Axion 3D Atlas/ATLAS.iso/stats/238.txt

Text File | 1998-01-23 | 16KB | 367 lines

{bitmap= 26,50,"flags\Turkey.bmp"}
{bigtext=150,120,"Turkey"}



{1}Geography{4}
{4}To see a map of Turkey, click {z,"20.961773,29.229822,46.741591,48.982032",here}{4}!

{2}Location:{4} Southwestern Asia (that part west of the Bosporus is sometimes included with Europe),
bordering the Black Sea, between Bulgaria and Georgia, and bordering the Aegean Sea and the
Mediterranean Sea, between Greece and Syria

{2}Area:{4}
{3}total area:{4} 780,580 sq km
{3}land area:{4} 770,760 sq km
{3}comparative area:{4} slightly larger than Texas

{2}Land boundaries:{4}
{3}total:{4} 2,627 km
{3}border countries:{4} Armenia 268 km, Azerbaijan 9 km, Bulgaria 240 km, Georgia 252 km, Greece
206 km, Iran 499 km, Iraq 331 km, Syria 822 km

{2}Coastline:{4} 7,200 km

{2}Maritime claims:{4}
{3}exclusive economic zone:{4} in Black Sea only - to the maritime boundary agreed upon with the
former USSR
{3}territorial sea:{4} 6 nm in the Aegean Sea,; 12 nm in the Black Sea and in the Mediterranean Sea

{2}International disputes:{4} complex maritime, air and territorial disputes with Greece in Aegean Sea;
Cyprus question; Hatay question with Syria; dispute with downstream riparians (Syria and Iraq)
over water development plans for the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers

{2}Climate:{4} temperate; hot, dry summers with mild, wet winters; harsher in interior

{2}Terrain:{4} mostly mountains; narrow coastal plain; high central plateau (Anatolia)
{3}lowest point:{4} Mediterranean Sea 0 m
{3}highest point:{4} Mount Ararat 5,166 m

{2}Natural resources:{4} antimony, coal, chromium, mercury, copper, borate, sulfur, iron ore

{2}Land use:{4}
{3}arable land:{4} 30%
{3}permanent crops:{4} 4%
{3}meadows and pastures:{4} 12%
{3}forest and woodland:{4} 26%
{3}other:{4} 28%

{2}Irrigated land:{4} 22,200 sq km (1989 est.)

{2}Environment:{4}
{3}current issues:{4} water pollution from dumping of chemicals and detergents; air pollution, particularly
in urban areas; deforestation

{2}natural hazards:{4} very severe earthquakes, especially in northern Turkey, along an arc extending
from the Sea of Marmara to Lake Van

{2}international agreements:{4} party to - Air Pollution, Hazardous Wastes, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone
Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling; signed, but not ratified - Biodiversity,
Desertification, Environmental Modification

{2}Geographic note:{4} strategic location controlling the Turkish Straits (Bosporus, Sea of Marmara,
Dardanelles) that link Black and Aegean Seas


{1}People{4}

{2}Population:{4} 62,484,478 (July 1996 est.)

{2}Age structure:{4}
{3}0-14 years:{4} 32% (male 10,192,195; female 9,836,045)
{3}15-64 years:{4} 62% (male 19,859,717; female 19,187,769)
{3}65 years and over:{4} 6% (male 1,571,451; female 1,837,301) (July 1996 est.)

{2}Population growth rate:{4} 1.67% (1996 est.)

{2}Birth rate:{4} 22.26 births/1,000 population (1996 est.)

{2}Death rate:{4} 5.52 deaths/1,000 population (1996 est.)

{2}Net migration rate:{4} 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1996 est.)

{2}Sex ratio:{4}
{3}at birth:{4} 1.05 male(s)/female
{3}under 15 years:{4} 1.04 male(s)/female
{3}15-64 years:{4} 1.04 male(s)/female
{3}65 years and over:{4} 0.86 male(s)/female
{3}all ages:{4} 1.02 male(s)/female (1996 est.)

{2}Infant mortality rate:{4} 43.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1996 est.)

{2}Life expectancy at birth:{4}
{3}total population:{4} 71.92 years
{3}male:{4} 69.53 years
{3}female:{4} 74.43 years (1996 est.)

{2}Total fertility rate:{4} 2.58 children born/woman (1996 est.)

{2}Nationality:{4}
{3}noun:{4} Turk(s)
{3}adjective:{4} Turkish

{2}Ethnic divisions:{4} Turkish 80%, Kurdish 20%

{2}Religions:{4} Muslim 99.8% (mostly Sunni), other 0.2% (Christian and Jews)

{2}Languages:{4} Turkish (official), Kurdish, Arabic

{2}Literacy:{4} age 15 and over can read and write (1995 est.)
{3}total population:{4} 82.3%
{3}male:{4} 91.7%
{3}female:{4} 72.4%


{1}Government{4}

{2}Name of country:{4}
{3}conventional long form:{4} Republic of Turkey
{3}conventional short form:{4} Turkey
{3}local long form:{4} Turkiye Cumhuriyeti
{3}local short form:{4} Turkiye

{2}Type of government:{4} republican parliamentary democracy

{2}Capital:{4} Ankara

{2}Administrative divisions:{4} 79 provinces (iller, singular - il); Adana, Adiyaman, Afyon, Agri, Aksaray,
Amasya, Ankara, Antalya, Ardahan, Artvin, Aydin, Balikesir, Bartin, Batman, Bayburt, Bilecik,
Bingol, Bitlis, Bolu, Burdur, Bursa, Canakkale, Cankiri, Corum, Denizli, Diyarbakir, Edirne, Elazig,
Erzincan, Erzurum, Eskisehir, Gazi Antep, Giresun, Gumushane, Hakkari, Hatay, Icel, Iggdir,
Isparta, Istanbul, Izmir, Kahraman Maras, Karabuk, Karaman, Kars, Kastamonu, Kayseri, Kilis,
Kirikkale, Kirklareli, Kirsehir, Kocaeli, Konya, Kutahya, Malatya, Manisa, Mardin, Mugla, Mus,
Nevsehir, Nigde, Ordu, Rize, Sakarya, Samsun, Sanli Urfa, Siirt, Sinop, Sirnak, Sivas, Tekirdag,
Tokat, Trabzon, Tunceli, Usak, Van, Yalova, Yozgat, Zonguldak
{3}note:{4} Karabuk, Kilis, and Yalova are three new Turkish provinces mentioned in the 24 December
1995 election results

{2}Independence:{4} 29 October 1923 (successor state to the Ottoman Empire)

{2}National holiday:{4} Anniversary of the Declaration of the Republic, 29 October (1923)

{2}Constitution:{4} 7 November 1982

{2}Legal system:{4} derived from various continental legal systems; accepts compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction, with reservations

{2}Suffrage:{4} 18 years of age; universal

{2}Executive branch:{4}
{3}chief of state:{4} President Suleyman DEMIREL (since 16 May 1993) was elected for a seven-year
term by the National Assembly
{3}head of government:{4} Prime Minister Mesut YILMAZ (since 12 March 1996) and Deputy Prime
Minister Nahit MENTESE (since 12 March 1996) were appointed by the president
National Security Council: advisory body to the president and the cabinet
{3}cabinet:{4} Council of Ministers was appointed by the president on nomination of the prime minister

{2}Legislative branch:{4} unicameral
Grand National Assembly of Turkey: (Turkiye Buyuk Millet Meclisi) elections last held 24
December 1995 (next to be held by December 2000); results - RP 21.38%, DYP 19.18%, ANAP
19.65%, DSP 14.64%, CHP 10.71%, independent 0.48%; seats - 550 total) RP 158, DYP 135,
ANAP 133, DSP 75, CHP 49
{3}note:{4} seats held by various parties are subject to change due to defections, creation of new
parties, and ouster or death of sitting deputies; current seats by party are as follows: RP 158, DYP
135, ANAP 126, DSP 75, CHP 49, BBP 7

{2}Judicial branch:{4} Constitutional Court, judges appointed by the president; Court of Appeals, judges
are elected by the Supreme Council of Judges and Prosecutors

{2}Political parties and leaders:{4} True Path Party (DYP), Tansu CILLER; Motherland Party (ANAP),
Mesut YILMAZ; Welfare Party (RP), Necmettin ERBAKAN; Democratic Left Party (DSP), Bulent
ECEVIT; Nationalist Action Party (MHP), Alparslan TURKES; New Party (YP), Yusuf Bozkurt
OZAL; Republican People's Party (CHP), Deniz BAYKAL; Workers' Party (IP), Dogu PERINCEK;
Nation Party (MP), Aykut EDIBALI; Democrat Party (DP), Murat UZMAN; Grand Unity Party
(BBP), Muhsin YAZICIOGLU; Rebirth Party (YDP), Hasan Celal GUZEL; People's Democracy
Party (HADEP), Murat BOZLAK; Main Path Party (ANAYOL), Gurcan BASER; Democratic Target
Party (DHP), Abdulkadir Yasar TURK; Liberal Party (LP), Besim TIBUK; New Democracy
Movement (YDH), Cem BOYNER; Labor Party (EP), Abdullah Levent TUZER; Democracy and
Peace Party (DBP), Refik KARAKOC; Freedom and Solidarity Praty (ODP), Ufuk URAS

{2}Other political or pressure groups:{4} Turkish Confederation of Labor (Turk-Is), Bayram MERAL;
Confederation of Revolutionary Workers Unions (DISK), Ridvan BUDAK; Moral Rights Workers
Union (Hak-Is), Salim USLU; Turkish Industrialists' and Businessmen's Association (TUSIAD),
Halis KOMILI; Turkish Union of Chambers of Commerce and Commodity Exchanges (TOBB), Ali
Osman ULUSOY; Turkish Confederation of Employers' Unions (TISK), Refik BAYDUR;
Independent Industrialists and Businessmen's Association (MUSIAD), Erol YARAR

{2}International organization participation:{4} AsDB, BIS, BSEC, CCC, CE, CERN (observer), EBRD,
ECE, ECO, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO,
IMF, IMO, Inmarsat, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, NACC, NATO, NEA,
OECD, OIC, OSCE, PCA, UN, UNCRO, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIKOM,
UNOMIG, UNRWA, UPU, WEU (associate), WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO

{2}Diplomatic representation in US:{4}
{3}chief of mission:{4} Ambassador Nuzhet KANDEMIR
{3}chancery:{4} 1714 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036
{3}telephone:{4} [1] [phone]
{3}consulate(s) general:{4} Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, and New York

{2}US diplomatic representation:{4}
{3}chief of mission:{4} Ambassador Marc GROSSMAN
{3}embassy:{4} 110 Ataturk Boulevard, Ankara
{3}mailing address:{4} PSC 93, Box 5000, APO AE 09823
{3}telephone:{4} [90] [phone]
{3}FAX:{4} [90] [phone]
{3}consulate(s) general:{4} Istanbul
consulate(s): Adana

{2}Flag:{4} red with a vertical white crescent (the closed portion is toward the hoist side) and white five-
pointed star centered just outside the crescent opening


{1}Economy{4}

{2}Economic overview:{4} The Turkish economy consists of a mixture, on the one hand, of modern
industry and commerce, and, on the other hand, of time-honored village agriculture and crafts.
Since World War II, it has become increasingly integrated into the West European economic
arena, for example, as a member of OECD. The economy has improved significantly since the
1994 crisis, when the economy experienced a sharp drop and inflation hit triple digits. The crisis -
sparked by the downgrading in January 1994 of Turkey's international credit rating by two US
rating agencies - stemmed from years of loose monetary and fiscal policies that had exacerbated
inflation and allowed the public debt, money supply, and current account deficit to explode. In
April 1994, then Prime Minister CILLER introduced a stabilization package that paved the way for
a $950 million IMF standby loan. However, because the government missed key macroeconomic
targets in 1995 and the December national election produced months of political wrangling, the
IMF put the agreement - and release of remaining funds - on hold. The new center-right minority
government that finally has emerged will find it difficult to balance the need for new austerity
measures and tough structural reforms with the pressure for continued buoyant growth. Ankara is
also likely to face internal opposition to policies it must implement as part of the Turkey-EU
customs union agreement - which came into force on 1 January 1996 - because many industries
are unfit for EU competition and much-needed revenues will decline with the elimination of import
tariffs and surcharges. Meanwhile, Ankara's heavy debt repayment schedule in 1996 makes it
necessary for Turkish leaders to bolster the confidence of both domestic and foreign investors.

{2}GDP:{4} purchasing power parity - $345.7 billion (1995 est.)

{2}GDP real growth rate:{4} 6.8% (1995 est.)

{2}GDP per capita:{4} $5,500 (1995 est.)

{2}GDP composition by sector:{4}
{3}agriculture:{4} 15.5%
{3}industry:{4} 33.2%
{3}services:{4} 51.3% (1994)

{2}Inflation rate (consumer prices):{4} 94% (1995)

{2}Labor force:{4} 20.9 million
{3}by occupation:{4} agriculture 46%, services 31%, industry 23%
{3}note:{4} about 1.5 million Turks work abroad (1994)

{2}Unemployment rate:{4} 10.2% (1995 est.)

{2}Budget:{4}
{3}revenues:{4} $30.2 billion
{3}expenditures:{4} $35 billion, including capital expenditures of $2.8 billion (1995)

{2}Industries:{4} textiles, food processing, mining (coal, chromite, copper, boron), steel, petroleum,
construction, lumber, paper

{2}Industrial production growth rate:{4} 8.8% (1995)

{2}Electricity:{4}
{3}capacity:{4} 18,710,000 kW
{3}production:{4} 71 billion kWh
{3}consumption per capita:{4} 1,079 kWh (1993)

{2}Agriculture:{4} tobacco, cotton, grain, olives, sugar beets, pulses, citrus; livestock

{2}Illicit drugs:{4} major transit route for Southwest Asian heroin and hashish to Western Europe and the
US via air, land, and sea routes; major Turkish, Iranian, and other international trafficking
organizations operate out of Istanbul; laboratories to convert imported morphine base into heroin
are in remote regions of Turkey as well as near Istanbul; government maintains strict controls over
areas of legal opium poppy cultivation and output of poppy straw concentrate

{2}Exports:{4} $20.7 billion (f.o.b., 1995 est.)
{3}commodities:{4} textiles and apparel 37%, steel products 12%, fruits and vegetables 11% (1994)
{3}partners:{4} Germany 22%, Russia 8%, US 8%, Italy 6% (1994)

{2}Imports:{4} $32.6 billion (f.o.b., 1995 est.)
{3}commodities:{4} machinery 25%, fuels 17%, raw materials 11%, foodstuffs 5% (1994)
{3}partners:{4} Germany 16%, US 10%, Italy 9%, Russia 8% (1994)

{2}External debt:{4} $73.8 billion (1995 est.)

{2}Economic aid:{4}
{3}recipient:{4} ODA, $195 million (1993)
{3}note:{4} aid for Gulf war efforts from coalition allies (1991), $4.1 billion; aid pledged for Turkish
Defense Fund, $2.5 billion

{2}Currency:{4} Turkish lira (TL)

{2}Exchange rates:{4} Turkish liras (TL) per US$1 - 60,502.1 (January 1996), 45,845.1 (1995), 29,608.7
(1994), 10,984.6 (1993), 6,872.4 (1992), 4,171.8 (1991)

{2}Fiscal year:{4} calendar year


{1}Transportation{4}

{2}Railways:{4}
{3}total:{4} 10,386 km
standard gauge: 10,386 km 1.435-m gauge (1,088 km electrified)

{2}Highways:{4}
{3}total:{4} 386,704 km
{3}paved:{4} 45,683 km (including 862 km of expressways)
{3}unpaved:{4} 341,021 km (1992 est.)

{2}Waterways:{4} about 1,200 km

{2}Pipelines:{4} crude oil 1,738 km; petroleum products 2,321 km; natural gas 708 km

{2}Ports:{4} Gemlik, Hopa, Iskenderun, Istanbul, Izmir, Izmit, Mersin, Samsun, Trabzon

{2}Merchant marine:{4}
{3}total:{4} 465 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 5,509,741 GRT/9,494,434 DWT
{3}ships by type:{4} bulk 139, cargo 212, chemical tanker 18, combination bulk 7, combination ore/oil
12, container 2, liquefied gas tanker 4, livestock carrier 1, oil tanker 43, passenger-cargo 1,
refrigerated cargo 2, roll-on/roll-off cargo 15, short-sea passenger 7, specialized tanker 2
{3}note:{4} Turkey owns an additional 18 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 247,369 DWT operating
under the registries of Malta, Panama, Libya, and Greece (1995 est.)

{2}Airports:{4}
{3}total:{4} 104
{3}with paved runways over 3,047 m:{4} 17
{3}with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m:{4} 19
{3}with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m:{4} 12
{3}with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m:{4} 18
{3}with paved runways under 914 m:{4} 28
{3}with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m:{4} 2
{3}with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m:{4} 8 (1995 est.)
Heliports: 2 (1995 est.)


{1}Communications{4}

{2}Telephones:{4} 6.89 million (1990 est.)

{2}Telephone system:{4} fair domestic and international systems
{3}domestic:{4} trunk microwave radio relay network; limited open-wire network
{3}international:{4} satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean), 1 Eutelsat, and 2 Inmarsat
(Indian and Atlantic Ocean regions); 1 submarine cable

{2}Radio broadcast stations:{4} AM 15, FM 94, shortwave 0

{2}Radios:{4} 9.4 million (1992 est.)

{2}Television broadcast stations:{4} 357

{2}Televisions:{4} 10.53 million (1993 est.)


{1}Defense{4}

{2}Branches:{4} Land Forces, Navy (includes Naval Air and Naval Infantry), Air Force, Coast Guard,
Gendarmerie

{2}Manpower availability:{4}
{3}males age 15-49:{4} 16,937,828
{3}males fit for military service:{4} 10,312,010
males reach military age (20) annually: 637,456 (1996 est.)

{2}Defense expenditures:{4} exchange rate conversion - $6.0 billion, 4% of GDP (1995); note - figures
do not include about $7 billion for the government's counterinsurgency effort against the separatist
Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK)