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- brief guide to the evolution of
- switching systems; a primer for
- 9x by hybrid (http://hybrid.dtmf.org)
-
-
- Switching Systems
-
- Before the phone network went automated, phone switching was achieved by
- operators that manaully made the connections between subscriber lines on
- huge panels of inter-connecting circuit boards. As telephony technology
- progressed, so did the type of swithing techniques; the manaul switchboards
- where replaced by electromechanical switches which took the place of the
- manual switchboard operators.
-
- These primitive electromacanical switching mechanisms used a series of
- fingers that would rotate and then make contact with the circuit, therfore
- connecting the subscriber line; these types of switches where called stepper
- switches, in essance they where verical laders of rotary switches with
- rottating contacts that would either step up or down. This switching
- technology was invented in 1891, and has sinse past its sell-by-date by far.
-
- Next in the line of switch evoloution was a new bread of electromacanical
- switch, this time called the crossbar switch. Again, the crossbar switch was
- an analog device which only supported mechanical switching functions. The
- crossbar switches used multiple verticle and horiztontal paths with some
- electromechanical relay switches for the interconnecting of the vertical
- paths to the hozzitontal paths. The crossbar switching interface was refered
- to as the TXC switch (Telephone eXchange Crossbar). There where various
- hybrid's/variants of the TXE switching system such as the number 5 crossbar
- switch (5XB) which where deployed throughout end-offices during the 193O's.
-
- Now some more fammiler ground to cover; the next breed of switch that came
- to dominate the network where the electronic switches. Like the previous
- switches they where also electromacanical, the difference being that these
- switches where controled by computers, and therefore adopted the form of
- computer controlled electromechanical or electronic switching devices. These
- switches where designed to handle/distrobute analog signals, and used a new
- method of call handeling; Unlike the previous switches where each digit
- dialed would be proccessed one at a time, these new switches stored the
- dialed number in a register and then executed the dialed connection. We
- refere to this this type of switch as a common control switch, it soon
- beacame the first steeping stone towards ESS.
-
- Now, we all know what ESS is right? (you damn well should d0). This breed of
- switching technology was derived from the previous switch, with the exception
- that they implement[ed] stored program control so trunk up calls. The first
- ever switch to implement this new stored program control was the Number 1 --
- Electronic Switching System, more comanly refered to as (1ESS). The 1ESS was
- a computer controled crossbar switch, which implemented computers to instruct
- the elecromechanical functions of the switch; Such a system is refered to as
- TXD (Telephone eXchange Digital). At the time this method of switching was
- considered to be very advanced and ahead of its time; The concept was infact
- rather simple, but effective. The ESS switches had to use an identical or
- 'generic' program in each class of switch. The differences between offices
- was determined by parameters used by the 'generic' program. Parameters are
- the number and location of active lines and trunks, tone or rotary dialing,
- etc.
-
- During the 197Os when this type of switching architecture was at large, call
- handeling traffic increased, so the next breed of switch implemented with an
- upgraded CPU type, and morphed from 1ESS to 1AESS, but was still effectivly
- a computer controlled crossbar switch.
-
- As the demand for phone services grew, the switching systems advanced into
- a newer breed of switching, it was this time that the famous 4/5ESS switches
- where born and have sinse been used as the workhorses for the phone network.
- The first computer controller digital switch was the 4ESS system, which was
- specifically designed for toll switching and routing. It implemented the
- previous 1AESS CPU and was coupled together with a TMS (Time Multiplexed
- Switch) capable of handeling 5O,OOO[+] similtanous loop connections. The
- switch was designed to handle digital signals, but at the time the local
- offices had to patch the older local loop equipment to it by ringing
- subscriber lines with a 9O volt AC current; Sinse the semiconnductors had a
- hard time dealing with this, the new breed of ESS was born -- 5ESS.
-
- In the previous ESS systems, the analog signals where switched at local
- offices, but the new 5ESS system converted the analog signals into a digital
- form, and stored program switching was born. The AT&T 5ESS switches are based
- on a TST (Time Space Time) digital switching concept that are capable of
- handeling over 1OO,OOO subscriber lines. The current switch are identified as
- Telephone eXchange Electronic (TXE) because they employ electronic switching,
- as opposed to electromechanical means such as Crossbar or step-by-step
- switches.
-
- Northern Telecom is another manufacturer of digital telephone switches
- designated as DMS-1OO, DMS-2OO, and DMS-25O. Each is tailored to specific
- switching functions on the phone network. Cellular switch vendors market PBXs
- or CO switches reconfigured with software to support mobile subscribers.
- Three of the major U.S. cellular switch equipment suppliers -- AT&T, Ericsson,
- and Northern Telecom (of Motorola Nortel) -- are also leading suppliers of CO
- switches.
-
- Today the phone network is becoming increasingly advanced with new telephony
- inovations developing all the time. At present the phone network is run via
- advanced digital CO switches which support many fucncions such as CLASS
- services (a basic example). We also see the mass implementation of Signaling
- System 7 (SS7), Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN), Custom Local Area
- Signaling Services (CLASS -- the phone company delivering the number and/or
- name of the calling party to the subscriber), Centrex, cellular
- communications, and Advanced Intelligent Networks (AIN) are supported by CO
- switch suppliers' products today.
-
-
- http://hybrid.dtmf.org shouts to substance, 9x, darkcyde, phunc, b4b0.
- www.phunc.com/~hybrid -----------------------------------------------
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