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- SCIENCE BACKGROUND
-
- THE SEARCH FOR THE KUIPER BELT
-
- In 1950, Dutch astronomer Jan Oort hypothesized that comets came from a
- vast shell of icy bodies about 50,000 times farther from the Sun than
- Earth is. A year later astronomer Gerard Kuiper suggested that some
- comet-like debris from the formation of the solar system should also be
- just beyond Neptune. In fact, he argued, it would be unusual not to
- find such a continuum of particles since this would imply the
- primordial solar system has a discrete "edge."
-
- This notion was reinforced by the realization that there is a separate
- population of comets, called the Jupiter family, that behave strikingly
- different than those coming from the far reaches of the Oort cloud.
- Besides orbiting the Sun in less than 20 years (as opposed to 200
- million years for an Oort member), the comets are unique because their
- orbits lie near the plane of the Earth's orbit around the Sun. In
- addition, all these comets go around the Sun in the same direction as
- the planets.
-
- Kuiper's hypothesis was reinforced in the early 1980s when computer
- simulations of the solar system's formation predicted that a disk of
- debris should naturally form around the edge of the solar system.
- According to this scenario, planets would have agglomerated quickly in
- the inner region of the Sun's primordial circumstellar disk, and
- gravitationally swept up residual debris. However, beyond Neptune, the
- last of the gas giants, there should be a debris-field of icy objects
- that never coalesced to form planets.
-
- The Kuiper belt remained theory until the 1992 detection of a 150-mile
- wide body, called 1992QB1 at the distance of the suspected belt.
- Several similar-sized objects were discovered quickly confirming the
- Kuiper belt was real. The planet Pluto, discovered in 1930, is
- considered the largest member of this Kuiper belt region. Also,
- Neptune's satellites, Triton and Nereid, and Saturn's satellite, Phoebe
- are in unusual orbits and may be captured Kuiper belt objects.
-
-
- Observational Techniques
-
- To isolate and subtract the effects of cosmic ray strikes on the WFPC
- 2's electronic detectors, which could mimic the faint signature of a
- comet, thirty-four images were taken of the same piece of sky. The
- cosmic ray hits change from picture to picture, but real objects remain
- constant. However, pinpointing comets was even trickier because they
- drift slowly along their orbit about the Sun. Although the orbital
- periods of these objects are 200 years or longer, the HST has
- sufficient spatial resolution to see them move in just a few minutes.
- This means the comets change position from picture to picture, just as
- cosmic ray strikes would. However, cosmic ray strikes are randomly
- placed events while the motions of the comets are well defined.
-
- To distinguish between the comets and cosmic ray effects, the 34 images
- were then digitally shifted and stacked to the predicted offset to
- account for the expected drift rate of comets. It's like having a
- fixed camera on a tripod take a rapid series of snapshots of someone
- walking in front of the lens. The resulting snapshots could be stacked
- so that the person appeared stationary.
-
- The researchers tested the reliability of this approach by shifting the
- stacked pictures in the opposite direction of the expected comets'
- motion. Ideally, no comets should have appeared, but random alignments
- added up to 24 anomalous detections.
-
- When the team stack-shifted the pictures in the direction of the
- predicted comet motion, they came up with 53 objects. Assuming that 24
- of these are, statistically, anomalous too, leaves a remainder of 29
- objects considered "real."
-
- The shift-stack technique was further tested by dividing the images
- into two groups and running an automated search algorithm to look for
- objects that showed up in the same position on sets of exposures.
-