Axion 3D Atlas/ATLAS.iso/stats/108.txt

Text File | 1998-01-23 | 14KB | 345 lines

{bitmap= 26,50,"flags\hungary.bmp"}
{bigtext=150,120,"Hungary"}



{1}Geography{4}
{4}To see a map of Hungary, click {z,"15.496878,44.225690,22.898825,49.870932",here}{4}!

{2}Location:{4} Central Europe, northwest of Romania

{2}Area:{4}
{3}total area:{4} 93,030 sq km
{3}land area:{4} 92,340 sq km
{3}comparative area:{4} slightly smaller than Indiana

{2}Land boundaries:{4}
{3}total:{4} 2,009 km
{3}border countries:{4} Austria 366 km, Croatia 329 km, Romania 443 km, Serbia and Montenegro 151
km (all with Serbia), Slovakia 515 km, Slovenia 102 km, Ukraine 103 km

{2}Coastline:{4} 0 km (landlocked)

{2}Maritime claims:{4} none (landlocked)

{2}International disputes:{4} Gabcikovo Dam dispute with Slovakia

{2}Climate:{4} temperate; cold, cloudy, humid winters; warm summers

{2}Terrain:{4} mostly flat to rolling plains; hills and low mountains on the Slovakian border
{3}lowest point:{4} Tisza River 78 m
{3}highest point:{4} Kekes 1,014 m

{2}Natural resources:{4} bauxite, coal, natural gas, fertile soils

{2}Land use:{4}
{3}arable land:{4} 51%
{3}permanent crops:{4} 6%
{3}meadows and pastures:{4} 13%
{3}forest and woodland:{4} 18%
{3}other:{4} 12%

{2}Irrigated land:{4} 1,750 sq km (1989)

{2}Environment:{4}
{3}current issues:{4} an early-1996 government study identified 179 areas that suffer from air pollution,
54 areas with polluted soil, and 32 areas with polluted underground water; the study estimated
clean-up costs at $350 million, but the 1996 government budget allocates only about $7 million for
this purpose

{2}international agreements:{4} party to - Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-
Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate
Change, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping,
Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands; signed, but not ratified - Air
Pollution-Sulphur 94, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Law of the Sea

{2}Geographic note:{4} landlocked; strategic location astride main land routes between Western Europe
and Balkan Peninsula as well as between Ukraine and Mediterranean basin


{1}People{4}

{2}Population:{4} 10,002,541 (July 1996 est.)

{2}Age structure:{4}
{3}0-14 years:{4} 18% (male 907,963; female 867,536)
{3}15-64 years:{4} 68% (male 3,325,529; female 3,464,588)
{3}65 years and over:{4} 14% (male 538,106; female 898,819) (July 1996 est.)

{2}Population growth rate:{4} -0.68% (1996 est.)

{2}Birth rate:{4} 10.72 births/1,000 population (1996 est.)

{2}Death rate:{4} 15.06 deaths/1,000 population (1996 est.)

{2}Net migration rate:{4} -2.48 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1996 est.)

{2}Sex ratio:{4}
{3}at birth:{4} 1.05 male(s)/female
{3}under 15 years:{4} 1.05 male(s)/female
{3}15-64 years:{4} 0.96 male(s)/female
{3}65 years and over:{4} 0.6 male(s)/female
{3}all ages:{4} 0.91 male(s)/female (1996 est.)

{2}Infant mortality rate:{4} 12.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1996 est.)

{2}Life expectancy at birth:{4}
{3}total population:{4} 69.02 years
{3}male:{4} 64.23 years
{3}female:{4} 74.04 years (1996 est.)

{2}Total fertility rate:{4} 1.51 children born/woman (1996 est.)

{2}Nationality:{4}
{3}noun:{4} Hungarian(s)
{3}adjective:{4} Hungarian

{2}Ethnic divisions:{4} Hungarian 89.9%, Gypsy 4%, German 2.6%, Serb 2%, Slovak 0.8%, Romanian
0.7%

{2}Religions:{4} Roman Catholic 67.5%, Calvinist 20%, Lutheran 5%, atheist and other 7.5%

{2}Languages:{4} Hungarian 98.2%, other 1.8%

{2}Literacy:{4} age 15 and over can read and write (1980 est.)
{3}total population:{4} 99%
{3}male:{4} 99%
{3}female:{4} 98%


{1}Government{4}

{2}Name of country:{4}
{3}conventional long form:{4} Republic of Hungary
{3}conventional short form:{4} Hungary
{3}local long form:{4} Magyar Koztarsasag
{3}local short form:{4} Magyarorszag

{2}Type of government:{4} republic

{2}Capital:{4} Budapest

{2}Administrative divisions:{4} 38 counties (megyek, singular - megye) and 1 capital city* (fovaros);
Bacs-Kiskun, Baranya, Bekes, Bekescsaba, Borsod-Abauj-Zemplen, Budapest*, Csongrad,
Debrecen, Dunaujvaros, Eger, Fejer, Gyor, Gyor-Moson-Sopron, Hajdu-Bihar, Heves,
Hodmezovasarhely, Jasz-Nagykun-Szolnok, Kaposvar, Kecskemet, Komarom-Esztergom,
Miskolc, Nagykanizsa, Nograd, Nyiregyhaza, Pecs, Pest, Somogy, Sopron, Szabolcs-Szatmar-
Bereg, Szeged, Szekesfehervar, Szolnok, Szombathely, Tatabanya, Tolna, Vas, Veszprem, Zala,
Zalaegerszeg

{2}Independence:{4} 1001 (unification by King Stephen I)

{2}National holiday:{4} St. Stephen's Day (National Day), 20 August (commemorates the founding of
Hungarian state circa 1000 AD)

{2}Constitution:{4} 18 August 1949, effective 20 August 1949, revised 19 April 1972; 18 October 1989
revision ensured legal rights for individuals and constitutional checks on the authority of the prime
minister and also established the principle of parliamentary oversight

{2}Legal system:{4} in process of revision, moving toward rule of law based on Western model

{2}Suffrage:{4} 18 years of age; universal

{2}Executive branch:{4}
{3}chief of state:{4} President Arpad GONCZ (since 3 August 1990; previously interim president from 2
May 1990) was elected for a four-year term by the National Assembly; election last held 19 June
1995 (next to be held NA 1999); results - President GONCZ elected by parliamentary vote with a
total of 259 votes out of 335
{3}head of government:{4} Prime Minister Gyula HORN (since 15 July 1994) was elected by the
National Assembly on the recommendation of the president
{3}cabinet:{4} Council of Ministers was elected by the National Assembly on recommendation of the
president

{2}Legislative branch:{4} unicameral
National Assembly (Orszaggyules): elections last held on 8 and 29 May 1994 (next to be held
spring 1998); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (386 total) MSzP 209, SzDSz 70, MDF
37, FKgP 26, KDNP 22, FiDeSz 20, other 2

{2}Judicial branch:{4} Constitutional Court, judges are elected by the National Assembly

{2}Political parties and leaders:{4} Hungarian Democratic Forum (MDF), Lajos FUR, chairman;
Independent Smallholders (FKgP), Jozsef TORGYAN, president; Hungarian Socialist Party
(MSzP), Gyula HORN, president; Christian Democratic People's Party (KDNP), Gyorgy GICZY,
president; Federation of Young Democrats (FiDeSz), Viktor ORBAN, chairman; Alliance of Free
Democrats (SzDSz), Ivan PETO, chairman
{3}note:{4} the Hungarian Socialist (Communist) Workers' Party (MSzMP) renounced Communism and
became the Hungarian Socialist Party (MSzP) in October 1989; there is still a small MMP

{2}International organization participation:{4} Australia Group, BIS, CCC, CE, CEI, CERN, EBRD, ECE,
EU (applicant), FAO, G- 9, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Intelsat,
Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MINURSO, MTCR, NACC, NAM (guest), NSG, OAS (observer),
OECD, OSCE, PCA, PFP, UN, UNAVEM III, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIKOM,
UNMOT, UNOMIG, UNU, UPU, WEU (associate partner), WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO,
WTrO, ZC

{2}Diplomatic representation in US:{4}
{3}chief of mission:{4} Ambassador Gyorgy BANLAKI
{3}chancery:{4} 3910 Shoemaker Street NW, Washington, DC 20008
{3}telephone:{4} [1] [phone]
{3}FAX:{4} [1] [phone]
{3}consulate(s) general:{4} Los Angeles and New York

{2}US diplomatic representation:{4}
{3}chief of mission:{4} Ambassador Donald M. BLINKEN
{3}embassy:{4} V. Szabadsag Ter 12, Budapest
{3}mailing address:{4} Am Embassy, Unit 1320, APO AE 09213-1320
{3}telephone:{4} [36] (1) 267-4400, 269-9331
{3}FAX:{4} [36] (1) 269-9326

{2}Flag:{4} three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and green


{1}Economy{4}

{2}Economic overview:{4} Hungary, probably the most Western-oriented economy in East Europe
before the transition to a market system began in 1990, made good progress in the initial years of
transition. The reform process slowed in 1993-94, however, in part because of the May 1994
elections and the resulting change in government. By 1994 the privatization of state firms had
ground to a halt, while both the budget and current account deficits soared to unsustainable levels
- about 8% and 10% of GDP, respectively. The situation improved sharply in 1995; an austerity
program introduced in March reduced both deficits, and a renewed privatization effort later in 1995
resulted in more than $3 billion worth of sales of state firms to foreign investors - money that will
be used to reduce Hungary's large foreign debt. As for other macroeconomic developments, real
GDP increased 2.9% in 1994 - following several years of steep decline - and about 1.5% in 1995.
Unemployment reached 14% in early 1993 before gradually falling back to 10% in 1995. Inflation
has oscillated; it reached 40% in mid-1991, dropped to 17% in early 1994, and then jumped back
to 31% by mid-1995. Prospects for 1996 are good. With the government still committed to
austerity, both the budget and current account deficits should fall to about 4% of GDP. Economic
growth is expected to be about 2% and unemployment at about 10%, with inflation falling to 20%
by yearend. In March 1996 the IMF signed a new standby loan agreement with Budapest, and the
OECD approved Hungary's application for admission.

{2}GDP:{4} purchasing power parity - $72.5 billion (1995 est.)

{2}GDP real growth rate:{4} 1.5% (1995)

{2}GDP per capita:{4} $7,000 (1995 est.)

{2}GDP composition by sector:{4}
{3}agriculture:{4} 7.3%
{3}industry:{4} 37.5%
{3}services:{4} 55.2%

{2}Inflation rate (consumer prices):{4} 28.3% (1995)

{2}Labor force:{4} 4.8 million (1995)
{3}by occupation:{4} services, trade, government, and other 47.2%, industry 29.7%, agriculture 16.1%,
construction 7.0% (1991)

{2}Unemployment rate:{4} 10.4% (yearend 1995)

{2}Budget:{4}
{3}revenues:{4} $12.6 billion
{3}expenditures:{4} $13.8 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1995)

{2}Industries:{4} mining, metallurgy, construction materials, processed foods, textiles, chemicals
(especially pharmaceuticals), motor vehicles

{2}Industrial production growth rate:{4} 6% (1995 est.)

{2}Electricity:{4}
{3}capacity:{4} 6,740,000 kW
{3}production:{4} 31 billion kWh
{3}consumption per capita:{4} 3,012 kWh (1993)

{2}Agriculture:{4} wheat, corn, sunflower seed, potatoes, sugar beets; pigs, cattle, poultry, dairy
products

{2}Illicit drugs:{4} major transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin and transit point for South
American cocaine destined for Western Europe; limited producer of precursor chemicals

{2}Exports:{4} $13 billion (f.o.b., 1995 est.)
{3}commodities:{4} raw materials and semi-finished goods 36.4%, consumer goods 26.7%, food and
agriculture 20.5%, capital goods 13.1%, fuels and energy 3.3% (1994)
{3}partners:{4} Germany 28.2%, Austria 10.9%, Italy 8.5%, Russia 7.5%, US 4.0% (1994)

{2}Imports:{4} $15 billion (f.o.b., 1995 est.)
{3}commodities:{4} fuels and energy 11.0%, raw materials and semi-finished goods 36.9%, capital
goods 23.3%, consumer goods 22.0%, food and agriculture 6.8% (1994)
{3}partners:{4} Germany 23.4%, Austria 12.0%, Russia 12.0%, Italy 7.0%, UK 4.0% (1994)

{2}External debt:{4} $32.7 billion (October 1995)

{2}Economic aid:{4}
{3}recipient:{4} ODA, $136 million (1993)
{3}note:{4} assistance received from OECD countries and international organizations, $3,700 million
(1990-93)

{2}Currency:{4} 1 forint (Ft) = 100 filler

{2}Exchange rates:{4} forints per US$1 - 144 (January 1996), 125.681 (1995),105.160 (1994), 91.933
(1993), 78.988 (1992), 74.735 (1991)

{2}Fiscal year:{4} calendar year


{1}Transportation{4}

{2}Railways:{4}
{3}total:{4} 7,685 km
{3}broad gauge:{4} 35 km 1.524-m gauge
standard gauge: 7,474 km 1.435-m gauge (2,162 km electrified; 1,236 km double track)
narrow gauge: 176 km mostly 0.760-m gauge (1995)
{3}note:{4} Hungry and Austria jointly manage the cross-border standard-gauge railway between Gyor,
Sopron, Ebenfurti, and Vasut, a distance of about 100 km

{2}Highways:{4}
{3}total:{4} 158,711 km
{3}paved:{4} 69,992 km (including 441 km of expressways)
{3}unpaved:{4} 88,719 km (1992 est.)

{2}Waterways:{4} 1,622 km (1988)

{2}Pipelines:{4} crude oil 1,204 km; natural gas 4,387 km (1991)

{2}Ports:{4} Budapest, Dunaujvaros

{2}Merchant marine:{4}
{3}total:{4} 10 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 46,121 GRT/61,613 DWT (1995 est.)

{2}Airports:{4}
{3}total:{4} 78
{3}with paved runways over 3,047 m:{4} 2
{3}with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m:{4} 7
{3}with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m:{4} 4
{3}with paved runways under 914 m:{4} 1
{3}with unpaved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m:{4} 7
{3}with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m:{4} 9
{3}with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m:{4} 14
{3}with unpaved runways under 914 m:{4} 34 (1994 est.)


{1}Communications{4}

{2}Telephones:{4} 1.52 million (1993 est.)

{2}Telephone system:{4} 14,213 telex lines; automatic telephone network based on microwave radio
relay system; 608,000 telephones on order; 12-15 year wait for a telephone; 49% of all telephones
are in Budapest (1991 est.); note - the former state-owned telecommunications firm MATAV - now
privatized and managed by a US/German consortium - has ambitious plans to upgrade the
inadequate system, including a contract with the German firm Siemens and the Swedish firm
Ericsson to provide 600,000 new phone lines during 1996-98
{3}domestic:{4} microwave radio relay
{3}international:{4} satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat and 1 Intersputnik (Atlantic Ocean Region)

{2}Radio broadcast stations:{4} AM 32, FM 15, shortwave 0

{2}Radios:{4} 6 million (1993 est.)

{2}Television broadcast stations:{4} 41 (Russian repeaters 8)

{2}Televisions:{4} 4.38 million (1993 est.)


{1}Defense{4}

{2}Branches:{4} Ground Forces, Air and Air Defense Forces, Border Guard, Territorial Defense

{2}Manpower availability:{4}
{3}males age 15-49:{4} 2,552,794
{3}males fit for military service:{4} 2,036,399
{3}males reach military age (18) annually:{4} 82,040 (1996 est.)

{2}Defense expenditures:{4} exchange rate conversion - $620 million, 1.7% of GDP (1995)