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- SCIENCE BACKGROUND:THE DYNAMICS OF THE
- BETA PICTORIS DISK
-
-
- Why Hasn't The Warp Been Detected Previously?
-
- Though the Beta Pictoris Disk has been studied intensively for more
- than a decade the inner region of the disk is very hard to see with
- ground-based telescopes because of the glare from the central
- star. Also, the visible disk is faint because it consists of microscopic
- grains of ice and dust that shine only by reflecting light from the star.
- Hubble Space Telescope concentrates the star's light and produces an
- image that is ten times sharper than can be obtained from the ground
- under good conditions.
-
-
- How Is The Lifetime of The Warp Determined?
-
- Because the microscopic dust particles in the disk collide, in about a
- million years they either fall into the star or get broken up and blown
- out of the system by radiation pressure. Any warp in the visible disk
- will straighten out in even less time because of the same viscous
- processes. This means some continuous source of both particles and
- the warp must be in operation. The particles are probably the result
- of collisions within a belt of unseen larger comet-like objects which are
- tens of kilometers in diameter (like objects in the Kuiper belt around
- our own Solar System). In the absence of a planetary perturbation,
- gravity would straighten out any warp in this "Kupier belt"
- region within less than ten million years.
-
-
- How Exactly Does a Planet Warp the Disk?
-
- In 100 million years, a Jupiter-sized planet in a Jupiter-sized orbit
- would produce and maintain the warp Hubble sees. The Hubble results
- predict the planet's orbital plane is inclined by about three degrees to
- the outer disk. The comet-like bodies within the warped area precess,
- or wobble, around the planet's orbital plane and this leads to the inner
- disk being fattened and aligned with the planet's orbit. Material outside
- that radius has not time for its orbit to precess significantly,
- so appears in its original plane.
-
-
- Why Is There a Central Clear Area in the Beta Pictoris Disk?
-
- The central clear area, approximately the diameter of our Solar System,
- has long been suspected of harboring one or more planets which
- coalesced out of the disk. After planets form, they are expected to
- rapidly clear the visible disk in their vicinity. However, an alternative
- explanation was that the clear zone is the result of ices melting
- (sublimation).
-
-
- What Was Known Previously about the Beta Pictoris Disk?
-
- Discovered in 1983, the Beta Pictoris disk has long ben been considered
- a relic of planet formation. In 1775 philosopher Immanuel Kant
- proposed the nebular hypothesis of planet formation to explain the fact
- that the orbits of the planets almost lie in the same plane. He considered
- these coplanar orbits a "skeleton" of a primordial disk where the planets
- grew from smaller particles that stuck together to "snowball" into
- larger bodies -- a process called agglomeration. (Hubble observations
- of the Orion star forming region find these disks are common in early
- stages of star formation.)
-
- The disk about beta Pictoris was deduced from infrared observations
- obtained with NASA's Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS). The
- discovery image was obtained by Brad Smith (University of Arizona)
- and Richard Terrile (JPL) in 1984 using a Charge Coupled Device
- (CCD) electronic camera with a coronagraph to block out the light
- from Beta Pictoris to reveal the faint disk. Such ground-based
- telescopic images of Beta Pictoris have revealed a nearly
- edge-on disk extending at least 100 billion miles from the star
- (1,000 times the distance between the Earth and Sun).
-