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1992-06-09
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INSTALLATION of PCROUTE
Installation of PCroute consists of essentially four parts.
1) Compiling the software
2) Setting up the hardware.
3) Configuring the software.
4) Testing.
This section tells you the 'theory' behind the installation
process. Files of the form *.EXA are example installations of
precompiled PCrouters provided with this release.
1) COMPILING THE SOFTWARE
PCroute can have as many as 6 network interfaces attached
to it, however, for efficiency reasons, the number and type of
interface must be COMPILED into the code. For convenience, PCroute
is distributed with compiled version of the following
Ethernet (WD8013E) - Ethernet (WD8013E) called wd13wd13.exe
Ethernet (WD8003E) - Ethernet (WD8003E) called wd03wd03.exe
Ethernet (PKT DRV) - Ethernet (PKT DRV) called pktpkt.exe
Ethernet (PKT DRV) - SLIP (PKT DRV) called pktslip.exe
Ethernet (WD8003E) - SLIP (WD8003E) called wd03slip.exe
If any of these are the configuration you want, simply rename the
proper one to 'pcroute.exe' and go on to step 2. Note that starlan
cards will work in code compiled for the WD8003E card, but works
better if a version of the code is specifically compiled for the
WD8003S card.
If you need to recompile, you will need TURBO assembler 1.0.
MASM does NOT work, for reasons I have not looked into. If you want,
you can try porting it but since Turbo assembler cost only $69, it
is probably not worth porting.
Before you compile and link the code, you must first declare
how many and what types of interfaces the router will have. You do
this by modifying the DECLARE.INC file. No other files need to be
changed! For most configurations, it is just a mater of uncommenting
the right declarations. The general case, however, requires some
understanding of DECLARE.INC. For a full discussion on this, see
the document COMPILE.DOC.
After you have modified DECLARE.INC simply compile and link
the files as shown below.
TASM /KS170 *.ASM
LINK
LINK invokes the LINK.BAT file, that contains (the rather long)
turbo link command.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
2) HARDWARE SETUP
Hardware setup simply involves getting the proper networking
cards, jumpering them properly, and installing them in the PC
to be used as a router. Note that PCroute only requires less
than 128K of RAM itself, so 256K PCs are fine (more memory
buys you NOTHING!).
The type of cards, and the jumper settings for them are all
determined by the declaration in DECLARE.INC. In addition each
interface is given a number (starting with one) based upon its
order in DECLARE.INC. This number will be used below when we
configure IP addresses.
WD8003 Cards (Starlan or ethernet)
There are only two settings that have to be made on each
of the WD8003 Cards. The first is configuring it for THICK/THIN
ethernet, and the other is the I/O address of the card (interrupts
are not used so the Interrupt number is irrelevant, as long as
it does not conflict with other hardware).
Refer to the DECLARE.INC file to determine the I/O addresses
for the ethernet cards. In DECLARE.INC there will be a line
WDE_DECLARE (for ethernet) or WD_DECLARE (for starlan) for each
card. The second parameter on this line is the I/O address of
the card. Set jumpers on the respective card to agree with this
number. For precompiled routers the first WD8003 card has I/O
address 280H, and the second (in the case of the ether-ether router)
has I/O address 2A0H.
Also make sure to make sure the card is configured for the
correct type of ethernet. From the factory these cards are
configured for THIN Ethernet (BNC connector), if you are not using
THIN Ethernet (That is you are using the 15 Pin DSUB connector),
you will need to change a bank of jumpers. Refer to the manual
that came with the card on exactly how to do this.
If you are using a 6Mhz AT (and only a 6Mhz AT), you should
set one more jumper on the wd80003e. This jumper determines the
number of wait states used when accessing the shared memory and
for a 6Mhz AT the default is not optimal. Consult the Manual that
came with the Ethercard for more details.
SLIP AND PACKET DRIVER USERS: Since SLIP and Packet drivers
both use interrupts, if these are used it is VERY important that
the WD8003 cards are jumpered so that their IRQ does not
conflict with the ones used by SLIP or the card used with the
packet driver. You may set all the IRQ's of the WD8003 cards to
the same IRQ, but this must be different from the IRQs used by
any other hardware. Since COM2 uses IRQ 3 and many popular cards
use IRQ 3 by default, some care is required to avoid a conflict.
On an XT IRQ 2, 3, 4 are not used by standard hardware. In
addition, if the PC does not have a hard drive CONTROLLER IRQ 5 is
also available. COM1 uses IRQ 4 and COM2 uses IRQ3. Keep this in
mind when choosing Interrupts for your cards.
Packet Driver Hardware
For those who are unfamiliar with Packet drivers, a packet driver
is a software spec designed by FTP software et al that hides
the hardware dependencies of networking cards. The idea is that
you write your software to work with the packet driver, and then
it will work with any networking card that is supported. Information
on the packet driver spec as well as packet drivers for many common
network cards is available from sun.soe.clarkson.edu (128.153.12.3).
PCroute is able to run using the packet driver software interface.
Note however that there is a heavy performance penalty to pay.
PCroute will forward packets at only 1/3 the speed of a native
interface. Still for may applications this is acceptable (certainly
if one of the interfaces is SLIP).
Packet drivers are accessed through a software interrupt. This
interrupt number as well as hardware information is passed on the
command line of the command that loads the packet driver. PCroute
expects a different packet driver for each card using the packet
driver. The software interrupt PCroute uses is on the PKT_DECLARE
line in DECLARE.INC. Default interrupt numbers are 60H for the first
packet driver and 61H for the second (if present).
Thus the only thing PCroute cares about is the software interrupt
number. All other hardware configuration is arbitrary as long as
it does not conflict with anything else and that the packet driver
and the hardware agree on it.
Localtalk Card
PCroute does not directly access the Localtalk card. Instead it
goes though the driver that comes with the card (ATALK.EXE).
For this reason PCroute can only support one localtalk interface.
The card should be configured as specified in the manual that
came with the software driver. The only concern is that there is
no conflict (in I/O address or IRQ level and DMA channel) with any
other cards. The driver (ATALK.EXE) also must be loaded BEFORE
PCroute is run.
Slip Cards
The SLIP interfaces use a standard COM port for a network interface.
The maximum number of SLIP interfaces is not limited directly by
the PCroute software. Ultimately there are two factors that
limit the number of interfaces. First, many cards can only be
configured to be either COM1 or COM2. Clearly if you only have
these cards, only two interfaces can be supported. Other cards
allow COM3 and COM4, but do not allow you to choose IRQ lines
other than 3 and 4. Since each SLIP line needs its own IRQ,
these cards are also a problem. Finally, standard COM ports place
a heavy interrupt load on the CPU at high baud rate. at 19.2K
50% of the CPU of a 5Mhz XT is used in handling interrupts. Thus
a 10Mhz XT or better is recommended for supporting 2 serial lines
and a 12MHz AT clone is recommended for 4 serial lines. If you
are buying serial cards, I recommend buying ones with the 16550AF
chips in them. These chips have FIFOs in them that will cut
interrupt overhead by 10 times! With these cards a 5Mhz XT would
have no problem handling 4 serial lines.
Like the ethernet cards, the COM cards must be configured so that
they agree with the declarations in DECLARE.INC. The precompiled
version of PCroute is compiled to work with the COM1 PORT (I/O
address 3F8H, IRQ = 4). Set the jumpers for each COM port
appropriately. Note that each COM Port needs its own IRQ line.
Thus make very certain that no other hardware you are installing
conflicts. Standard PC hardware (disk, cpu), does not use
IRQ 2,3 or 4, so these are prime candidates. IRQ 5 is also
available if there is no hard drive controller in the PC.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
2) SOFTWARE SETUP
A) Creating a PCROUTE.CFG file
All the configuration data that PCroute needs is in a file
called 'pcroute.cfg'. To ease programming of PCroute, this file
is NOT an ascii file. Instead, it is a binary file, and there
is an program called 'config' that edits/creates this file.
Thus the procedure to configure PCroute is to run config in
the directory that PCROUTE.EXE is in. Config then looks in
PCROUTE.EXE and determines how many and what type of interface
information is needed. It then prompts for this data. Among the
data config will ask for is
For every interface it will ask for
IP address - self explanatory
Subnet mask - MUST begin with 255.255
Flags - Meaning below
Every interface on IP network must have a unique IP address.
In addition IP has two level hierarchy in its addressing. Of the
32 bits in a IP address, a certain number of bits is considered the
'network' part of the address and the others are the 'host' part.
IT IS A REQUIREMENT that all hosts on the same network (ethernet)
have the same network part. Originally, the network part was
encoded into the IP address itself for example if the IP address has
the form
<0-127>.X.X.X Network part first 8 bits (Class A)
<128-191>.X.X.X Network part first 16 bits (Class B)
<192-223>.X.X.X Network part first 24 bits (Class C)
It turned out that this encoding schemed was too limited, so a
'subnetting' mask was added. Every bit in the subnet mask that
is a '1' implies that this bit in the IP address is part of the
network part of the address. Note, however, that the subnet mask
have several restrictions
1) Subnet masks can only cause bits that would have been
interpreted as the host part to be interpreted as the network
part. Thus a class A number MUST have a subnet mask of the
form 255.X.X.X, a class B number 255.255.X.X and a class C
number 255.255.255.X.
2) PCroute network masks must ALWAYS have the form 255.255.X.X
3) A subneted network MUST have a consistant subnet mask. For
example, let us assume IF1 has IP address 129.105.1.2
and network mask 255.255.255.0, then if IF2 has IP address
129.105.3.1, then it MUST also have the mask 255.255.255.0.
This is because 129.105.1.2 and 129.105.3.1 have the same
network part, 129.105 (as determined by the number's Class)
thus they must have a consistant view of how that network
is subnetted, and thus the same network mask.
Flags - This is a HEX number that determines several configuration
options for the interface. In a 'standard' networking
environment FLAGS=0 is a good choice. If you don't know about
networking, a 'safer' choice is FLAGS = 0BH.
Bit 0 - Don't send routing (RIP) info out this interface.
See RIP.DOC for more information about RIP and how to use it.
Bit 1 - Don't listen to routing (RIP) info from this interface.
See RIP.DOC for more information about RIP and how to use it.
Bit 2 - Proxy Arp on this interface. Normally the router will
only respond to ARP requests for itself. With this option
turned on, it will reply for itself and any IP address such
that that is in the same network as the interface, but NOT
in the same subnet (For example if the interface was
129.105.3.2 and the network mask was 255.255.255.0 then
it would respond to any ARP asking for an address that begins
129.105 but does not begin with 129.105.3). This is useful
if you have hosts that do not know how to subnet.
Bit 3 - Disable Directed Broadcasts
Normally it is perfectly legitimate for and IP host to send
a packet the broadcast address of another network. The
router on the destination network then broadcasts the the packet
on behalf of the sender. Unfortunately, if you have hosts
running old IP code that handle broadcasts improperly, these
hosts will hear the broadcast and forward it back to the
router, who in turns rebroadcasts it. This is called a
broadcast storm, and will quickly saturate the network. To
avoid this problem, you can disable directed broadcasts.
Bit 4 - Disable Sending ICMP redirects
Normally when a PCrouter receives a packet it has to route
out the same interface the packet came in, it sends a
redirect message to the sender. Many hosts ignore these
packets, so this bit allows you to turn this feature
off and conserve network bandwidth.
Bit 5 - Broadcast using old (0's) format
Normally when PCroute sends out an IP broadcast (sending RIP
for example), it uses the 1's format. That is it fills the
host part of the address with the number which when views
as a binary number is all 1's. Old hosts use a simmilar
convention, except they fill with 0's instead of 1's. Turning
this flag on makes PCroute use the old format. NOTE THAT
YOU ARE STRONGLY ADVISED TO USE THE NEW FORMAT IF AT ALL
POSSIBLE. The reason for this is a conflict can sometimes
lead to broadcast loops which quickly saturate the network.
Also if you use this option you should also use option Bit 3
(turn off directed broadcast).
Interface Metric - This is a HEX number that determines the RIP
metric to be added to routes going through this interface.
A large number means that this is an undesirable (slow)
interface. I recommend the following
Ethernet interfaces metric 1
Starlan interfaces metric 2
Localtalk interfaces metric 3 or 4
Slip interfaces metric 4
Next the CONFIG program will ask you for interface specific
information. In particular
FOR LOCALTALK:
Zone names: CONFIG asks you for a list of zone names
that contain all the other PCrouter (or Macs using
NCSA telnet). THIS LIST MUST INCLUDE THE ZONE OF
THE ROUTER ITSELF (you can either use its full name
or use the abbreviation '*' (the current zone))
When PCroute needs to find and IP address, it looks
in all of the zones listed here to find it.
FOR SLIP:
Baud rate: Slip allows you to configure the baud rate
of each of the SLIP lines. Baud rates up to 19200
have been tried. 38400 should work but has not been
tried. Even 57.6K is possible, but that is the limit
Many people like to 'cheat' and use the same network number
for the serial line as they do for one of the other networks
connected to PCroute. This may work, but it NOT RECOMMENDED.
It is very likely to confuse PCroute in one way or another.
Serial lines should be treated EXACTLY as if they where an
ethernet. In particular the serial line should be given its
own network number. If you don't have official network
numbers to spare, you can simply use unused class C numbers
(for example use 223.254.254.1 for IP address of PCroute on
the serial line). Then add a Static route of
223.254.254.0 -> 223.254.254.1 with metric = 0 and flags = 1.
This tells PCroute not to propagate this 'hidden' network
via RIP.
Next the CONFIG program will ask you for the static routes. For
each static route CONFIG will ask you for
Network number
Gateway to send it to
RIP metric (1-16)
Flags
1) The network number looks much like a IP address except that
it has zeros for the host bits. PCroute does NOT except host
routes. The network number 0.0.0.0 has a special meaning,
it is the default route. This route will be used as a route
of last resort. Note that as far as RIP is concerned the
default route is just another route.
2) The gateway it the host to send the packet to. It must be
a host directly attached to a network the router is directly
attached to (that is 1 hop away).
3) The Metric should be the number of 'hops' the network is away
from the router. Note that this number can be inflated for
less preferred routes (ie though slow SLIP lines for example)
Note that this number MUST be 1 or more for any normal route.
(the route mentioned above in the SLIP section is not normal)
4) The flag bits have the following meaning
Bit 0 - Silent. This route will not be propagated via
RIP, it will only be used for packet routing.
Bit 1 - Transient. Normally any static routes are permanent
and cannot be removed by RIP. By setting this bit
you allow the route to be changed by RIP (which
means this route will be expired in 90 sec if a RIP
update does not come along)
Static routes should be used SPARINGLY. Use RIP if you can,
and you will save yourself a lot of work when your network
grows. I have found it useful to put Transient Default route
in the table with a metric of 15. This allows that router
to operate to between the time that it is booted up and the
time it receives its first RIP update. Because the route is
transient, it will be replaced or deleted shortly thereafter.
Next the CONFIG program will ask you for the address to forward
BOOTP packets to. This can be a directed broadcast (and directed
broadcasts are not turned off on all routers connected to the
destination net). If you have no diskless machines booting across
the gateway, just leave this value 0.0.0.0.
Next the CONFIG program asks you to specify where and what kind
of error messages it should print. It asks you for a
1) A syslogd host
2) A facility mask
3) A priority (0-9)
1) The syslog host is a BSD UNIX 4.3 system that is running
the syslog daemon. This daemon listens for error reports
and sends them to a person or a file (as directed by
/etc/syslog.conf). PCroute logs errors to syslogd as
facility 'LOCAL0' Thus by putting the line (on 4.3 systems)
local0.debug /usr/adm/router
and restarting syslogd, the daemon will log all messages
from a PCrouter to the file /usr/adm/router.
2) The facility mask allows you to filter out messages from
certain parts of PCroute. This is really only of use for
specific debugging, and to this mask should usually be 0.
3) Error messages from PCroute are given priorities anywhere
from 0 (Critical) to 7 (debug). By setting the priority
low, you can filter out messages. In addition by specifying
priorities above 8, you make PCroute log a status message
every minute. This is useful in the beginning to make sure
PCroute is still alive. For production system, you should
set this value to 7 (everything but debugging).
B) Create a Floppy to boot from
At this point we are ready to create a floppy that will be
used by the PC that will actually be the router. To do so create
a bootable floppy using the FORMAT with the /S option. Do this on
a low density drive it the PCrouter has a low density drive.
Next copy the PCROUTE.EXE and PCROUTE.CFG files. If you are
running any localtalk interfaces, copy the ATALK.EXE driver too.
If you are using packet drivers, then you should also copy the
driver to the bootable floppy.
Finally create a AUTOEXEC.BAT file that will execute PCROUTE
when the machine boots. If you are running any localtalk interfaces,
the AUTOEXEC.BAT file should load the ATALK.EXE driver before
running PCroute. If packet drivers are used, there should be a
line in the AUTOEXEC file for each card used. Each line will have
the hardware parameters for the card used as well as the software
interrupt that PCroute will use. See PACKET.EXA for an example.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3) RUNNING and TESTING
We are now ready to go. The machine has been installed with the
proper cards and a bootable floppy with the software on it has been
created. Insert the floppy into the PCrouter and try booting it up.
1) Pinging the PCrouter. Try pinging the PCrouter from a local host
on a directly connected network.
2) Check the log file on the syslogd host. It should say the the
router is up (unless you filtered out the message). Note that
if the logging host is not on the local network and you are
relying on RIP to provide routing, this message may not make
it since PCroute will not know how to route it until it gets
its first RIP update. By placing a transient default route
as described above, you can be sure to get all the messages
from PCroute.
3) If the router seems dead, remove the floppy and go to a PC.
Look at the file PCROUTE.LOG on the floppy. This file was
created when PCroute booted up. In particular check to
see that the Ethernet address are reasonable and that the file
ends with the message 'PCroute closing log file'.
4) If the PCrouter replies to the Ping, try pinging it from distant
hosts.
5) Also try looking at the routing tables of host that are running
RIP (routed, gated). See if the routes that PCroute is announcing
are being picked up.
Congratulations!! you just installed PCroute. If you have any NFS
file systems mounted through the router and you are using cards with
small shared memory (WD8003E), you should edit the /etc/fstab
(or equivalent) and set the rsize and wsize parameters to 4K so that NFS
will not send more than 4K of data in a quick spirt. (see readme.doc)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
REFERENCES
For those who are unfamiliar with IP ARP, RIP etc here are
some good references.
IP Tutorial - Internetworking with TCP/IP by David Comer
available at your local bookstore
RIP - rip.doc. Available most places RFC's are available.
In particular it is available by anonymous ftp from
uxc.cso.uiuc.edu (128.174.5.50) in dir RFC
nic.ddn.mil (10.0.0.51) in dir RFC
RFC - These are the definitive references for internet standards.
They are referenced by numbers, and there is a master
index that is updated periodically. The are available
from (among other places)
uxc.cso.uiuc.edu (128.174.5.50) in dir RFC
nic.ddn.mil (10.0.0.51) in dir RFC
Of particular interest might be
TCP/IP tutorial - RFC1180
Internet Quest/Ans - RFC1177
IP protocol - RFC791
IP subnets - RFC950
ARP protocol - RFC1011
ICMP protocol - RFC792
UDP protocol - RFC768
BOOTP protocol - RFC951, 1048, 1084
