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- OSOTSWAP - MEMORY AND SWAPPER INFORMATION
- 11/09/94
-
- ================================================================
- MEMORY AND SWAPPER INFORMATION
- ================================================================
-
-
- MEMORY
- ----------------------------------------------------------------
- OS/2 runs on 4MB. Depending on the application mix,
- and the desired performance, memory requirement needs
- vary. Generally, the system should have enough memory to
- avoid excessive amount of swapping activity.
-
- Question: What are the symptoms of poor performance
- caused by insufficient amount of memory ?
- A. Excessive amount of hard disk activity caused by constant
- swapper activity. In extreme cases, the disk light may be
- constantly active even if system is not being actively used.
- B. Performance degradation - It takes an excessive amount of
- time to do anything. In extreme cases, it might take
- several minutes for the task list to be displayed after
- pressing Ctrl+Esc. Solution: Adding additional memory
- alleviates the above symptoms.
-
-
- SWAPPER
- -----------------------------------------------------------------
-
- Question: How much disk space should be allowed for swapper
- file growth ?
- A. It depends on the number of applications, the kind of
- applications running and the amount of memory in the system.
- Symptoms: If getting SWAPPER FULL (if COMMIT=OFF) or LOW
- MEMORY (if COMMIT=ON) messages, then you are not allowing
- enough free disk space for swapper growth. Performance
- drops tremendously, because of increased swapper activity,
- and in extreme cases, the system may halt or trap.
-
- If you are monitoring swapper file size, you learn the size
- of the typical swapper file size under normal system usage.
-
-
-
- MEMORY ALLOCATIONS
- ----------------------------------------------------------------
- When an application requests memory, the system gives the
- application, regardless of the amount request, 4k blocks of
- memory. (4096 bytes) out of a 64k segment. Example: if the
- process requests 5100 bytes, the system will allocate 64k
- segment of which 8192 bytes can be used for this process. If
- applications have a large number of small memory allocation
- requests, memory being used by this process may not be what
- is expected.
-
-
- MEMORY ALLOCATION LIMITS
- ----------------------------------------------------------------
- As documented in the programming guide volume 1 (S10G-6261-00)
- and the Redbook Volume 1 (GG24-3730-00), it is theoretically
- possible to allocate 512MB (Virtual address space). This, of
- course is based on the systems available ram and disk space.
- This 512MB area is divided into 3 parts:
-
-
- --------------- 512 MB
- | |
- | A (64MB) | Reserved
- | |
- --------------- 448 MB
- | |
- | B (64MB) | Shared Virtual address space
- | |
- - - - - - - - - 384 MB
- | |
- | |
- | |
- | |
- | |
- | C | Private and shared virtual
- | | address space
- | |
- | |
- | |
- | |
- --------------- 0 MB
-
- Section A is reserved for future enhancements to the operating
- system and can be used by changing the PROTECT option in
- MEMMAN statement located in the CONFIG.SYS to NOPROTECT.
- Section A would then be used by section B. Section B is
- allocated at bootup time for shared memory and can grow into
- section C. Section C is used by private and shared memory and
- the more shared memory is allocated, the less private address
- space will be available. Please refer to the Redbook or the
- programming guide Volume 1 for further information.
-
-
-
- SWAPPER GROWS AND WILL NOT SHRINK.
- ----------------------------------------------------------------
- The swapper file will grow when an application is started and
- there isn't enough available RAM to run. The swapper file
- attempts to shrink back to its original size after application
- is ended. More than likely the size of the swapper file
- remains bigger.
-
- Swapper file shrinkage begins approximately 30 seconds
- after there is no system activity, assuming no process with
- higher priority is running.
-
- SWAPPATH's second parameter, in CONFIG.SYS, defines the minimum
- size of the swapper file. The swapper file does not shrink to
- a size smaller than the swap file size specified by SWAPPATH's
- second parameter.
- NOTE: The first parameter in the SWAPPATH statement specifies
- the minimum amount of free space in KB that can remain
- on the partition where the SWAPPER.DAT file is located
- before a warning notifies you that the swapper file has
- increased to a size that leaves less than this amount
- on the disk.
-
-
- SOME UTILITIES FOR ANALYZING MEMORY AND SWAPPER ACTIVITY
- ----------------------------------------------------------------
- THESEUS2 which comes as part of the SPM/2 product, sold by
- IBM, shows amount of used and free swapper space and has
- many other additional functions for analyzing memory and
- swapper usage.
-
- OS20MEMU, can be downloaded from the IBM PCC BBS at
- 919-517-0001 shows the amount of swapper in use. The
- difference between that number and the size of SWAPPER.DAT is
- the free swapper space.
-
- DINFO, can be downloaded for free from IBM PC BBS,
- monitors swapper size and remaining disk space.
-
- NOTE: OS/2 determines the optimum initial swapper size
- according to the amount of memory in system. This value
- can be overridden by the changing the second SWAPPATH
- parameter in CONFIG.SYS
-
- SIZE OF SWAPPER FILE IS TOO BIG
- ----------------------------------------------------------------
- An application is probably using up a lot of memory. Using a
- utility program like OS20MENU can help determine which program
- is using an excessive amount of memory.
-
- There remains the issue where the SWAPPER.DAT grows to a large
- value (usually greater that 20MGS), as a result of a large
- resource allocating application which when terminated does not
- free up all of the memory it requested. This is termed as a
- "memory leak" originating from application. The manufacturer
- of the application should be contacted for assistance.
-
- If getting SWAPPER FULL (if COMMIT=OFF) or LOW MEMORY
- (if COMMIT=ON) messages, then you are not allowing enough free
- disk space to allow for swapper growth. Performance drops
- tremendously due to increased swapper activity, and in
- extreme cases, the system may halt or trap.
-
- If you are monitoring swapper file size, you will get a feel
- for the size of the typical swapper file size under normal
- system usage.
-
- SYS0008 ERROR MESSAGE when running memory intensive applications
- ----------------------------------------------------------------
- This may be caused by having swapper file in a partition with
- a large amount of free disk space. This is a known problem
- that has been fixed and will be incorporated in ServicePak for
- OS/2 2.1 or the next version of OS/2. As a work around, place
- swapper file on a partition with less than 100MB of free space.
-
- SYS1477 THE PARTITION CONTAINING SWAPPER.DAT IS FULL
- ----------------------------------------------------------------
- A potential problem may occur because all OS/2 processes
- continue running after receiving a SYS1477 "Out of Swapper"
- warning message. The possibility of a system crash exists if
- these processes continue allocating memory.
-
- The SYS1477 Swapper File Full message is just a warning
- message to informs you that it needs more disk space in order
- for the swapper file to grow. However, it is not designed to
- allow usage of the system under low disk space conditions in
- the swapper partition without running the risk of causing a
- system failure.
-
- You should understand that while the SYS1477 message is being
- displayed, all processes continue running. If any one of the
- processes continues allocating memory while the SYS1477
- message is displayed, and you do not respond to it quickly
- enough, this may cause OS/2 to run out of memory and halt the
- system with an Internal Processing Error (IPE). In very fast
- machines, or if the system is very busy. It is possible for an
- application to consume the remaining memory and cause an IPE
- before SYS1477 message has time to come up.
-
-
- SUGGESTIONS TO MINIMIZE THE CHANCES OF PROBLEMS:
- ----------------------------------------------------------------
- 1. Provide enough disk space to allow for swapper growth.
-
- 2. Larger "minfree" parameter so that the SYS1477 warning
- message is displayed earlier.
-
- 3. Usage of the "COMMIT" parameter. This prevents an
- application from running unless there is enough memory
- and swapper resources for the application to run. You
- should understand that the "COMMIT" parameter allocates
- memory and swapper resources when REQUESTED by the
- application. If this parameter is not used, resources are
- allocated as NEEDED by the application to run.
-
- EXAMPLE: If an application allocates 16MB of memory but
- does not use the memory, then if "COMMIT" is
- specified it will require a total of 16MB of memory
- and swapper resources for application to run. If
- "COMMIT" is not used, it may only require 200k of
- memory and swapper resources to run application.
-
-
- MEMORY AND SWAPPER UTILITIES
- ----------------------------------------------------------------
-
- From IBM PC BBS (free) DINFO - Monitor swapper file and
- remaining disk space. OS20MEMU - Memory allocation tool.
-
- Utilities from the BBS are provided "as is". There is no
- customer support provided for these utilities.
-
- Can be ordered from IBM (1-800-426-2255) SPM/2 - Contains
- Theseus2. More sophisticated than OS20MEMU for analyzing
- memory and swapper.
-
-
- ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
- ----------------------
-
- You can download utilities, address questions to IBM or
- other OS/2 users from the following BBS or data services.
-
- IBM PC BBS (free) - (919) 517-0001
-
- TalkLink OS/2 BBS - 1-800-547-1283 for information and
- application.
-
- Prodigy - Call Prodigy for information
-
- CompuServe - Call CompuServe for information.
-
- * Refer to the OS/2 Command Reference for additional
- information.
-
-
- ----------------------------------------------------------------
- IBM disclaims all warranties, whether express or implied,
- including without limitation, warranties of fitness and
- merchantability with respect to the information in this document.
- By furnishing this document, IBM grants no licenses to any
- related patents or copyrights.
-