:p. The programs currently being distributed that relate to Texinfo
include two portions of GNU Emacs, plus two other separate programs
(:font facename=Courier size=12x8.texindex:font facename=default size=0x0. and :font facename=Courier size=12x8.texinfo.tex:font facename=default size=0x0.). These programs are
:hp1.free:ehp1.; this means that everyone is free to use them and free to
redistribute them on a free basis. The Texinfo related programs are not
in the public domain; they are copyrighted and there are restrictions on
their distribution, but these restrictions are designed to permit
everything that a good cooperating citizen would want to do. What is
not allowed is to try to prevent others from further sharing any version
of these programs that they might get from you.
:p. Specifically, we want to make sure that you have the right to give
away copies of the programs that relate to Texinfo, that you receive
source code or else can get it if you want it, that you can change these
programs or use pieces of them in new free programs, and that you know
you can do these things.
:p. To make sure that everyone has such rights, we have to forbid you to
deprive anyone else of these rights. For example, if you distribute
copies of the Texinfo related programs, you must give the recipients all
the rights that you have. You must make sure that they, too, receive or
can get the source code. And you must tell them their rights.
:p. Also, for our own protection, we must make certain that everyone finds
out that there is no warranty for the programs that relate to Texinfo.
If these programs are modified by someone else and passed on, we want
their recipients to know that what they have is not what we distributed,
so that any problems introduced by others will not reflect on our
reputation.
:p. The precise conditions of the licensees for the programs currently
being distributed that relate to Texinfo are found in the General Public
Licensees that accompany them. The programs that are part of GNU Emacs
are covered by the GNU Emacs copying terms (see Section of :hp1.The GNU Emacs Manual:ehp1.),
and other programs are covered by licensees that are contained in their
source files.
:h1 id=hd3.Overview of LaTeX and Local Guide
:lm margin=1.
:p.The LaTeX command typesets a file of text using the TeX program and the
LaTeX Macro package for TeX. To be more specific, it processes an input
file containing the text of a document with interspersed commands that
describe how the text should be formatted. It produces at least three
files as output&colon.
:ol.:li.
A "Device Independent", or :font facename=Courier size=12x8.&apos..dvi&apos.:font facename=default size=0x0. file. This contains commands that
can be translated into commands for a variety of output devices. You
can view the output of LaTeX by using a program such as :font facename=Courier size=12x8.xdvi:font facename=default size=0x0.,
which actually uses the :font facename=Courier size=12x8.&apos..dvi&apos.:font facename=default size=0x0. file.
:li.A "transcript" or :font facename=Courier size=12x8.&apos..log&apos.:font facename=default size=0x0. file that contains summary information and
diagnostic messages for any errors discovered in the input file.
:li.An "auxiliary" or :font facename=Courier size=12x8.&apos..aux&apos.:font facename=default size=0x0. file. This is used by LaTeX itself, for
things such as sectioning.
:eol.:lm margin=1.
:p.For a description of what goes on inside TeX, you should consult
:hp1.The TeXbook:ehp1. by Donald E. Knuth, ISBN 0-201-13448-9, published
jointly by the American Mathematical Society and Addison-Wesley
Publishing Company.
:p.For a description of LaTeX, you should consult&colon.
:p.:hp1.LaTeX&colon. A Document Preparation System:ehp1., by Leslie Lamport, ISBN
0-201-15790-X, published jointly by the American Mathematical Society
and Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1985.
:p.:hp1.LaTeX for Engineers &. Scientists:ehp1., by David J. Buerger, ISBN
0-07-008845-4, McGraw-Hill, 1990.
:p.:hp1.The LaTeX Cookbook:ehp1., by F. Teagle, Informatics Department,
:p.The :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\arabic:font facename=default size=0x0. command causes the value of the :font facename=Courier size=12x8.counter:font facename=default size=0x0. to be
printed in arabic numbers, i.e., :font facename=Courier size=12x8.3:font facename=default size=0x0..
:p.The :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\fnsymbol:font facename=default size=0x0. command causes the value of the :font facename=Courier size=12x8.counter:font facename=default size=0x0. to
be printed in a specific sequence of nine symbols that can be used for
numbering footnotes.
:p.eg. From 1-9&colon.
:p.NB. :font facename=Courier size=12x8.counter:font facename=default size=0x0. must have a value between 1 and 9 inclusive.
:p.The :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\setcounter:font facename=default size=0x0. command sets the value of the :font facename=Courier size=12x8.counter:font facename=default size=0x0. to
that specified by the :font facename=Courier size=12x8.value:font facename=default size=0x0. argument.
:p.The :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\value:font facename=default size=0x0. command produces the value of the :font facename=Courier size=12x8.counter:font facename=default size=0x0. named
in the mandatory argument. It can be used where LaTeX expects an
integer or number, such as the second argument of a :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\setcounter:font facename=default size=0x0.
or :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\addtocounter:font facename=default size=0x0. command, or in&colon.
A command name beginning with a :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\:font facename=default size=0x0.. For :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\newcommand:font facename=default size=0x0. it
must not be already defined and must not begin with :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\end:font facename=default size=0x0.; for
:font facename=Courier size=12x8.\renewcommand:font facename=default size=0x0. it must already be defined.
:pt.:font facename=Courier size=12x8.args:font facename=default size=12x8.:pd.An integer from 1 to 9 denoting the number of arguments of the command
being defined. The default is for the command to have no arguments.
:pt.:font facename=Courier size=12x8.def:font facename=default size=12x8.:pd.The text to be substituted for every occurrence of :font facename=Courier size=12x8.cmd:font facename=default size=0x0.; a
parameter of the form :font facename=Courier size=12x8.#n:font facename=default size=0x0. in :font facename=Courier size=12x8.cmd:font facename=default size=0x0. is replaced by the text of
the nth argument when this substitution takes place.
The name of the environment. For :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\newenvironment:font facename=default size=0x0. there must be
no currently defined environment by that name, and the command
:font facename=Courier size=12x8.\nam:font facename=default size=0x0. must be undefined. For :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\renewenvironment:font facename=default size=0x0. the
environment must already be defined.
:pt.:font facename=Courier size=12x8.args:font facename=default size=12x8.:pd.An integer from 1 to 9 denoting the number of arguments of
the newly-defined environment. The default is no arguments.
:pt.:font facename=Courier size=12x8.begdef:font facename=default size=12x8.:pd.The text substituted for every occurrence of :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\begin{nam}:font facename=default size=0x0.; a
parameter of the form :font facename=Courier size=12x8.#n:font facename=default size=0x0. in :font facename=Courier size=12x8.cmd:font facename=default size=0x0. is replaced by the text of
the nth argument when this substitution takes place.
:pt.:font facename=Courier size=12x8.enddef:font facename=default size=12x8.:pd.The text substituted for every occurrence of :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\end{nam}:font facename=default size=0x0.. It may
The name of the environment to be defined. A string of letters. It must
not be the name of an existing environment or counter.
:pt.:font facename=Courier size=12x8.caption:font facename=default size=12x8.:pd.The text printed at the beginning of the environment, right before the
number. This may simply say "Theorem", for example.
:pt.:font facename=Courier size=12x8.within:font facename=default size=12x8.:pd.The name of an already defined counter, usually of a sectional unit.
Provides a means of resetting the new theorem counter :hp2.within:ehp2.
the sectional unit.
:pt.:font facename=Courier size=12x8.numbered_like:font facename=default size=12x8.:pd.The name of an already defined theorem-like environment.
:eparml.:lm margin=1.
:p.The :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\newtheorem:font facename=default size=0x0. command may have at most one optional argument.
:p.The :font facename=Courier size=12x8.minipage:font facename=default size=0x0. environment is similar to a :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\parbox:font facename=default size=0x0. command.
It takes the same optional :font facename=Courier size=12x8.position:font facename=default size=0x0. argument and mandatory
:font facename=Courier size=12x8.width:font facename=default size=0x0. argument. You may use other paragraph-making environments
inside a minipage.
:p.:font facename=Courier size=12x8.Footnotes:font facename=default size=0x0. in a :font facename=Courier size=12x8.minipage:font facename=default size=0x0. environment are handled in a way
that is particularly useful for putting footnotes in figures or tables.
A :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\footnote:font facename=default size=0x0. or :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\footnotetext:font facename=default size=0x0. command puts the footnote at
the bottom of the minipage instead of at the bottom of the page, and it
uses the :font facename=Courier size=12x8.mpfootnote:font facename=default size=0x0. counter instead of the ordinary
:p.The :font facename=Courier size=12x8.picture:font facename=default size=0x0. environment allows you to create just about any kind
of picture you want containing text, lines, arrows and circles. You
tell LaTeX where to put things in the picture by specifying their
coordinates. A coordinate is a number that may have a decimal point and
a minus sign - a number like :font facename=Courier size=12x8.5:font facename=default size=0x0., :font facename=Courier size=12x8.2.3:font facename=default size=0x0. or :font facename=Courier size=12x8.-3.1416:font facename=default size=0x0.. A
coordinate specifies a length in multiples of the unit length
:font facename=Courier size=12x8.\unitlength:font facename=default size=0x0., so if :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\unitlength:font facename=default size=0x0. has been set to :font facename=Courier size=12x8.1cm:font facename=default size=0x0.,
then the coordinate 2.54 specifies a length of 2.54 centimeters. You
can change the value of :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\unitlength:font facename=default size=0x0. anywhere you want, using the
:font facename=Courier size=12x8.\setlength:font facename=default size=0x0. command, but strange things will happen if you try
changing it inside the picture environment.
:p.A position is a pair of coordinates, such as :font facename=Courier size=12x8.(2.4,-5):font facename=default size=0x0., specifying
the point with x-coordinate :font facename=Courier size=12x8.2.4:font facename=default size=0x0. and y-coordinate :font facename=Courier size=12x8.-5:font facename=default size=0x0..
Coordinates are specified in the usual way with respect to an origin,
which is normally at the lower-left corner of the picture. Note that
when a position appears as an argument, it is not enclosed in braces;
the parentheses serve to delimit the argument.
:p.The :font facename=Courier size=12x8.picture:font facename=default size=0x0. environment has one mandatory argument, which is a
:font facename=Courier size=12x8.position:font facename=default size=0x0.. It specifies the size of the picture. The environment
produces a rectangular box with width and height determined by this
argument's x- and y-coordinates.
:p.The :font facename=Courier size=12x8.picture:font facename=default size=0x0. environment also has an optional :font facename=Courier size=12x8.position:font facename=default size=0x0.
argument, following the :font facename=Courier size=12x8.size:font facename=default size=0x0. argument, that can change the
origin. (Unlike ordinary optional arguments, this argument is not
contained in square brackets.) The optional argument gives the
coordinates of the point at the lower-left corner of the picture
(thereby determining the origin). For example, if :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\unitlength:font facename=default size=0x0.
has been set to :font facename=Courier size=12x8.1mm:font facename=default size=0x0., the command&dot.&dot.&dot.
&dot.&dot.&dot.puts the object specified by :font facename=Courier size=12x8.&dot.&dot.&dot.:font facename=default size=0x0. in the picture, with its
reference point at coordinates (11.3,-.3). The reference points for
various objects will be described below.
:p.The :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\put:font facename=default size=0x0. command creates an :font facename=Courier size=12x8.LR box:font facename=default size=0x0.. You can put anything
in the text argument of the :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\put:font facename=default size=0x0. command that you'd put into the
argument of an :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\mbox:font facename=default size=0x0. and related commands. When you do this, the
reference point will be the lower left corner of the box.
:p.The :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\dashbox:font facename=default size=0x0. has an extra argument which specifies the width of
each dash. A dashed box looks best when the :font facename=Courier size=12x8.width:font facename=default size=0x0. and
:font facename=Courier size=12x8.height:font facename=default size=0x0. are multiples of the :font facename=Courier size=12x8.dash_length:font facename=default size=0x0..
:p.The :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\line:font facename=default size=0x0. command draws a line of the specified :font facename=Courier size=12x8.length:font facename=default size=0x0. and
:p.The :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\vector:font facename=default size=0x0. command draws a line with an arrow of the specified
length and slope. The :font facename=Courier size=12x8.x:font facename=default size=0x0. and :font facename=Courier size=12x8.y:font facename=default size=0x0. values must lie between -4
:p.The :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\>:font facename=default size=0x0. command causes LaTeX to advance to the next tab stop.
:h4 id=hd98.\<
:lm margin=1.
:p.The :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\<:font facename=default size=0x0. command allows you to put something to the left of the
local margin without changing the margin.
:h4 id=hd99.\+
:lm margin=1.
:p.The :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\+:font facename=default size=0x0. command moves the left margin of the next and all the
following commands one tab stop to the right.
:h4 id=hd100.\-
:lm margin=1.
:p.The :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\-:font facename=default size=0x0. command moves the left margin of the next and all the
following commands one tab stop to the left.
:h4 id=hd101.\'
:lm margin=1.
:p.The :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\':font facename=default size=0x0. command moves everything that you have typed so far in the
current column, everything starting from the most recent :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\>:font facename=default size=0x0.,
:font facename=Courier size=12x8.\<:font facename=default size=0x0., :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\':font facename=default size=0x0., :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\\:font facename=default size=0x0., or :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\kill:font facename=default size=0x0. command, to the right
of the previous column, flush against the current column's tab stop.
:h4 id=hd102.\`
:lm margin=1.
:p.The :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\`:font facename=default size=0x0. command allows you to put text flushed right against any
tab stop, including tab stop 0. However, it can't move text to the
right of the last column because there's no tab stop there. The
:font facename=Courier size=12x8.\`:font facename=default size=0x0. command moves all the text that follows it, up to the
:font facename=Courier size=12x8.\\:font facename=default size=0x0. or :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\end{tabbing}:font facename=default size=0x0. command that ends the line, to the
right margin of the tabbing environment. There must be no :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\>:font facename=default size=0x0. or
:font facename=Courier size=12x8.\':font facename=default size=0x0. command between the :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\`:font facename=default size=0x0. and the command that ends the
line.
:h4 id=hd103.\kill
:lm margin=1.
:p.The :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\kill:font facename=default size=0x0. command allows you to set tab stops without producing
text. It works just like the :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\\:font facename=default size=0x0. except that it throws away the
current line instead of producing output for it. The effect of any
:font facename=Courier size=12x8.\=:font facename=default size=0x0., :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\+:font facename=default size=0x0. or :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\-:font facename=default size=0x0. commands in that line remain in
:font facename=Courier size=12x8.p{wd}:font facename=default size=0x0. - Produces a column with each item typeset in a parbox of
width :font facename=Courier size=12x8.wd:font facename=default size=0x0., as if it were the argument of a :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\parbox[t]{wd}:font facename=default size=0x0.
command. However, a :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\\:font facename=default size=0x0. may not appear in the item, except in the
in the scope of a :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\centering:font facename=default size=0x0., :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\raggedright:font facename=default size=0x0., or :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\raggedleft:font facename=default size=0x0.
declaration. The latter declarations must appear inside braces or an
environment when used in a :font facename=Courier size=12x8.p-column:font facename=default size=0x0. element.
:p.:lm margin=18.
:lm margin=13.:p.:lm margin=15.7.:lm margin=18.
:font facename=Courier size=12x8.*{num}{cols}:font facename=default size=0x0. - Equivalent to :font facename=Courier size=12x8.num:font facename=default size=0x0. copies of
:font facename=Courier size=12x8.cols:font facename=default size=0x0., where :font facename=Courier size=12x8.num:font facename=default size=0x0. is any positive integer and :font facename=Courier size=12x8.cols:font facename=default size=0x0. is
any list of column-specifiers, which may contain another
:p.The :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\multicolumn:font facename=default size=0x0. is used to make an entry that spans several
columns. The first mandatory argument, :font facename=Courier size=12x8.cols:font facename=default size=0x0., specifies the
number of columns to span. The second mandatory argument, :font facename=Courier size=12x8.pos:font facename=default size=0x0.,
specifies the formatting of the entry; :font facename=Courier size=12x8.c:font facename=default size=0x0. for centred, :font facename=Courier size=12x8.l:font facename=default size=0x0.
for flushleft, :font facename=Courier size=12x8.r:font facename=default size=0x0. for flushright. The third mandatory argument,
:font facename=Courier size=12x8.text:font facename=default size=0x0., specifies what text is to make up the entry.
:h4 id=hd107.\vline
:lm margin=1.
:p.The :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\vline:font facename=default size=0x0. command will draw a vertical line extending the full
height and depth of its row. An :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\hfill:font facename=default size=0x0. command can be used to
move the line to the edge of the column. It can also be used in an
:p.The :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\bibitem:font facename=default size=0x0. command generates an entry labelled by :font facename=Courier size=12x8.label:font facename=default size=0x0..
If the :font facename=Courier size=12x8.label:font facename=default size=0x0. argument is missing, a number is generated as the
:font facename=Courier size=12x8.label:font facename=default size=0x0., using the :font facename=Courier size=12x8.enumi:font facename=default size=0x0. counter. The :font facename=Courier size=12x8.cite_key:font facename=default size=0x0. is
any sequence of letters, numbers, and punctuation symbols not containing
a comma. This command writes an entry on the :font facename=Courier size=12x8.&apos..aux&apos.:font facename=default size=0x0. file
containing :font facename=Courier size=12x8.cite_key:font facename=default size=0x0. and the item's :font facename=Courier size=12x8.label:font facename=default size=0x0.. When this
:font facename=Courier size=12x8.&apos..aux&apos.:font facename=default size=0x0. file is read by the :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\begin{document}:font facename=default size=0x0. command, the
item's :font facename=Courier size=12x8.label:font facename=default size=0x0. is associated with :font facename=Courier size=12x8.cite_key:font facename=default size=0x0., causing the
reference to :font facename=Courier size=12x8.cite_key:font facename=default size=0x0. by a :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\cite:font facename=default size=0x0. command to produce the
:p.The :font facename=Courier size=12x8.key_list:font facename=default size=0x0. argument is a list of citation keys. This command
generates an in-text citation to the references associated with the keys
in :font facename=Courier size=12x8.key_list:font facename=default size=0x0. by entries on the :font facename=Courier size=12x8.&apos..aux&apos.:font facename=default size=0x0. file read by the
:p.Typesets :font facename=Courier size=12x8.literal_text:font facename=default size=0x0. exactly as typed, including special
characters and spaces, using a typewriter (:font facename=Courier size=12x8.\tt:font facename=default size=0x0.) type style.
There may be no space between :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\verb:font facename=default size=0x0. or :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\verb*:font facename=default size=0x0. and
:font facename=Courier size=12x8.char:font facename=default size=0x0. (space is shown here only for clarity). The :font facename=Courier size=12x8.*-form:font facename=default size=0x0.
:font facename=Courier size=12x8.\gnat:font facename=default size=0x0., as a :font facename=Courier size=12x8.length:font facename=default size=0x0. command with a value of :font facename=Courier size=12x8.0in:font facename=default size=0x0.. An
error occurs if a :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\gnat:font facename=default size=0x0. command already exists.
:p.The :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\setlength:font facename=default size=0x0. command is used to set the value of a
:font facename=Courier size=12x8.length:font facename=default size=0x0. command. The :font facename=Courier size=12x8.length:font facename=default size=0x0. argument can be expressed in
any terms of length LaTeX understands, i.e., inches (:font facename=Courier size=12x8.in:font facename=default size=0x0.),
:p.The :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\settowidth:font facename=default size=0x0. command sets the value of a :font facename=Courier size=12x8.length:font facename=default size=0x0. command
equal to the width of the :font facename=Courier size=12x8.text:font facename=default size=0x0. argument.
:h2 id=hd15.Letters
:lm margin=1.
:p.You can use LaTeX to typeset letters, both personal and business. The
:font facename=Courier size=12x8.letter:font facename=default size=0x0. document style is designed to make a number of letters at
once, although you can make just one if you so desire.
:p.Your :font facename=Courier size=12x8.&apos..tex&apos.:font facename=default size=0x0. source file has the same minimum commands as the other
document styles, i.e., you must have the following commands as a
:p.The :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\\:font facename=default size=0x0. command tells LaTeX to start a new line. It has an
optional argument, :font facename=Courier size=12x8.extra-space:font facename=default size=0x0., that specifies how much extra
vertical space is to be inserted before the next line. This can be a
negative amount.
:p.The :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\\*:font facename=default size=0x0. command is the same as the ordinary :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\\:font facename=default size=0x0. command
except that it tells LaTeX not to start a new page after the line.
:h3 id=hd127.\-
:lm margin=1.
:p.The :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\-:font facename=default size=0x0. command tells LaTeX that it may hyphenate the word at that
point. LaTeX is very good at hyphenating, and it will usually find all
correct hyphenation points. The :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\-:font facename=default size=0x0. command is used for the
exceptional cases.
:h3 id=hd128.\cleardoublepage
:lm margin=1.
:p.The :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\cleardoublepage:font facename=default size=0x0. command ends the current page and causes all
figures and tables that have so far appeared in the input to be printed.
In a two-sided printing style, it also makes the next page a right-hand
(odd-numbered) page, producing a blank page if necessary.
:h3 id=hd129.\clearpage
:lm margin=1.
:p.The :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\clearpage:font facename=default size=0x0. command ends the current page and causes all
figures and tables that have so far appeared in the input to be printed.
:p.The :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\nolinebreak:font facename=default size=0x0. command prevents LaTeX from breaking the current
line at the point of the command. With the optional argument,
:font facename=Courier size=12x8.number:font facename=default size=0x0., you can convert the :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\nolinebreak:font facename=default size=0x0. command from a
demand to a request. The number must be a number from 0 to 4. The
higher the number, the more insistent the request is.
:p.The :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\nopagebreak:font facename=default size=0x0. command prevents LaTeX from breaking the current
page at the point of the command. With the optional argument,
:font facename=Courier size=12x8.number:font facename=default size=0x0., you can convert the :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\nopagebreak:font facename=default size=0x0. command from a
demand to a request. The number must be a number from 0 to 4. The
higher the number, the more insistent the request is.
:p.The :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\nopagebreak:font facename=default size=0x0. command prevents LaTeX from breaking the current
page at the point of the command. With the optional argument,
:font facename=Courier size=12x8.number:font facename=default size=0x0., you can convert the :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\nopagebreak:font facename=default size=0x0. command from a
demand to a request. The number must be a number from 0 to 4. The
higher the number, the more insistent the request is.
:pt.:font facename=Courier size=12x8.displaymath:font facename=default size=12x8.:pd.For Formulae that appear on their own line.
:pt.:font facename=Courier size=12x8.equation:font facename=default size=12x8.:pd.The same as the displaymath environment except that it adds an equation
number in the right margin.
:eparml.:lm margin=1.
:p.The :font facename=Courier size=12x8.math:font facename=default size=0x0. environment can be used in both paragraph and LR mode,
but the :font facename=Courier size=12x8.displaymath:font facename=default size=0x0. and :font facename=Courier size=12x8.equation:font facename=default size=0x0. environments can be used
only in paragraph mode. The :font facename=Courier size=12x8.math:font facename=default size=0x0. and :font facename=Courier size=12x8.displaymath:font facename=default size=0x0.
environments are used so often that they have the following short forms&colon.
:p.To get an expression :font facename=Courier size=12x8.exp:font facename=default size=0x0. to appear as a subscript, you just type
:font facename=Courier size=12x8._{exp}:font facename=default size=0x0.. To get :font facename=Courier size=12x8.exp:font facename=default size=0x0. to appear as a superscript, you type
:font facename=Courier size=12x8.^{exp}:font facename=default size=0x0.. LaTeX handles superscripted superscripts and all of
that stuff in the natural way. It even does the right thing when
something has both a subscript and a superscript.
:h3 id=hd141.Math Symbols
:lm margin=1.
:p.LaTeX provides almost any mathematical symbol you're likely to need. The
commands for generating them can be used only in math mode. For
example, if you include :font facename=Courier size=12x8.$\pi$:font facename=default size=0x0. in your source, you will get the
symbol π in your output.
:h3 id=hd142.Spacing in Math Mode
:lm margin=1.
:p.In a :font facename=Courier size=12x8.math:font facename=default size=0x0. environment, LaTeX ignores the spaces you type and puts
in the spacing that it thinks is best. LaTeX formats mathematics the
way it's done in mathematics texts. If you want different spacing,
LaTeX provides the following four commands for use in math mode&colon.
In a :font facename=Courier size=12x8.math:font facename=default size=0x0. environment, LaTeX ignores the spaces you type and puts
in the spacing that it thinks is best. LaTeX formats mathematics the
way it's done in mathematics texts. If you want different spacing,
LaTeX provides the following four commands for use in math mode&colon.
:ol.:li.
:font facename=Courier size=12x8.\;:font facename=default size=0x0. - a thick space
:li.:font facename=Courier size=12x8.\&colon.:font facename=default size=0x0. - a medium space
:li.:font facename=Courier size=12x8.\,:font facename=default size=0x0. - a thin space
:li.:font facename=Courier size=12x8.\!:font facename=default size=0x0. - a negative thin space
:eol.:lm margin=1.
:h3 id=hd143.Math Miscellany
:lm margin=1.
:parml break=fit.
:pt.:font facename=Courier size=12x8.\cdots:font facename=default size=12x8.:pd.The :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\cdots:font facename=default size=0x0. command produces a horizontal ellipsis where the dots
The :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\frac:font facename=default size=0x0. command produces the fraction :font facename=Courier size=12x8.num:font facename=default size=0x0. divided by :font facename=Courier size=12x8.den:font facename=default size=0x0..
:p.
:pt.:font facename=Courier size=12x8.\ldots:font facename=default size=12x8.:pd.The :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\ldots:font facename=default size=0x0. command produces an ellipsis. This command works in
The :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\sqrt:font facename=default size=0x0. command produces the square root of its argument. The
optional argument, :font facename=Courier size=12x8.root:font facename=default size=0x0., determines what root to produce, i.e.,
the cube root of :font facename=Courier size=12x8.x+y:font facename=default size=0x0. would be typed as :font facename=Courier size=12x8.$\sqrt[3]{x+y}$:font facename=default size=0x0..
:p.The :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\author:font facename=default size=0x0. command declares the author(s), where :font facename=Courier size=12x8.names:font facename=default size=0x0. is
a list of authors separated by :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\and:font facename=default size=0x0. commands. Use :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\\:font facename=default size=0x0. to
separate lines within a single author's entry -- for example, to give
the author's institution or address.
:p.NOTE&colon. The :font facename=Courier size=12x8.milstd:font facename=default size=0x0. and :font facename=Courier size=12x8.book-form:font facename=default size=0x0. styles have re-defined the
:font facename=Courier size=12x8.\maketitle:font facename=default size=0x0. command. The :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\title:font facename=default size=0x0. declaration is the only
command of those shown below that has any meaning.
:p.The :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\title:font facename=default size=0x0. command declares :font facename=Courier size=12x8.text:font facename=default size=0x0. to be the title. Use
:font facename=Courier size=12x8.\\:font facename=default size=0x0. to tell LaTeX where to start a new line in a long title.
:pt.:font facename=Courier size=12x8.empty:font facename=default size=12x8.:pd.Produces empty heads and feet - no page numbers.
:pt.:font facename=Courier size=12x8.headings:font facename=default size=12x8.:pd.Puts running headings on each page. The document style specifies what
goes in the headings.
:pt.:font facename=Courier size=12x8.myheadings:font facename=default size=12x8.:pd.You specify what is to go in the heading with the :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\markboth:font facename=default size=0x0. or
the :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\markright:font facename=default size=0x0. commands.
:p.The :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\markboth:font facename=default size=0x0. and :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\markright:font facename=default size=0x0. commands are used in
conjunction with the page style :font facename=Courier size=12x8.myheadings:font facename=default size=0x0. for setting either
both or just the right heading. In addition to their use with the
:font facename=Courier size=12x8.myheadings:font facename=default size=0x0. page style, you can use them to override the normal
headings in the headings style, since LaTeX uses these same commands to
generate those heads. You should note that a "left-hand heading" is
generated by the last :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\markboth:font facename=default size=0x0. command before the end of the
page, while a "right-hand heading" is generated by the first
:font facename=Courier size=12x8.\markboth:font facename=default size=0x0. or :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\markright:font facename=default size=0x0. that comes on the page if there is
:p.In addition to providing the heading in the text, the mandatory argument
of the sectioning command can appear in two other places&colon.
:ol.:li.
The table of contents
:li.The running head at the top of the page
:eol.:lm margin=1.
:p.You may not want the same thing to appear in these other two places as
appears in the text heading. To handle this situation, the sectioning
commands have an :font facename=Courier size=12x8.optional:font facename=default size=0x0. argument that provides the text for
these other two purposes.
:p.The "sectioning commands" have :font facename=Courier size=12x8.*-forms:font facename=default size=0x0. that print a :font facename=Courier size=12x8.title:font facename=default size=0x0.,
but do not include a number and do not make an entry in the table of
contents. For example, the :font facename=Courier size=12x8.*-form:font facename=default size=0x0. of the :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\subsection:font facename=default size=0x0.
:p.The :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\fbox:font facename=default size=0x0. command is exactly the same as the :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\mbox:font facename=default size=0x0.
command, except that it puts a frame around the outside of the box that
:p.The :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\framebox:font facename=default size=0x0. command is exactly the same as the :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\makebox:font facename=default size=0x0.
command, except that it puts a frame around the outside of the box that
it creates.
:p.The framebox command produces a rule of thickness :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\fboxrule:font facename=default size=0x0., and
leaves a space :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\fboxsep:font facename=default size=0x0. between the rule and the contents of the
box.
:h3 id=hd159.\hfill
:lm margin=1.
:p.The :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\hfill:font facename=default size=0x0. fill command produces a "rubber length" which can
stretch or shrink horizontally. It will be filled with spaces.
:h3 id=hd160.\hrulespace
:lm margin=1.
:p.The :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\hrulefill:font facename=default size=0x0. fill command produces a "rubber length" which can
stretch or shrink horizontally. It will be filled with a horizontal
:p.A :font facename=Courier size=12x8.parbox:font facename=default size=0x0. is a box whose contents are created in :font facename=Courier size=12x8.paragraph:font facename=default size=0x0.
mode. The :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\parbox:font facename=default size=0x0. has two mandatory arguments&colon.
:p.These commands typeset :font facename=Courier size=12x8.text:font facename=default size=0x0. in a box just as for :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\mbox:font facename=default size=0x0. or
:font facename=Courier size=12x8.\makebox:font facename=default size=0x0.. However, instead of printing the resulting box, they
save it in bin :font facename=Courier size=12x8.cmd:font facename=default size=0x0., which must have been declared with
Whenever you put one of these special characters into your file, you are
doing something special. If you simply want the character to be printed
just as any other letter, include a :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\:font facename=default size=0x0. in front of the character.
For example, :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\$:font facename=default size=0x0. will produce :font facename=Courier size=12x8.$:font facename=default size=0x0. in your output.
:p.The exception to the rule is the :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\:font facename=default size=0x0. itself because :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\\:font facename=default size=0x0. has
its own special meaning. A :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\:font facename=default size=0x0. is produced by typing
:font facename=Courier size=12x8.$\backslash$:font facename=default size=0x0. in your file.
:h2 id=hd24.Splitting the Input
:lm margin=1.
:p.A large document requires a lot of input. Rather than putting the whole
input in a single large file, it's more efficient to split it into
several smaller ones. Regardless of how many separate files you use,
there is one that is the root file; it is the one whose name you type
:p.The :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\include:font facename=default size=0x0. command is used in conjunction with the
:font facename=Courier size=12x8.\includeonly:font facename=default size=0x0. command for selective inclusion of files. The
:font facename=Courier size=12x8.file:font facename=default size=0x0. argument is the first name of a file, denoting
:font facename=Courier size=12x8.&apos.file.tex&apos.:font facename=default size=0x0.. If file is one the file names in the file list of the
:font facename=Courier size=12x8.\includeonly:font facename=default size=0x0. command or if there is no :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\includeonly:font facename=default size=0x0.
command, the :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\include:font facename=default size=0x0. command is equivalent to
:p.Prints :font facename=Courier size=12x8.msg:font facename=default size=0x0. on the terminal and in the :font facename=Courier size=12x8.log:font facename=default size=0x0. file. Commands
in :font facename=Courier size=12x8.msg:font facename=default size=0x0. that are defined with :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\newcommand:font facename=default size=0x0. or
:font facename=Courier size=12x8.\renewcommand:font facename=default size=0x0. are replaced by their definitions before being
printed.
:p.LaTeX's usual rules for treating multiple spaces as
a single space and ignoring spaces after a command name apply to
:font facename=Courier size=12x8.msg:font facename=default size=0x0.. A :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\space:font facename=default size=0x0. command in :font facename=Courier size=12x8.msg:font facename=default size=0x0. causes a single space
:p.The :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\\:font facename=default size=0x0. command tells LaTeX to start a new line. It has an
optional argument, :font facename=Courier size=12x8.extra-space:font facename=default size=0x0., that specifies how much extra
vertical space is to be inserted before the next line. This can be a
negative amount.
:p.The :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\\*:font facename=default size=0x0. command is the same as the ordinary :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\\:font facename=default size=0x0. command
except that it tells LaTeX not to start a new page after the line.
:p.The :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\`:font facename=default size=0x0. command allows you to put text flushed right against any
tab stop, including tab stop 0. However, it can't move text to the
right of the last column because there's no tab stop there. The
:font facename=Courier size=12x8.\`:font facename=default size=0x0. command moves all the text that follows it, up to the
:font facename=Courier size=12x8.\\:font facename=default size=0x0. or :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\end{tabbing}:font facename=default size=0x0. command that ends the line, to the
right margin of the tabbing environment. There must be no :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\>:font facename=default size=0x0. or
:font facename=Courier size=12x8.\':font facename=default size=0x0. command between the :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\`:font facename=default size=0x0. and the command that ends the
:p.The :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\addtocounter:font facename=default size=0x0. command increments the counter by the amount
specified by the :font facename=Courier size=12x8.value:font facename=default size=0x0. argument. The :font facename=Courier size=12x8.value:font facename=default size=0x0. argument can
:p.The :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\arabic:font facename=default size=0x0. command causes the value of the :font facename=Courier size=12x8.counter:font facename=default size=0x0. to be
:p.The :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\author:font facename=default size=0x0. command declares the author(s), where :font facename=Courier size=12x8.names:font facename=default size=0x0. is
a list of authors separated by :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\and:font facename=default size=0x0. commands. Use :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\\:font facename=default size=0x0. to
separate lines within a single author's entry -- for example, to give
the author's institution or address.
:p.NOTE&colon. The :font facename=Courier size=12x8.milstd:font facename=default size=0x0. and :font facename=Courier size=12x8.book-form:font facename=default size=0x0. styles have re-defined the
:font facename=Courier size=12x8.\maketitle:font facename=default size=0x0. command. The :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\title:font facename=default size=0x0. declaration is the only
command of those shown below that has any meaning.
:p.The :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\bibitem:font facename=default size=0x0. command generates an entry labelled by :font facename=Courier size=12x8.label:font facename=default size=0x0..
If the :font facename=Courier size=12x8.label:font facename=default size=0x0. argument is missing, a number is generated as the
label, using the :font facename=Courier size=12x8.enumi:font facename=default size=0x0. counter. The :font facename=Courier size=12x8.cite_key:font facename=default size=0x0. is any
sequence of letters, numbers, and punctuation symbols not containing a
comma. This command writes an entry on the :font facename=Courier size=12x8.&apos.aux&apos.:font facename=default size=0x0. file containing
:font facename=Courier size=12x8.cite_key:font facename=default size=0x0. and the item's :font facename=Courier size=12x8.label:font facename=default size=0x0.. When this :font facename=Courier size=12x8.&apos.aux&apos.:font facename=default size=0x0. file
is read by the :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\begin{document}:font facename=default size=0x0. command, the item's
:font facename=Courier size=12x8.label:font facename=default size=0x0. is associated with :font facename=Courier size=12x8.cite_key:font facename=default size=0x0., causing the reference
to :font facename=Courier size=12x8.cite_key:font facename=default size=0x0. by a :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\cite:font facename=default size=0x0. command to produce the associated
:p.The :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\circle:font facename=default size=0x0. command produces a circle of the specified
:font facename=Courier size=12x8.diameter:font facename=default size=0x0.. If the :font facename=Courier size=12x8.*-form:font facename=default size=0x0. of the command is used, LaTeX
:p.The :font facename=Courier size=12x8.key_list:font facename=default size=0x0. argument is a list of citation keys. This command
generates an in-text citation to the references associated with the keys
in :font facename=Courier size=12x8.key_list:font facename=default size=0x0. by entries on the :font facename=Courier size=12x8.&apos.aux&apos.:font facename=default size=0x0. file read by the
:p.The :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\dashbox:font facename=default size=0x0. has an extra argument which specifies the width of
each dash. A dashed box looks best when the :font facename=Courier size=12x8.width:font facename=default size=0x0. and
:font facename=Courier size=12x8.height:font facename=default size=0x0. are multiples of the :font facename=Courier size=12x8.dash length:font facename=default size=0x0..
:p.The :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\fbox:font facename=default size=0x0. command is exactly the same as the :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\mbox:font facename=default size=0x0.
command, except that it puts a frame around the outside of the box that
:p.The :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\fnsymbol:font facename=default size=0x0. command causes the value of the :font facename=Courier size=12x8.counter:font facename=default size=0x0. to be printed in
a specific sequence of nine symbols that can be used for numbering
:p.The :font facename=Courier size=12x8.framebox:font facename=default size=0x0. command produces a rule of thickness
:font facename=Courier size=12x8.\fboxrule:font facename=default size=0x0., and leaves a space :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\fboxsep:font facename=default size=0x0. between the rule
:p.The :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\include:font facename=default size=0x0. command is used in conjunction with the :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\includeonly:font facename=default size=0x0.
command for selective inclusion of files. The :font facename=Courier size=12x8.file:font facename=default size=0x0. argument is the
first name of a file, denoting :font facename=Courier size=12x8.&apos.file.tex&apos.:font facename=default size=0x0.. If :font facename=Courier size=12x8.file:font facename=default size=0x0. is one the file
names in the file list of the :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\includeonly:font facename=default size=0x0. command or if there is no
:font facename=Courier size=12x8.\includeonly:font facename=default size=0x0. command, the :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\include:font facename=default size=0x0. command is equivalent to
:p.The :font facename=Courier size=12x8.itemize:font facename=default size=0x0. environment produces a bulleted list. Itemizations can be
nested within one another, up to four levels deep. They can also be
nested within other paragraph-making environments.
:p.Each item of an :font facename=Courier size=12x8.itemized:font facename=default size=0x0. list begins with an :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\item:font facename=default size=0x0.
command. There must be at least one :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\item:font facename=default size=0x0. command within the
:p.The :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\kill:font facename=default size=0x0. command allows you to set tab stops without producing
text. It works just like the :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\\:font facename=default size=0x0. except that it throws away the
current line instead of producing output for it. The effect of any
:font facename=Courier size=12x8.\=:font facename=default size=0x0., :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\+:font facename=default size=0x0. or :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\-:font facename=default size=0x0. commands in that line remain in
:p.The :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\line:font facename=default size=0x0. command draws a line of the specified :font facename=Courier size=12x8.length:font facename=default size=0x0. and
:p.The :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\makebox:font facename=default size=0x0. command for the picture environment is similar to the
normal :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\makebox:font facename=default size=0x0. command except that you must specify a :font facename=Courier size=12x8.width:font facename=default size=0x0. and
:font facename=Courier size=12x8.height:font facename=default size=0x0. in multiples of :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\unitlength:font facename=default size=0x0..
:p.The optional argument, :font facename=Courier size=12x8.[position]:font facename=default size=0x0., specifies the quadrant that
your text appears in. You may select up to two of the following&colon.
:ul.:li.
:font facename=Courier size=12x8.t:font facename=default size=0x0. - Moves the item to the top of the rectangle
:li.:font facename=Courier size=12x8.b:font facename=default size=0x0. - Moves the item to the bottom
:li.:font facename=Courier size=12x8.l:font facename=default size=0x0. - Moves the item to the left
:li.:font facename=Courier size=12x8.r:font facename=default size=0x0. - Moves the item to the right
:p.The :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\markboth:font facename=default size=0x0. and :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\markright:font facename=default size=0x0. commands are used in
conjunction with the page style :font facename=Courier size=12x8.myheadings:font facename=default size=0x0. for setting either
both or just the right heading. In addition to their use with the
:font facename=Courier size=12x8.myheadings:font facename=default size=0x0. page style, you can use them to override the normal
headings in the :font facename=Courier size=12x8.headings:font facename=default size=0x0. style, since LaTeX uses these same
commands to generate those heads. You should note that a left-hand
heading is generated by the last :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\markboth:font facename=default size=0x0. command before the end
of the page, while a right-hand heading is generated by the first
:font facename=Courier size=12x8.\markboth:font facename=default size=0x0. or :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\markright:font facename=default size=0x0. that comes on the page if there is
:p.The :font facename=Courier size=12x8.minipage:font facename=default size=0x0. environment is similar to a :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\parbox:font facename=default size=0x0. command. It takes
the same optional position argument and mandatory width argument. You
may use other paragraph-making environments inside a minipage.
:p.Footnotes in a minipage environment are handled in a way that is
particularly useful for putting footnotes in figures or tables. A
:font facename=Courier size=12x8.\footnote:font facename=default size=0x0. or :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\footnotetext:font facename=default size=0x0. command puts the footnote at
the bottom of the minipage instead of at the bottom of the page, and it
uses the :font facename=Courier size=12x8.mpfootnote:font facename=default size=0x0. counter instead of the ordinary footnote
counter.
:p.NOTE&colon. Don't put one minipage inside another if you are using footnotes;
they may wind up at the bottom of the wrong minipage.
:p.The :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\multicolumn:font facename=default size=0x0. is used to make an entry that spans several
columns. The first mandatory argument, :font facename=Courier size=12x8.cols:font facename=default size=0x0., specifies the
number of columns to span. The second mandatory argument, :font facename=Courier size=12x8.pos:font facename=default size=0x0.,
specifies the formatting of the entry; :font facename=Courier size=12x8.c:font facename=default size=0x0. for centered, :font facename=Courier size=12x8.l:font facename=default size=0x0.
for flushleft, :font facename=Courier size=12x8.r:font facename=default size=0x0. for flushright. The third mandatory argument,
:font facename=Courier size=12x8.text:font facename=default size=0x0., specifies what text is to make up the entry.
A command name beginning with a :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\:font facename=default size=0x0.. For :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\newcommand:font facename=default size=0x0. it
must not be already defined and must not begin with :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\end:font facename=default size=0x0.; for
:font facename=Courier size=12x8.\renewcommand:font facename=default size=0x0. it must already be defined.
:pt.:font facename=Courier size=12x8.args:font facename=default size=12x8.:pd.An integer from 1 to 9 denoting the number of arguments of the command
being defined. The default is for the command to have no arguments.
:pt.:font facename=Courier size=12x8.def:font facename=default size=12x8.:pd.The text to be substituted for every occurrence of :font facename=Courier size=12x8.cmd:font facename=default size=0x0.; a
parameter of the form :font facename=Courier size=12x8.#n:font facename=default size=0x0. in :font facename=Courier size=12x8.cmd:font facename=default size=0x0. is replaced by the text of
the nth argument when this substitution takes place.
The name of the environment. For :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\newenvironment:font facename=default size=0x0. there must be
no currently defined environment by that name, and the command
:font facename=Courier size=12x8.\nam:font facename=default size=0x0. must be undefined. For :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\renewenvironment:font facename=default size=0x0. the
environment must already be defined.
:pt.:font facename=Courier size=12x8.args:font facename=default size=12x8.:pd.An integer from 1 to 9 denoting the number of arguments of the
newly-defined environment. The default is no arguments.
:pt.:font facename=Courier size=12x8.begdef:font facename=default size=12x8.:pd.The text substituted for every occurrence of :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\begin{name}:font facename=default size=0x0.; a
parameter of the form :font facename=Courier size=12x8.#n:font facename=default size=0x0. in cmd is replaced by the text of the
nth argument when this substitution takes place.
:pt.:font facename=Courier size=12x8.enddef:font facename=default size=12x8.:pd.The text substituted for every occurrence of :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\end{nam}:font facename=default size=0x0.. It may
The name of the environment -- a string of letters. Must not be the
name of an existing environment or counter.
:pt.:font facename=Courier size=12x8.caption:font facename=default size=12x8.:pd.The text printed at the beginning of the environment, right before the
number.
:pt.:font facename=Courier size=12x8.within:font facename=default size=12x8.:pd.The name of an already defined counter, usually of a sectional unit.
Provides a means of resetting the new theorem counter within the
sectional unit.
:pt.:font facename=Courier size=12x8.numbered_like:font facename=default size=12x8.:pd.The name of an already defined theorem-like environment.
:eparml.:lm margin=1.
:p.The :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\newtheorem:font facename=default size=0x0. command may have at most one optional argument.
:p.The :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\nolinebreak:font facename=default size=0x0. command prevents LaTeX from breaking the current
line at the point of the command. With the optional argument,
:font facename=Courier size=12x8.number:font facename=default size=0x0., you can convert the :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\nolinebreak:font facename=default size=0x0. command from a
demand to a request. The number must be a number from 0 to 4. The
higher the number, the more insistent the request is.
:p.The :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\nopagebreak:font facename=default size=0x0. command prevents LaTeX form breaking the current
page at the point of the command. With the optional argument,
:font facename=Courier size=12x8.number:font facename=default size=0x0., you can convert the :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\nopagebreak:font facename=default size=0x0. command from a
demand to a request. The number must be a number from 0 to 4. The
higher the number, the more insistent the request is.
:p.The :font facename=Courier size=12x8.picture:font facename=default size=0x0. environment allows you to create just about any kind
of picture you want containing text, lines, arrows and circles. You
tell LaTeX where to put things in the picture by specifying their
coordinates. A coordinate is a number that may have a decimal point and
a minus sign - a number like 5, 2.3 or -3.1416. A coordinate specifies
a length in multiples of the unit length :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\unitlength:font facename=default size=0x0., so if
:font facename=Courier size=12x8.\unitlength:font facename=default size=0x0. has been set to 1cm, then the coordinate 2.54
specifies a length of 2.54 centimeters. You can change the value of
:font facename=Courier size=12x8.\unitlength:font facename=default size=0x0. anywhere you want, using the :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\setlength:font facename=default size=0x0.
command, but strange things will happen if you try changing it inside
the picture environment.
:p.A position is a pair of coordinates, such as (2.4,-5), specifying the
point with x-coordinate 2.4 and y-coordinate -5. Coordinates are
specified in the usual way with respect to an origin, which is
normally at the lower-left corner of the picture. Note that when a
position appears as an argument, it is not enclosed in braces; the
parentheses serve to delimit the argument.
:p.The picture environment has one mandatory argument, which is a position.
It specifies the size of the picture. The environment produces a
rectangular box with width and height determined by this argument's
:p.The :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\sqrt:font facename=default size=0x0. command produces the square root of its argument. The
optional argument, :font facename=Courier size=12x8.root:font facename=default size=0x0., determines what root to produce, i.e.
the cube root of :font facename=Courier size=12x8.x+y:font facename=default size=0x0. would be typed as :font facename=Courier size=12x8.$\sqrt[3]{x+y}$:font facename=default size=0x0..
:p.Tables are objects that are not part of the normal text, and are usually
"floated" to a convenient place, like the top of a page. Tables will
not be split between two pages.
:p.The optional argument :font facename=Courier size=12x8.[placement]:font facename=default size=0x0. determines where LaTeX will try
to place your table. There are four places where LaTeX can possibly put
a float&colon.
:ul.:li.
:font facename=Courier size=12x8.h:font facename=default size=0x0. &colon. Here - at the position in the text where the table
environment appears.
:li.:font facename=Courier size=12x8.t:font facename=default size=0x0. &colon. Top - at the top of a text page.
:li.:font facename=Courier size=12x8.b:font facename=default size=0x0. &colon. Bottom - at the bottom of a text page.
:li.:font facename=Courier size=12x8.p:font facename=default size=0x0. &colon. Page of floats - on a separate float page, which is a page
containing no text, only floats.
:eul.:lm margin=1.
:p.The standard :font facename=Courier size=12x8.report:font facename=default size=0x0. and :font facename=Courier size=12x8.article:font facename=default size=0x0. styles use the default
:font facename=Courier size=12x8.p{wd}:font facename=default size=0x0. - Produces a column with each item typeset in a parbox of
width :font facename=Courier size=12x8.wd:font facename=default size=0x0., as if it were the argument of a :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\parbox[t]{wd}:font facename=default size=0x0.
command. However, a :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\\:font facename=default size=0x0. may not appear in the item, except in the
following situations&colon. (i) inside an environment like minipage, array, or
tabular, (ii) inside an explicit :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\parbox:font facename=default size=0x0., or (iii) in the scope
of a :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\centering:font facename=default size=0x0., :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\raggedright:font facename=default size=0x0., or :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\raggedleft:font facename=default size=0x0.
declaration. The latter declarations must appear inside braces or an
environment when used in a p-column element.
:lm margin=13.:p.:lm margin=15.7.:lm margin=18.
:font facename=Courier size=12x8.*{num}{cols}:font facename=default size=0x0. - Equivalent to :font facename=Courier size=12x8.num:font facename=default size=0x0. copies of
:font facename=Courier size=12x8.cols:font facename=default size=0x0., where :font facename=Courier size=12x8.num:font facename=default size=0x0. is any positive integer and :font facename=Courier size=12x8.cols:font facename=default size=0x0. is
any list of column-specifiers, which may contain another
:p.The :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\title:font facename=default size=0x0. command declares text to be the title. Use :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\\:font facename=default size=0x0.
to tell LaTeX where to start a new line in a long title.
:p.Prints :font facename=Courier size=12x8.msg:font facename=default size=0x0. on the terminal and in the :font facename=Courier size=12x8.&apos.log&apos.:font facename=default size=0x0. file. Commands
in :font facename=Courier size=12x8.msg:font facename=default size=0x0. that are defined with :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\newcommand:font facename=default size=0x0. or
:font facename=Courier size=12x8.\renewcommand:font facename=default size=0x0. are replaced by their definitions before being
printed.
:p.LaTeX's usual rules for treating multiple spaces as a single space and
ignoring spaces after a command name apply to :font facename=Courier size=12x8.msg:font facename=default size=0x0.. A
:font facename=Courier size=12x8.\space:font facename=default size=0x0. command in :font facename=Courier size=12x8.msg:font facename=default size=0x0. causes a single space to be printed.
:p.Prints the box most recently saved in bin :font facename=Courier size=12x8.cmd:font facename=default size=0x0. by a :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\savebox:font facename=default size=0x0. command.
:p.Typesets :font facename=Courier size=12x8.literal_text:font facename=default size=0x0. exactly as typed, including special
characters and spaces, using a typewriter (:font facename=Courier size=12x8.\tt:font facename=default size=0x0.) type style.
There may be no space between :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\verb:font facename=default size=0x0. or :font facename=Courier size=12x8.\verb*:font facename=default size=0x0. and
:font facename=Courier size=12x8.char:font facename=default size=0x0. (space is shown here only for clarity). The :font facename=Courier size=12x8.*:font facename=default size=0x0.-form