Axion 3D Atlas/ATLAS.iso/stats/116.txt

Text File | 1998-01-23 | 16KB | 375 lines

{bitmap= 26,50,"flags\italy.bmp"}
{bigtext=150,120,"Italy"}



{1}Geography{4}
{4}To see a map of Italy, click {z,"4.975974,36.422203,19.726836,47.794688",here}{4}!

{2}Location:{4} Southern Europe, a peninsula extending into the central Mediterranean Sea, northeast
of Tunisia

{2}Area:{4}
{3}total area:{4} 301,230 sq km
{3}land area:{4} 294,020 sq km
{3}comparative area:{4} slightly larger than Arizona
{3}note:{4} includes Sardinia and Sicily

{2}Land boundaries:{4}
{3}total:{4} 1,935.2 km
{3}border countries:{4} Austria 430 km, France 488 km, Holy See (Vatican City) 3.2 km, San Marino 39
km, Slovenia 235 km, Switzerland 740 km

{2}Coastline:{4} 7,600 km

{2}Maritime claims:{4}
{3}continental shelf:{4} 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation
{3}territorial sea:{4} 12 nm

{2}International disputes:{4} Italy is negotiating with Slovenia over property and minority rights issues
dating from World War II

{2}Climate:{4} predominantly Mediterranean; Alpine in far north; hot, dry in south

{2}Terrain:{4} mostly rugged and mountainous; some plains, coastal lowlands
{3}lowest point:{4} Mediterranean Sea 0 m
{3}highest point:{4} Mont Blanc 4,807 m

{2}Natural resources:{4} mercury, potash, marble, sulfur, dwindling natural gas and crude oil reserves,
fish, coal

{2}Land use:{4}
{3}arable land:{4} 32%
{3}permanent crops:{4} 10%
{3}meadows and pastures:{4} 17%
{3}forest and woodland:{4} 22%
{3}other:{4} 19%

{2}Irrigated land:{4} 31,000 sq km (1989 est.)

{2}Environment:{4}
{3}current issues:{4} air pollution from industrial emissions such as sulfur dioxide; coastal and inland
rivers polluted from industrial and agricultural effluents; acid rain damaging lakes; inadequate
industrial waste treatment and disposal facilities

{2}natural hazards:{4} regional risks include landslides, mudflows, avalanches, earthquakes, volcanic
eruptions, flooding; land subsidence in Venice

{2}international agreements:{4} party to - Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-
Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic
Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification,
Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection,
Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Wetlands, Whaling; signed, but not ratified - Air Pollution-
Sulphur 94, Desertification

{2}Geographic note:{4} strategic location dominating central Mediterranean as well as southern sea and
air approaches to Western Europe


{1}People{4}

{2}Population:{4} 57,460,274 (July 1996 est.)

{2}Age structure:{4}
{3}0-14 years:{4} 15% (male 4,419,636; female 4,167,860)
{3}15-64 years:{4} 68% (male 19,656,546; female 19,629,291)
{3}65 years and over:{4} 17% (male 3,902,426; female 5,684,515) (July 1996 est.)

{2}Population growth rate:{4} 0.13% (1996 est.)

{2}Birth rate:{4} 9.87 births/1,000 population (1996 est.)

{2}Death rate:{4} 9.82 deaths/1,000 population (1996 est.)

{2}Net migration rate:{4} 1.25 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1996 est.)

{2}Sex ratio:{4}
{3}at birth:{4} 1.06 male(s)/female
{3}under 15 years:{4} 1.06 male(s)/female
{3}15-64 years:{4} 1 male(s)/female
{3}65 years and over:{4} 0.69 male(s)/female
{3}all ages:{4} 0.95 male(s)/female (1996 est.)

{2}Infant mortality rate:{4} 6.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1996 est.)

{2}Life expectancy at birth:{4}
{3}total population:{4} 78.06 years
{3}male:{4} 74.85 years
{3}female:{4} 81.48 years (1996 est.)

{2}Total fertility rate:{4} 1.27 children born/woman (1996 est.)

{2}Nationality:{4}
{3}noun:{4} Italian(s)
{3}adjective:{4} Italian

{2}Ethnic divisions:{4} Italian (includes small clusters of German-, French-, and Slovene-Italians in the
north and Albanian-Italians and Greek-Italians in the south), Sicilians, Sardinians

{2}Religions:{4} Roman Catholic 98%, other 2%

{2}Languages:{4} Italian, German (parts of Trentino-Alto Adige region are predominantly German
speaking), French (small French-speaking minority in Valle d'Aosta region), Slovene (Slovene-
speaking minority in the Trieste-Gorizia area)

{2}Literacy:{4} age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
{3}total population:{4} 97%
{3}male:{4} 98%
{3}female:{4} 96%


{1}Government{4}

{2}Name of country:{4}
{3}conventional long form:{4} Italian Republic
{3}conventional short form:{4} Italy
{3}local long form:{4} Repubblica Italiana
{3}local short form:{4} Italia
{3}former:{4} Kingdom of Italy

{2}Type of government:{4} republic

{2}Capital:{4} Rome

{2}Administrative divisions:{4} 20 regions (regioni, singular - regione); Abruzzi, Basilicata, Calabria,
Campania, Emilia-Romagna, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Lazio, Liguria, Lombardia, Marche, Molise,
Piemonte, Puglia, Sardegna, Sicilia, Toscana, Trentino-Alto Adige, Umbria, Valle d'Aosta, Veneto

{2}Independence:{4} 17 March 1861 (Kingdom of Italy proclaimed)

{2}National holiday:{4} Anniversary of the Republic, 2 June (1946)

{2}Constitution:{4} 1 January 1948

{2}Legal system:{4} based on civil law system, with ecclesiastical law influence; appeals treated as
trials de novo; judicial review under certain conditions in Constitutional Court; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

{2}Suffrage:{4} 18 years of age; universal (except in senatorial elections, where minimum age is 25)

{2}Executive branch:{4}
{3}chief of state:{4} President Oscar Luigi SCALFARO (since 28 May 1992) was elected for a seven-
year term by an electoral college consisting of both houses of Parliament and 58 regional
representatives
{3}head of government:{4} Prime Minister (referred to in Italy as the President of the Council of
Ministers) Romano PRODI (since 18 May 1996) was appointed by the president
{3}cabinet:{4} Council of Ministers was nominated by the President of the Council (i.e., Prime Minister)
and approved by the President of the Republic

{2}Legislative branch:{4} bicameral Parliament (Parlamento)
Senate (Senato della Repubblica): elections last held 22 April 1996 (next to be held by NA);
results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (326 total, 315 elected, 11 appointed senators-for-
life) Olive Tree 157, Freedom Alliance 116, Northern League 27, Refounded Communists 10,
regional lists 3, Social Movement-Tricolor Flames 1, Panella Reformers 1
Chamber of Deputies (Camera dei Deputati): elections last held 22 April 1996 (next to be held
NA); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (630 total) Olive Tree 284, Freedom Alliance
246, Northern League 59, Refounded Communists 35, Southern Tyrol List 3, Autonomous List 2,
other 1

{2}Judicial branch:{4} Constitutional Court (Corte Costituzionale), composed of 15 judges (one-third
appointed by the president, one-third elected by Parliament, one-third elected by the ordinary and
administrative supreme courts)

{2}Political parties and leaders:{4}
Olive Tree: Democratic Party of the Left (PDS), Massimo D'ALEMA; Greens, Carlo RIPA DI
MEANA; Italian Renewal, Lamberto DINI; Southern Tyrols List (German speakers)
Freedom Alliance: Forza Italia (FI), Silvio BERLUSCONI; National Alliance (AN), Gianfranco FINI;
Christian Democratic Center (CCD), Pier Ferdinando CASINI; Democratic Union Party, Antonio
MACCANICO
{3}other:{4} Northern League (NL), Umberto BOSSI; Italian Social Movement, Pino RAUTI; Communist
Refoundation (RC), Fausto BERTINOTTI; Italian Socialists, Enrico BOSELLI; Rete (The Network),
Leoluca ORLANDO; Christian Socialists, Luciano GUERZONI; Democratic Pact for Italy, Mario
SEGNI; Italian Popular Party (PPI), Gerardo BIANCO; Pannella's Reformers, Marco PANNELLA;
Christian Democratic Union (United Christian Democrats - CDU), Rocco BUTTIGLIONE;
Democratic Alliance, Willer BORDON; Union for the New Republic, Raffaele COSTA; Unitary
Communists, Famiano CRUCIANELLI; Autonomous List (a group of minor parties); Social
Movement-Tricolor Flames

{2}Other political or pressure groups:{4} the Roman Catholic Church; three major trade union
confederations (Confederazione Generale Italiana del Lavoro or CGIL which is PDS-dominated,
Confederazione Italiana dei Sindacati Lavoratori or CISL which is centrist, and Unione Italiana del
Lavoro or UIL which is center-left); Italian manufacturers and merchants associations
(Confindustria, Confcommercio); organized farm groups (Confcoltivatori, Confagricoltura)

{2}International organization participation:{4} AfDB, AG (observer), AsDB, Australia Group, BIS, CCC,
CDB (non-regional), CE, CEI, CERN, EBRD, ECE, ECLAC, EIB, ESA, EU, FAO, G- 7, G-10,
IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO,
Inmarsat, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LAIA (observer), MINURSO, MTCR, NACC, NAM
(guest), NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OSCE, PCA, UN, UN Security Council
(temporary), UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNIKOM, UNITAR, UNMOGIP,
UNTSO, UPU, WCL, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO, ZC

{2}Diplomatic representation in US:{4}
{3}chief of mission:{4} Ambassador Ferdinando SALLEO
{3}chancery:{4} 1601 Fuller Street NW, Washington, DC 20009
{3}telephone:{4} [1] [phone]
{3}FAX:{4} [1] [phone]
{3}consulate(s) general:{4} Boston, Chicago, Houston, Miami, New York, Los Angeles, Philadelphia,
San Francisco
consulate(s): Detroit and New Orleans

{2}US diplomatic representation:{4}
{3}chief of mission:{4} Ambassador Reginald BARTHOLOMEW
{3}embassy:{4} Via Veneto 119/A, 00187-Rome
{3}mailing address:{4} PSC 59, Box 100, Rome; APO AE 09624
{3}telephone:{4} [39] (6) 46741
{3}FAX:{4} [39] (6) 488-2672
{3}consulate(s) general:{4} Florence, Milan, Naples

{2}Flag:{4} three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and red; similar to the flag of Ireland,
which is longer and is green (hoist side), white, and orange; also similar to the flag of the Cote
d'Ivoire, which has the colors reversed - orange (hoist side), white, and green


{1}Economy{4}

{2}Economic overview:{4} Since World War II, the Italian economy has changed from one based on
agriculture into a ranking industrial economy, with approximately the same total and per capita
output as France and the UK. The country is still divided into a developed industrial north,
dominated by private companies, and an undeveloped agricultural south, dominated by large
public enterprises. Most raw materials needed by industry and over 75% of energy requirements
must be imported. In the second half of 1992, Rome became unsettled by the prospect of not
qualifying to participate in EU plans for economic and monetary union later in the decade; thus, it
finally began to address its huge fiscal imbalances. Subsequently, the government has adopted
fairly stringent budgets, abandoned its inflationary wage indexation system, and started to scale
back its generous social welfare programs, including pension and health care benefits. Monetary
officials were forced to withdraw the lira from the European monetary system in September 1992,
when it came under extreme pressure in currency markets. For the 1990s, Italy faces the
problems of pushing ahead with fiscal reform, refurbishing a tottering communications system,
curbing pollution in major industrial centers, and adjusting to the new competitive forces
accompanying the ongoing expansion and economic integration of the EU.

{2}GDP:{4} purchasing power parity - $1.0886 trillion (1995 est.)

{2}GDP real growth rate:{4} 3.2% (1995 est.)

{2}GDP per capita:{4} $18,700 (1995 est.)

{2}GDP composition by sector:{4}
{3}agriculture:{4} 2.9%
{3}industry:{4} 31.6%
{3}services:{4} 65.5% (1994)

{2}Inflation rate (consumer prices):{4} 5.4% (1995)

{2}Labor force:{4} 23.988 million
{3}by occupation:{4} services 58%, industry 32.2%, agriculture 9.8% (1988)

{2}Unemployment rate:{4} 12.2% (January 1995)

{2}Budget:{4}
{3}revenues:{4} $339 billion
{3}expenditures:{4} $431 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1994 est.)

{2}Industries:{4} tourism, machinery, iron and steel, chemicals, food processing, textiles, motor
vehicles, clothing, footwear, ceramics

{2}Industrial production growth rate:{4} 5.5% (1995 est.)

{2}Electricity:{4}
{3}capacity:{4} 61,630,000 kW
{3}production:{4} 209 billion kWh
{3}consumption per capita:{4} 4,033 kWh (1993)

{2}Agriculture:{4} fruits, vegetables, grapes, potatoes, sugar beets, soybeans, grain, olives; meat and
dairy products; fish catch of 525,000 metric tons in 1990

{2}Illicit drugs:{4} important gateway country for Latin American cocaine and Southwest Asian heroin
entering the European market

{2}Exports:{4} $190.8 billion (f.o.b., 1994)
{3}commodities:{4} metals, textiles and clothing, production machinery, motor vehicles, transportation
equipment, chemicals
{3}partners:{4} EU 53.4%, US 7.8%, OPEC 3.8% (1994)

{2}Imports:{4} $168.7 billion (c.i.f., 1994)
{3}commodities:{4} industrial machinery, chemicals, transport equipment, petroleum, metals, food,
agricultural products
{3}partners:{4} EU 56.3%, OPEC 5.3%, US 4.6% (1994)

{2}External debt:{4} $67 billion (1993 est.)

{2}Economic aid:{4}
donor: ODA, $3.043 billion (1993)

{2}Currency:{4} 1 Italian lira (Lit) = 100 centesimi

{2}Exchange rates:{4} Italian lire (Lit) per US$1 - 1,583.8 (January 1996), 1,629.6 (1995), 1,612.4
(1994), 1,573.7 (1993), 1,232.4 (1992), 1,240.6 (1991)

{2}Fiscal year:{4} calendar year


{1}Transportation{4}

{2}Railways:{4}
{3}total:{4} 18,961 km
standard gauge: 17,981 km 1.435-m gauge; Italian Railways (FS) operates 16,118 km of the total
standard gauge routes (10,560 km electrified)
narrow gauge: 113 km 1.000-m gauge (113 km electrified); 867 km 0.950-m gauge (144 km
electrified)

{2}Highways:{4}
{3}total:{4} 305,388 km (including 45,076 km major roads, 112,111 km secondary roads, 6,301 km
motorways)
{3}paved:{4} 271,674 km
{3}unpaved:{4} 33,714 km (1991 est.)

{2}Waterways:{4} 2,400 km for various types of commercial traffic, although of limited overall value

{2}Pipelines:{4} crude oil 1,703 km; petroleum products 2,148 km; natural gas 19,400 km

{2}Ports:{4} Ancona, Augusta, Bari, Cagliari (Sardinia), Catania, Gaeta, Genoa, La Spezia, Livorno,
Naples, Oristano (Sardinia), Palermo (Sicily), Piombino, Porto Torres (Sardinia), Ravenna,
Savona, Trieste, Venice

{2}Merchant marine:{4}
{3}total:{4} 419 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 5,480,320 GRT/7,919,064 DWT
{3}ships by type:{4} bulk 35, cargo 57, chemical tanker 39, combination bulk 1, combination ore/oil 3,
container 16, liquefied gas tanker 37, multifunction large-load carrier 1, oil tanker 123, passenger
5, roll-on/roll-off cargo 53, short-sea passenger 31, specialized tanker 11, vehicle carrier 7 (1995
est.)

{2}Airports:{4}
{3}total:{4} 132
{3}with paved runways over 3,047 m:{4} 5
{3}with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m:{4} 34
{3}with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m:{4} 15
{3}with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m:{4} 24
{3}with paved runways under 914 m:{4} 32
{3}with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m:{4} 2
{3}with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m:{4} 20 (1995 est.)
Heliports: 2 (1995 est.)


{1}Communications{4}

{2}Telephones:{4} 25.6 million (1987 est.)

{2}Telephone system:{4} modern, well-developed, fast; fully automated telephone, telex, and data
services
{3}domestic:{4} high-capacity cable and microwave radio relay trunks
{3}international:{4} satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (with a total of 5 antennas - 3 for Atlantic Ocean
and 2 for Indian Ocean), 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic Ocean Region), and NA Eutelsat; 21 submarine
cables

{2}Radio broadcast stations:{4} AM 135, FM 28 (repeaters 1,840), shortwave 0

{2}Radios:{4} 45.7 million (1992 est.)

{2}Television broadcast stations:{4} 83 (repeaters 1,000)

{2}Televisions:{4} 24.35 million (1992 est.)


{1}Defense{4}

{2}Branches:{4} Army, Navy, Air Force, Carabinieri

{2}Manpower availability:{4}
{3}males age 15-49:{4} 14,739,097
{3}males fit for military service:{4} 12,769,628
{3}males reach military age (18) annually:{4} 358,884 (1996 est.)

{2}Defense expenditures:{4} exchange rate conversion - $20.4 billion, 1.9% of GDP (1995)