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- Tutorial for Algebra Editor John Henckel, henckel@vnet.ibm.com
-
- Copyright (c) 1994,1996 John Henckel
- Permission to use, copy, modify, distribute and sell this software
- and its documentation for any purpose is hereby granted without fee,
- provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and
- that both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear
- in supporting documentation. All programs contained herein are provided
- to you "as is". The implied warranties of merchantability and fitness
- for a particular purpose are expressly disclaimed.
-
- Getting Started
- ---------------
- By now I assume you have downloaded the alged33.zip and unzipped it. You
- should have the following files...
-
- setup.bat <--- run this to change language and video
- alged.exe <--- the program
- alged.ae <--- sample data file
- alged.1st <--- user options file
- alged.doc <--- tutorial (this file)
- algedeng.hlp <--- online help
- algedeng.hlq <--- online help (graphics mode)
- algedeng.mnu <--- menu, text and keyboard definitions
- svga.ae <--- Super VGA 256 color option file
- ned.ae <--- Flemish option file
- fra.ae <--- French option file
- algedned.* <--- Flemish language data
- algedfra.* <--- French language data
- algedsrc.zip <--- source code
- file_id.diz <--- short description
- vgaprtsc.* <--- TSR print screen utility for 16 color VGA graphics
- *.bgi <--- various graphics drivers (Borland)
- jhenck*.gif <--- some pictures of me
-
- ===> If you prefer Flemish (Dutch) see the file algedned.doc. <===
-
- The default language of the Alged program is English and
- the default graphics mode is "autodetect" up to 16 colors.
- To change the defaults, type
-
- setup
-
- Before you run the Alged program, you might want to change the number of lines
- on the screen. You can set this using the DOS command
-
- MODE co80,43
-
- When you start Alged you may specify one or more data files or option files.
- The data file is just a text file you create with a text editor. Start Alged
- with the sample data file...
-
- alged alged
-
- You can use option files SVGA, NED, and FRA to change the language or graphics
- mode temporarily. For example.
-
- alged alged svga
-
- Now you should see a screen with a menu on the top and some formulas in the
- middle. The first thing to learn is how to see the help text. Press F1.
- The first part is a brief intro and how to use the mouse. Then you see a
- description of each menu item. Notice that each menu item has a hotkey.
-
- Graphics
- --------
-
- I know you all like graphics, so let's begin with some pretty pictures.
- The first formula you see is the following...
-
- 2 2
- cos(x*2) *cos(y*2) + r*0.2
-
- What kind of function is this? What does it look like? A graph can help
- you quickly understand the properties of a function. Click on Graph or
- press 'g' to graph this in two dimensions. You see a cosine wave. This is
- a cross-section of the function for values of x (because it is the first
- variable in the function). To graph the other variables press 'V' (hold shift
- key).
-
- The curve is rather jagged, so press [home] twice to add more points. This
- draws the function slower but smoother. Press [end] to remove points.
- You can press [ins] and [del] to zoom in or out. You can press [pgup] and
- [pgdn] to stretch the function. You can pan with the arrows. You can press
- 'd' to return to the default view.
-
- 3D graphics
- -----------
-
- Now let's look at a 3-dimensional graph. Press 'g' again. You may need to
- press [home] or [end] to get a good picture. Press [ins] one time to get
- closer. You can see that this is a function like many mountains in straight
- rows. Initially, the x-axis is pointing towards you, z points to the right
- and y points up. If you have a color display, press 'c'. Press 'f' to fill
- the graph. Press 'f' again for a partially filled graph. Press 'c' again to
- color the graph according the slope of the function, (see the ?r user option
- for the slope direction vector).
-
- If you are using SVGA mode with 256 colors here are some treats for you.
- You can press 'x' to use a 240 color rainbow or 240 gray scale. You can use
- the '-' and '=' key to cycle the palette. Press them multiple times to cycle
- faster. The 'z' key will scale the palette according to the range of the
- function so that all the colors are visible. To view a shaded 3D graph, go to
- 3D mode and press 'dfxxcc' and press [home] to add points.
-
- What would happen if you wrap this mountain function over a sphere? Press
- 'a' to change to polar coordinates. You may want to press [ins] to get
- closer. The tick marks on the axes are units. In polar mode, the x variable
- determines the latitude, and y determines the longitude. The function value
- is the radius. What about the other variable 'r'? It is a free variable
- initially set to zero, (see upper left screen). You can change the value
- of r by pressing 'w' and '2'. What happens when r is 3? when r is -13?
-
- Press F1 while in graphics mode to see more help about graphics keys (or look
- at the source code in algraph.c).
-
- Parametric graphs
- -----------------
-
- Press Esc to return to the main menu. Now let's see a graph of a parametric
- function. The next formula in the file is
-
- cos(2*t) + sin(3*t + 0.2*u)
-
- This formula describes the sound wave of a perfect fifth in music. Press down
- arrow or click on the first '+' to select the formula, and press 'g' to graph
- it. You can press 'w' and '2' to see the various phases.
-
- What would happen if we plot the two components of this wave against each other
- on the x and y axes? Press Esc to return to the main menu. Click on the sin
- function with the left mouse button and click the cos function with the right
- mouse button. (If you don't have a mouse, then press end, period, pgup, pgdn).
- The cos function is copied to the "key" at the bottom of the screen. The key
- is used as the x axis function. Press 'g' to view the graph, you should see
- the shape of a fish. (If you don't see the fish press 'd' or 'a'). Now
- change the phase of the sine and see the effect.
-
- Parametric graphs can also be useful in 3D. The equation in the key is used
- to warp or even overlap the x coordinates. You might try to put x + sin(y)
- in the key and then select and view the "mountains" function again.
-
- Entering Formulas
- -----------------
-
- Press Esc to return to the Alged main menu. To enter your own formula into
- Alged, click on EnterKey or press 'k'. Type a formula at the prompt, for
- example type...
-
- x + sin(y)
-
- then press F6 (or ctrl-Z) and press Enter. The formula appears at the bottom
- of the screen in the "key". To move the key to the work space, click InsKey
- or press 'Ins', and press Enter.
-
- When you are entering formulas, you can use the following keys
- arrows = redo and undo a character
- Insert = toggle insert mode
- Delete = delete one character
-
- The Alged formulas are stored in plain text files, so you can use any text
- editor to change or add formulas.
-
- Solving Equations
- -----------------
-
- Let's start with the next sample formula.
-
- x*(5 + 2*x) - 2
- ----------------- - 2*x + 1 = 13
- 3 + x
-
- (It looks prettier than this if you use 8-bit ascii.) To solve this
- problem, you need to find a common denominator for the left hand side.
- You can either click on the "Comm Deno" menu item or press the hotkey 'm'.
- The result is...
-
- x*(5 + 2*x) - 2 - 2*x*(3 + x) + 1*(3 + x)
- ------------------------------------------- = 13
- 3 + x
-
- To complete the problem do the following
- 1. click on Distribute or press 'd'
- 2. click on Simplify or press space
- 3. click on EquLeft or press '[' to move the 1 across the equal
- 4. click on EquRight or press ']' to move the 3 across the equal
- 5. click on Simplify or press space. You should see x = -2.92307692307692
- 6. click on Integer or press 'i' to convert to integer expression.
- The answer is -38/13.
-
- You may be thinking "that was a lot of trouble to just solve for x" and you
- are right. Mathematica can do it in one step. But Alged is intentionally
- this way. Rather than a long list of complicated transformations, Alged
- provides and short list of simple commands and a highly interactive user
- interface. This is conducive to "playing" with the formulas creatively.
-
- The next problem is to find the intersection of a parabola and a circle.
- In general, the solution would involve finding roots to a fourth degree
- polynomial. This can be done, in theory, but for this tutorial we'll simplify
- the problem by constraining two of the roots. Given a circle at the origin of
- radius r, and given a parabola that passes through the circle at (r,0) and
- (-r,0), at what other points does the parabola intersect the circle? The
- equation of the circle is given by
-
- 2 2 2
- (1) x + y = r
-
- The general form of the parabola is given by
-
- / 2 2\
- (2) y = a*\r - x /
-
- To solve this we can eliminate y from (1) by substitution as follows
- 1. copy (2) to the Key by clicking on = with the right mouse button or
- select it and press '.'.
- 2. select (1) by clicking on = with the left mouse button.
- 3. click on Substitut or press 'u'.
-
- Subtract r^2 from both sides of (1) and simplify as follows
- 1. copy r^2 to the Key by clicking just ABOVE the r with the right mouse
- button. If you don't have a mouse: pgdn, period, pgup.
- 2. click on Subtr Key or press '-'.
- 3. click on ^N Expand or press 'n'.
- 4. click on Distribut or press 'd'.
- 5. click on Simplify or press ' '.
-
- Now we have a fourth degree polynomial. We know two of the roots: r, -r. So
- we can reduce the equation by polynomial division.
- 1. copy (r^2 - x^2) to the key by clicking on the minus sign in (2) with
- the right mouse button. Keyboard: down, pgdn, pgdn, period, up.
- 2. click on Div Key or press '/'.
- 3. press Enter to erase the key.
- 4. click on Poly Div or press '\'.
-
- Now you should see the quotient plus the remainder fraction. In this case
- the remainder reduces to zero after you distribute and simplify.
- 1. click on Distribut or press 'd'.
- 2. click on Simplify or press ' '.
-
- Since the quotient is a second degree polynomial, we can solve it with the
- quadratic equation.
- 1. click on FactQuad or press 'q'.
- 2. click on Simplify or press ' '.
- 3. Press shift 'D' to distribute each factor. (if you press 'd' you would
- essentially undo the factorization).
- 4. click on Calculate or press 'c'.
- 5. click on Simplify or press ' '.
-
- From the factored form of the polynomial you can see there are two roots.
- To solve for one of them press EquRight, EquLeft, EquLeft (']' '[' '[') and
- Simplify.
- 0.5
- / 2 2 \
- \a *r - 1/
- x = ----------------
- a
-
- The next little formula just demonstrates some arithmetic with complex numbers.
- Select it and press 'c' to calculate. Both sides should be equal.
-
- The remainder of the alged.ae file contains some sample problems for you to
- play with. The last set of equations is the basis of another program I wrote
- called Impact (available in http://www.coast.net/SimTel/msdos/simulatn.html).
- Wrestling with these equations for several hours inspired be to write Alged.
-
- If you enjoy Alged or have any suggestions, please send me an email.
- I do not want you to send me any money, but I like to get mail.
-
- "But because of his great love for us, God, who is rich in mercy, made us
- alive with Christ even when we were dead in transgressions -- it is by
- grace you have been saved. And God raise us up with Christ and seated us
- with him in the heavenly realms in Christ Jesus, in order that in the coming
- ages he might show the incomparable riches of his grace, expressed in his
- kindness to us in Christ Jesus. For it is by grace you have been saved,
- through faith -- and this not of yourselves, it is the gift of God -- not by
- works, so that no one can boast. For we are God's workmanship, created in
- Christ Jesus to do good works, which God prepared in advance for us to do."
- Ephesians 2.4-10 NIV
-
- John Henckel henckel@vnet.ibm.com
-