4} Democratic Party of Turkmenistan, Saparmurat NIYAZOV; Party for
Democratic Development, Durdymurat HOJA-MUHAMEDOV, chairman; Agzybirlik, Nurberdy
NURMAMEDOV, cochairman, Hubayberdi HALLIYEV, cochairman
{3}note:{4} formal opposition parties are outlawed; unofficial, small opposition movements exist
underground or in foreign countries

{2}International organization participation:{4} CCC, CIS, EBRD, ECE, ECO, ESCAP, FAO, IBRD, ICAO,
IDB, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Intelsat (nonsignatory user), IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITU, NACC,
OIC, OSCE, PFP, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WToO, WTrO (observer)

{2}Diplomatic representation in US:{4}
{3}chief of mission:{4} Ambassador Halil UGUR
{3}chancery:{4} 1511 K Street NW, Suite 412, Washington, DC 20005
{3}telephone:{4} [1] [phone]
{3}FAX:{4} [1] [phone]

{2}US diplomatic representation:{4}
{3}chief of mission:{4} Ambassador Michael W. COTTER
{3}embassy:{4} 9 Pushkin Street, Ashgabat
{3}mailing address:{4} use embassy street address
{3}telephone:{4} [7] [phone], 35-00-46, 35-00-42, Tie Line [8] 962-0000
{3}FAX:{4} [7] [phone]

{2}Flag:{4} green field, including a vertical stripe on the hoist side, with a claret vertical stripe in between
containing five white, black, and orange carpet guls (an asymmetrical design used in producing
rugs) associated with five different tribes; a white crescent and five white stars in the upper left
corner to the right of the carpet guls


{1}Economy{4}

{2}Economic overview:{4} Turkmenistan is largely desert country with nomadic cattle raising, intensive
agriculture in irrigated oases, and huge gas and oil resources. One-half of its irrigated land is
planted in cotton making it the world's tenth largest producer. It also has the world's fifth largest
reserves of natural gas and substantial oil resources. Until the end of 1993, Turkmenistan had
experienced less economic disruption than other former Soviet states because its economy
received a boost from higher prices for oil and gas and a sharp increase in hard currency
earnings. In 1994, Russia's refusal to export Turkmen gas to hard currency markets and mounting
debts of its major customers in the former USSR for gas deliveries contributed to a sharp fall in
industrial production and caused the budget to shift from a surplus to a slight deficit. The economy
remained depressed through 1995 while inflation soared. Furthermore, with an authoritarian ex-
communist regime in power and a tribally based social structure, Turkmenistan has taken a
cautious approach to economic reform, hoping to use gas and cotton sales to sustain its inefficient
economy. For 1996, Turkmenistan will face continuing constraints on its earnings because of its
customers' inability to pay for their gas and a below average cotton crop in 1995. Turkmenistan is
working hard to open new gas export channels through Iran and Turkey, but these will take many
years to realize.

{2}GDP:{4} purchasing power parity - $11.5 billion (1995 estimate as extrapolated from World Bank
estimate for 1994)

{2}GDP real growth rate:{4} -10% (1995 est.)

{2}GDP per capita:{4} $2,820 (1995 est.)

{2}GDP composition by sector:{4}
{3}agriculture:{4} 32.5%
{3}industry:{4} 33.4%
{3}services:{4} 34.1% (1991 est.)

{2}Inflation rate (consumer prices):{4} 25% monthly average (1994 est.)

{2}Labor force:{4} 1.642 million (January 1994)
{3}by occupation:{4} agriculture and forestry 44%, industry and construction 20%, other 36% (1992)

{2}Unemployment rate:{4} NA%

{2}Budget:{4}
{3}revenues:{4} $NA
{3}expenditures:{4} $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA

{2}Industries:{4} natural gas, oil, petroleum products, textiles, food processing

{2}Industrial production growth rate:{4} -7% (1995)

{2}Electricity:{4}
{3}capacity:{4} 2,480,000 kW
{3}production:{4} 9.8 billion kWh
{3}consumption per capita:{4} 2,400 kWh (1995)

{2}Agriculture:{4} cotton, grain; livestock

{2}Illicit drugs:{4} illicit cultivator of cannabis and opium poppy; mostly for CIS consumption; limited
government eradication program; used as transshipment point for illicit drugs from Southwest Asia
to Western Europe

{2}Exports:{4} $1.9 billion to states outside the FSU (1995)
{3}commodities:{4} natural gas, cotton, petroleum products, electricity, textiles, carpets
{3}partners:{4} Ukraine, Russia, Kazakstan, Uzbekistan, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Eastern
Europe, Turkey, Argentina

{2}Imports:{4} $777 million from states outside the FSU (1995)
{3}commodities:{4} machinery and parts, grain and food, plastics and rubber, consumer durables,
textiles
{3}partners:{4} Russia, Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan, Kazakstan, Turkey

{2}External debt:{4} $400 million (of which $275 million to Russia) (1995 est.)

{2}Economic aid:{4}
{3}recipient:{4} ODA, $10 million (1993)
{3}note:{4} commitments, $1,830 million ($375 million drawn), 1992-95

{2}Currency:{4} Turkmenistan introduced its national currency, the manat, on 1 November 1993

{2}Exchange rates:{4} manats per US$1 - 2,400 (January 1996)
{3}note:{4} government established a unified rate in mid-January 1996

{2}Fiscal year:{4} calendar year


{1}Transportation{4}

{2}Railways:{4}
{3}total:{4} 2,120 km in common carrier service; does not include industrial lines
{3}broad gauge:{4} 2,120 km 1.520-m gauge (1990)

{2}Highways:{4}
{3}total:{4} 23,000 km
{3}paved:{4} NA km
{3}unpaved:{4} NA km (1990 est.)

{2}Waterways:{4} the Amu Darya is an important inland waterway

{2}Pipelines:{4} crude oil 250 km; natural gas 4,400 km

{2}Ports:{4} Turkmenbashi (formerly Krasnowodsk)

{2}Airports:{4}
{3}total:{4} 64
{3}with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m:{4} 13
{3}with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m:{4} 8
{3}with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m:{4} 1
{3}with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m:{4} 7
{3}with unpaved runways under 914 m:{4} 35 (1994 est.)


{1}Communications{4}

{2}Telephones:{4} NA

{2}Telephone system:{4} poorly developed
{3}domestic:{4} NA
{3}international:{4} linked by cable and microwave radio relay to other CIS republics and to other
countries by leased connections to the Moscow international gateway switch; a new telephone link
from Ashgabat to Iran has been established; a new exchange in Ashgabat switches international
traffic through Turkey via Intelsat; satellite earth stations - 1 Orbita and 1 Intelsat

{2}Radio broadcast stations:{4} AM NA, FM NA, shortwave NA; note - there is at least one state-owned
radio broadcast station of NA type

{2}Radios:{4} NA

{2}Television broadcast stations:{4} NA

{2}Televisions:{4} NA


{1}Defense{4}

{2}Branches:{4} Army, Air and Air Defense, Republic Security Forces (internal and border troops),
National Guard

{2}Manpower availability:{4}
{3}males age 15-49:{4} 1,024,398
{3}males fit for military service:{4} 834,803
{3}males reach military age (18) annually:{4} 41,697 (1996 est.)

{2}Defense expenditures:{4} 4.5 billion manats, 3.0% of GDP (1995); note - conversion of defense
expenditures into US dollars using the current exchange rate could produce misleading results