Geek Gadgets 1/ADE-1.bin/ade-dist/libg++-2.7.1-bin.lha/lib/g++-include/algo.h

C/C++ Source or Header | 1996-10-12 | 76KB | 2,387 lines

/*
 *
 * Copyright (c) 1994
 * Hewlett-Packard Company
 *
 * Permission to use, copy, modify, distribute and sell this software
 * and its documentation for any purpose is hereby granted without fee,
 * provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and
 * that both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear
 * in supporting documentation.  Hewlett-Packard Company makes no
 * representations about the suitability of this software for any
 * purpose.  It is provided "as is" without express or implied warranty.
 *
 */

#ifndef ALGO_H
#define ALGO_H

#include <stdlib.h>
#ifndef __GNUG__
#include <bool.h>
#endif
#include <pair.h>
#include <iterator.h>
#include <algobase.h>
#include <heap.h>
#include <tempbuf.h>

template <class T>
inline const T& __median(const T& a, const T& b, const T& c) {
    if (a < b)
    if (b < c)
        return b;
    else if (a < c)
        return c;
    else
        return a;
    else if (a < c)
    return a;
    else if (b < c)
    return c;
    else
    return b;
}

template <class T, class Compare>
inline const T& __median(const T& a, const T& b, const T& c, Compare comp) {
    if (comp(a, b))
    if (comp(b, c))
        return b;
    else if (comp(a, c))
        return c;
    else
        return a;
    else if (comp(a, c))
    return a;
    else if (comp(b, c))
    return c;
    else
    return b;
}

template <class InputIterator, class Function>
Function for_each(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, Function f) {
    while (first != last) f(*first++);
    return f;
}

template <class InputIterator, class T>
InputIterator find(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, const T& value) {
    while (first != last && *first != value) ++first;
    return first;
}

template <class InputIterator, class Predicate>
InputIterator find_if(InputIterator first, InputIterator last,
              Predicate pred) {
    while (first != last && !pred(*first)) ++first;
    return first;
}

template <class ForwardIterator>
ForwardIterator adjacent_find(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last) {
    if (first == last) return last;
    ForwardIterator next = first;
    while(++next != last) {
    if (*first == *next) return first;
    first = next;
    }
    return last;
}

template <class ForwardIterator, class BinaryPredicate>
ForwardIterator adjacent_find(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last,
                  BinaryPredicate binary_pred) {
    if (first == last) return last;
    ForwardIterator next = first;
    while(++next != last) {
    if (binary_pred(*first, *next)) return first;
    first = next;
    }
    return last;
}

template <class InputIterator, class T, class Size>
void count(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, const T& value,
       Size& n) {
    while (first != last)
    if (*first++ == value) ++n;
}

template <class InputIterator, class Predicate, class Size>
void count_if(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, Predicate pred,
          Size& n) {
    while (first != last)
    if (pred(*first++)) ++n;
}

template <class ForwardIterator1, class ForwardIterator2, class Distance1,
      class Distance2>
ForwardIterator1 __search(ForwardIterator1 first1, ForwardIterator1 last1,
              ForwardIterator2 first2, ForwardIterator2 last2,
              Distance1*, Distance2*) {
    Distance1 d1 = 0;
    distance(first1, last1, d1);
    Distance2 d2 = 0;
    distance(first2, last2, d2);

    if (d1 < d2) return last1;

    ForwardIterator1 current1 = first1;
    ForwardIterator2 current2 = first2;

    while (current2 != last2)
    if (*current1++ != *current2++)
        if (d1-- == d2)
        return last1;
        else {
        current1 = ++first1;
        current2 = first2;
        }
    return (current2 == last2) ? first1 : last1;
}

template <class ForwardIterator1, class ForwardIterator2>
inline ForwardIterator1 search(ForwardIterator1 first1, ForwardIterator1 last1,
                   ForwardIterator2 first2, ForwardIterator2 last2)
{
    return __search(first1, last1, first2, last2, distance_type(first1),
            distance_type(first2));
}

template <class ForwardIterator1, class ForwardIterator2,
      class BinaryPredicate, class Distance1, class Distance2>
ForwardIterator1 __search(ForwardIterator1 first1, ForwardIterator1 last1,
              ForwardIterator2 first2, ForwardIterator2 last2,
              BinaryPredicate binary_pred, Distance1*, Distance2*) {
    Distance1 d1 = 0;
    distance(first1, last1, d1);
    Distance2 d2 = 0;
    distance(first2, last2, d2);

    if (d1 < d2) return last1;

    ForwardIterator1 current1 = first1;
    ForwardIterator2 current2 = first2;

    while (current2 != last2)
    if (!binary_pred(*current1++, *current2++))
        if (d1-- == d2)
        return last1;
        else {
        current1 = ++first1;
        current2 = first2;
        }
    return (current2 == last2) ? first1 : last1;
}

template <class ForwardIterator1, class ForwardIterator2,
      class BinaryPredicate>
inline ForwardIterator1 search(ForwardIterator1 first1, ForwardIterator1 last1,
                   ForwardIterator2 first2, ForwardIterator2 last2,
                   BinaryPredicate binary_pred) {
    return __search(first1, last1, first2, last2, binary_pred,
            distance_type(first1), distance_type(first2));
}

template <class ForwardIterator1, class ForwardIterator2>
ForwardIterator2 swap_ranges(ForwardIterator1 first1, ForwardIterator1 last1,
                 ForwardIterator2 first2) {
    while (first1 != last1) iter_swap(first1++, first2++);
    return first2;
}

template <class InputIterator, class OutputIterator, class UnaryOperation>
OutputIterator transform(InputIterator first, InputIterator last,
             OutputIterator result, UnaryOperation op) {
    while (first != last) *result++ = op(*first++);
    return result;
}

template <class InputIterator1, class InputIterator2, class OutputIterator,
      class BinaryOperation>
OutputIterator transform(InputIterator1 first1, InputIterator1 last1,
             InputIterator2 first2, OutputIterator result,
             BinaryOperation binary_op) {
    while (first1 != last1) *result++ = binary_op(*first1++, *first2++);
    return result;
}

template <class ForwardIterator, class T>
void replace(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last, const T& old_value,
         const T& new_value) {
    while (first != last) {
    if (*first == old_value) *first = new_value;
    ++first;
    }
}

template <class ForwardIterator, class Predicate, class T>
void replace_if(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last, Predicate pred,
        const T& new_value) {
    while (first != last) {
    if (pred(*first)) *first = new_value;
    ++first;
    }
}

template <class InputIterator, class OutputIterator, class T>
OutputIterator replace_copy(InputIterator first, InputIterator last,
                OutputIterator result, const T& old_value,
                const T& new_value) {
    while (first != last) {
    *result++ = *first == old_value ? new_value : *first;
    ++first;
    }
    return result;
}

template <class Iterator, class OutputIterator, class Predicate, class T>
OutputIterator replace_copy_if(Iterator first, Iterator last,
                   OutputIterator result, Predicate pred,
                   const T& new_value) {
    while (first != last) {
    *result++ = pred(*first) ? new_value : *first;
    ++first;
    }
    return result;
}

template <class ForwardIterator, class Generator>
void generate(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last, Generator gen) {
    while (first != last) *first++ = gen();
}

template <class OutputIterator, class Size, class Generator>
OutputIterator generate_n(OutputIterator first, Size n, Generator gen) {
    while (n-- > 0) *first++ = gen();
    return first;
}

template <class InputIterator, class OutputIterator, class T>
OutputIterator remove_copy(InputIterator first, InputIterator last,
               OutputIterator result, const T& value) {
    while (first != last) {
    if (*first != value) *result++ = *first;
    ++first;
    }
    return result;
}

template <class InputIterator, class OutputIterator, class Predicate>
OutputIterator remove_copy_if(InputIterator first, InputIterator last,
                  OutputIterator result, Predicate pred) {
    while (first != last) {
    if (!pred(*first)) *result++ = *first;
    ++first;
    }
    return result;
}

template <class ForwardIterator, class T>
ForwardIterator remove(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last,
               const T& value) {
    first = find(first, last, value);
    ForwardIterator next = first;
    return first == last ? first : remove_copy(++next, last, first, value);
}

template <class ForwardIterator, class Predicate>
ForwardIterator remove_if(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last,
              Predicate pred) {
    first = find_if(first, last, pred);
    ForwardIterator next = first;
    return first == last ? first : remove_copy_if(++next, last, first, pred);
}

template <class InputIterator, class ForwardIterator>
ForwardIterator __unique_copy(InputIterator first, InputIterator last,
                  ForwardIterator result, forward_iterator_tag) {
    *result = *first;
    while (++first != last)
        if (*result != *first) *++result = *first;
    return ++result;
}

template <class InputIterator, class BidirectionalIterator>
inline BidirectionalIterator __unique_copy(InputIterator first,
                       InputIterator last,
                               BidirectionalIterator result,
                           bidirectional_iterator_tag) {
    return __unique_copy(first, last, result, forward_iterator_tag());
}

template <class InputIterator, class RandomAccessIterator>
inline RandomAccessIterator __unique_copy(InputIterator first,
                      InputIterator last,
                             RandomAccessIterator result,
                         random_access_iterator_tag) {
    return __unique_copy(first, last, result, forward_iterator_tag());
}

template <class InputIterator, class OutputIterator, class T>
OutputIterator __unique_copy(InputIterator first, InputIterator last,
                 OutputIterator result, T*) {
    T value = *first;
    *result = value;
    while (++first != last)
    if (value != *first) {
        value = *first;
        *++result = value;
    }
    return ++result;
}

template <class InputIterator, class OutputIterator>
inline OutputIterator __unique_copy(InputIterator first, InputIterator last,
                                     OutputIterator result,
                    output_iterator_tag) {
    return __unique_copy(first, last, result, value_type(first));
}

template <class InputIterator, class OutputIterator>
inline OutputIterator unique_copy(InputIterator first, InputIterator last,
                     OutputIterator result) {
    if (first == last) return result;
    return __unique_copy(first, last, result, iterator_category(result));
}
template <class InputIterator, class ForwardIterator, class BinaryPredicate>
ForwardIterator __unique_copy(InputIterator first, InputIterator last,
                  ForwardIterator result,
                  BinaryPredicate binary_pred,
                  forward_iterator_tag) {
    *result = *first;
    while (++first != last)
        if (!binary_pred(*result, *first)) *++result = *first;
    return ++result;
}

template <class InputIterator, class BidirectionalIterator,
          class BinaryPredicate>
inline BidirectionalIterator __unique_copy(InputIterator first,
                       InputIterator last,
                               BidirectionalIterator result,
                       BinaryPredicate binary_pred,
                           bidirectional_iterator_tag) {
    return __unique_copy(first, last, result, binary_pred,
             forward_iterator_tag());
}

template <class InputIterator, class RandomAccessIterator,
          class BinaryPredicate>
inline RandomAccessIterator __unique_copy(InputIterator first,
                      InputIterator last,
                             RandomAccessIterator result,
                      BinaryPredicate binary_pred,
                         random_access_iterator_tag) {
    return __unique_copy(first, last, result, binary_pred,
             forward_iterator_tag());
}

template <class InputIterator, class OutputIterator, class BinaryPredicate,
          class T>
OutputIterator __unique_copy(InputIterator first, InputIterator last,
                 OutputIterator result,
                 BinaryPredicate binary_pred, T*) {
    T value = *first;
    *result = value;
    while (++first != last)
    if (!binary_pred(value, *first)) {
        value = *first;
        *++result = value;
    }
    return ++result;
}

template <class InputIterator, class OutputIterator, class BinaryPredicate>
inline OutputIterator __unique_copy(InputIterator first, InputIterator last,
                                     OutputIterator result,
                    BinaryPredicate binary_pred,
                    output_iterator_tag) {
    return __unique_copy(first, last, result, binary_pred, value_type(first));
}

template <class InputIterator, class OutputIterator, class BinaryPredicate>
inline OutputIterator unique_copy(InputIterator first, InputIterator last,
                     OutputIterator result,
                  BinaryPredicate binary_pred) {
    if (first == last) return result;
    return __unique_copy(first, last, result, binary_pred,
             iterator_category(result));
}

template <class ForwardIterator>
ForwardIterator unique(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last) {
    first = adjacent_find(first, last);
    return unique_copy(first, last, first);
}

template <class ForwardIterator, class BinaryPredicate>
ForwardIterator unique(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last,
               BinaryPredicate binary_pred) {
    first = adjacent_find(first, last, binary_pred);
    return unique_copy(first, last, first, binary_pred);
}

template <class BidirectionalIterator>
void __reverse(BidirectionalIterator first, BidirectionalIterator last,
           bidirectional_iterator_tag) {
    while (true)
        if (first == last || first == --last)
        return;
        else
        iter_swap(first++, last);
}

template <class RandomAccessIterator>
void __reverse(RandomAccessIterator first, RandomAccessIterator last,
           random_access_iterator_tag) {
    while (first < last) iter_swap(first++, --last);
}

template <class BidirectionalIterator>
inline void reverse(BidirectionalIterator first, BidirectionalIterator last) {
    __reverse(first, last, iterator_category(first));
}

template <class BidirectionalIterator, class OutputIterator>
OutputIterator reverse_copy(BidirectionalIterator first,
                BidirectionalIterator last,
                OutputIterator result) {
    while (first != last) *result++ = *--last;
    return result;
}

template <class ForwardIterator, class Distance>
void __rotate(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator middle,
          ForwardIterator last, Distance*, forward_iterator_tag) {
    for (ForwardIterator i = middle; ;) {
    iter_swap(first++, i++);
    if (first == middle) {
        if (i == last) return;
        middle = i;
    } else if (i == last)
        i = middle;
    }
}

template <class BidirectionalIterator, class Distance>
void __rotate(BidirectionalIterator first, BidirectionalIterator middle,
          BidirectionalIterator last, Distance*,
          bidirectional_iterator_tag) {
    reverse(first, middle);
    reverse(middle, last);
    reverse(first, last);
}

template <class EuclideanRingElement>
EuclideanRingElement __gcd(EuclideanRingElement m, EuclideanRingElement n)
{
    while (n != 0) {
    EuclideanRingElement t = m % n;
    m = n;
    n = t;
    }
    return m;
}

template <class RandomAccessIterator, class Distance, class T>
void __rotate_cycle(RandomAccessIterator first, RandomAccessIterator last,
            RandomAccessIterator initial, Distance shift, T*) {
    T value = *initial;
    RandomAccessIterator ptr1 = initial;
    RandomAccessIterator ptr2 = ptr1 + shift;
    while (ptr2 != initial) {
    *ptr1 = *ptr2;
    ptr1 = ptr2;
    if (last - ptr2 > shift)
        ptr2 += shift;
    else
        ptr2 = first + (shift - (last - ptr2));
    }
    *ptr1 = value;
}

template <class RandomAccessIterator, class Distance>
void __rotate(RandomAccessIterator first, RandomAccessIterator middle,
          RandomAccessIterator last, Distance*,
          random_access_iterator_tag) {
    Distance n = __gcd(last - first, middle - first);
    while (n--)
    __rotate_cycle(first, last, first + n, middle - first,
               value_type(first));
}

template <class ForwardIterator>
inline void rotate(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator middle,
           ForwardIterator last) {
    if (first == middle || middle == last) return;
    __rotate(first, middle, last, distance_type(first),
         iterator_category(first));
}

template <class ForwardIterator, class OutputIterator>
OutputIterator rotate_copy(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator middle,
               ForwardIterator last, OutputIterator result) {
    return copy(first, middle, copy(middle, last, result));
}

unsigned long __long_random(unsigned long);

template <class RandomAccessIterator, class Distance>
void __random_shuffle(RandomAccessIterator first, RandomAccessIterator last,
              Distance*) {
    if (first == last) return;
    for (RandomAccessIterator i = first + 1; i != last; ++i)
    iter_swap(i, first + Distance(__long_random((i - first) + 1)));
}

template <class RandomAccessIterator>
inline void random_shuffle(RandomAccessIterator first,
               RandomAccessIterator last) {
    __random_shuffle(first, last, distance_type(first));
}

template <class RandomAccessIterator, class RandomNumberGenerator>
void random_shuffle(RandomAccessIterator first, RandomAccessIterator last,
            RandomNumberGenerator& __rand) {
    if (first == last) return;
    for (RandomAccessIterator i = first + 1; i != last; ++i)
    iter_swap(i, first + __rand((i - first) + 1));
}

template <class BidirectionalIterator, class Predicate>
BidirectionalIterator partition(BidirectionalIterator first,
                BidirectionalIterator last, Predicate pred) {
    while (true) {
    while (true)
        if (first == last)
        return first;
        else if (pred(*first))
        ++first;
        else
        break;
    --last;
    while (true)
        if (first == last)
        return first;
        else if (!pred(*last))
        --last;
        else
        break;
    iter_swap(first, last);
    ++first;
    }
}

template <class ForwardIterator, class Predicate, class Distance>
ForwardIterator __inplace_stable_partition(ForwardIterator first,
                       ForwardIterator last,
                       Predicate pred, Distance len) {
    if (len == 1) return pred(*first) ? last : first;
    ForwardIterator middle = first;
    advance(middle, len / 2);
    ForwardIterator
    first_cut = __inplace_stable_partition(first, middle, pred, len / 2);
    ForwardIterator
    second_cut = __inplace_stable_partition(middle, last, pred,
                        len - len / 2);
    rotate(first_cut, middle, second_cut);
    len = 0;
    distance(middle, second_cut, len);
    advance(first_cut, len);
    return first_cut;
}

template <class ForwardIterator, class Pointer, class Predicate,
      class Distance, class T>
ForwardIterator __stable_partition_adaptive(ForwardIterator first,
                        ForwardIterator last,
                        Predicate pred, Distance len,
                        Pointer buffer,
                        Distance buffer_size,
                        Distance& fill_pointer, T*) {
    if (len <= buffer_size) {
    len = 0;
    ForwardIterator result1 = first;
    Pointer result2 = buffer;
    while (first != last && len < fill_pointer)
        if (pred(*first))
        *result1++ = *first++;
        else {
        *result2++ = *first++;
        ++len;
        }
    if (first != last) {
        raw_storage_iterator<Pointer, T> result3 = result2;
        while (first != last)
        if (pred(*first))
            *result1++ = *first++;
        else {
            *result3++ = *first++;
            ++len;
        }
        fill_pointer = len;
    }
    copy(buffer, buffer + len, result1);
    return result1;
    }
    ForwardIterator middle = first;
    advance(middle, len / 2);
    ForwardIterator first_cut = __stable_partition_adaptive
    (first, middle, pred, len / 2, buffer, buffer_size, fill_pointer,
     (T*)0);
    ForwardIterator second_cut = __stable_partition_adaptive
    (middle, last, pred, len - len / 2, buffer, buffer_size,
     fill_pointer, (T*)0);
    rotate(first_cut, middle, second_cut);
    len = 0;
    distance(middle, second_cut, len);
    advance(first_cut, len);
    return first_cut;
}

template <class ForwardIterator, class Predicate, class Pointer,
      class Distance>
ForwardIterator __stable_partition(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last,
                   Predicate pred, Distance len,
                   pair<Pointer, Distance> p) {
    if (p.first == 0)
    return __inplace_stable_partition(first, last, pred, len);
    Distance fill_pointer = 0;
    ForwardIterator result =
    __stable_partition_adaptive(first, last, pred, len, p.first, p.second,
                    fill_pointer, value_type(first));
    destroy(p.first, p.first + fill_pointer);
    return_temporary_buffer(p.first);
    return result;
}

template <class ForwardIterator, class Predicate, class Distance>
inline ForwardIterator __stable_partition_aux(ForwardIterator first,
                          ForwardIterator last,
                          Predicate pred, Distance*) {
    Distance len = 0;
    distance(first, last, len);
    return __stable_partition(first, last, pred, len,
                  get_temporary_buffer(len, value_type(first)));
}

template <class ForwardIterator, class Predicate>
inline ForwardIterator stable_partition(ForwardIterator first,
                    ForwardIterator last,
                    Predicate pred) {
    return __stable_partition_aux(first, last, pred, distance_type(first));
}

template <class RandomAccessIterator, class T>
RandomAccessIterator __unguarded_partition(RandomAccessIterator first,
                       RandomAccessIterator last,
                       T pivot) {
    while (1) {
    while (*first < pivot) ++first;
    --last;
    while (pivot < *last) --last;
    if (!(first < last)) return first;
    iter_swap(first, last);
    ++first;
    }
}

template <class RandomAccessIterator, class T, class Compare>
RandomAccessIterator __unguarded_partition(RandomAccessIterator first,
                       RandomAccessIterator last,
                       T pivot, Compare comp) {
    while (1) {
    while (comp(*first, pivot)) ++first;
    --last;
    while (comp(pivot, *last)) --last;
    if (!(first < last)) return first;
    iter_swap(first, last);
    ++first;
    }
}

const int __stl_threshold = 16;

template <class RandomAccessIterator, class T>
void __quick_sort_loop_aux(RandomAccessIterator first,
               RandomAccessIterator last, T*) {
    while (last - first > __stl_threshold) {
    RandomAccessIterator cut = __unguarded_partition
        (first, last, T(__median(*first, *(first + (last - first)/2),
                     *(last - 1))));
    if (cut - first >= last - cut) {
        __quick_sort_loop(cut, last);
        last = cut;
    } else {
        __quick_sort_loop(first, cut);
        first = cut;
    }
    }
}

template <class RandomAccessIterator>
inline void __quick_sort_loop(RandomAccessIterator first,
                  RandomAccessIterator last) {
    __quick_sort_loop_aux(first, last, value_type(first));
}

template <class RandomAccessIterator, class T, class Compare>
void __quick_sort_loop_aux(RandomAccessIterator first,
               RandomAccessIterator last, T*, Compare comp) {
    while (last - first > __stl_threshold) {
    RandomAccessIterator cut = __unguarded_partition
        (first, last, T(__median(*first, *(first + (last - first)/2),
                   *(last - 1), comp)), comp);
    if (cut - first >= last - cut) {
        __quick_sort_loop(cut, last, comp);
        last = cut;
    } else {
        __quick_sort_loop(first, cut, comp);
        first = cut;
    }
    }
}

template <class RandomAccessIterator, class Compare>
inline void __quick_sort_loop(RandomAccessIterator first,
                  RandomAccessIterator last, Compare comp) {
    __quick_sort_loop_aux(first, last, value_type(first), comp);
}

template <class RandomAccessIterator, class T>
void __unguarded_linear_insert(RandomAccessIterator last, T value) {
    RandomAccessIterator next = last;
    --next;
    while (value < *next) {
    *last = *next;
    last = next--;
    }
    *last = value;
}

template <class RandomAccessIterator, class T, class Compare>
void __unguarded_linear_insert(RandomAccessIterator last, T value,
                   Compare comp) {
    RandomAccessIterator next = last;
    --next;
    while (comp(value , *next)) {
    *last = *next;
    last = next--;
    }
    *last = value;
}

template <class RandomAccessIterator, class T>
inline void __linear_insert(RandomAccessIterator first,
                RandomAccessIterator last, T*) {
    T value = *last;
    if (value < *first) {
    copy_backward(first, last, last + 1);
    *first = value;
    } else
    __unguarded_linear_insert(last, value);
}

template <class RandomAccessIterator, class T, class Compare>
inline void __linear_insert(RandomAccessIterator first,
                RandomAccessIterator last, T*, Compare comp) {
    T value = *last;
    if (comp(value, *first)) {
    copy_backward(first, last, last + 1);
    *first = value;
    } else
    __unguarded_linear_insert(last, value, comp);
}

template <class RandomAccessIterator>
void __insertion_sort(RandomAccessIterator first, RandomAccessIterator last) {
    if (first == last) return;
    for (RandomAccessIterator i = first + 1; i != last; ++i)
    __linear_insert(first, i, value_type(first));
}

template <class RandomAccessIterator, class Compare>
void __insertion_sort(RandomAccessIterator first,
              RandomAccessIterator last, Compare comp) {
    if (first == last) return;
    for (RandomAccessIterator i = first + 1; i != last; ++i)
    __linear_insert(first, i, value_type(first), comp);
}

template <class RandomAccessIterator, class T>
void __unguarded_insertion_sort_aux(RandomAccessIterator first,
                    RandomAccessIterator last, T*) {
    for (RandomAccessIterator i = first; i != last; ++i)
    __unguarded_linear_insert(i, T(*i));
}

template <class RandomAccessIterator>
inline void __unguarded_insertion_sort(RandomAccessIterator first,
                RandomAccessIterator last) {
    __unguarded_insertion_sort_aux(first, last, value_type(first));
}

template <class RandomAccessIterator, class T, class Compare>
void __unguarded_insertion_sort_aux(RandomAccessIterator first,
                    RandomAccessIterator last,
                    T*, Compare comp) {
    for (RandomAccessIterator i = first; i != last; ++i)
    __unguarded_linear_insert(i, T(*i), comp);
}

template <class RandomAccessIterator, class Compare>
inline void __unguarded_insertion_sort(RandomAccessIterator first,
                       RandomAccessIterator last,
                       Compare comp) {
    __unguarded_insertion_sort_aux(first, last, value_type(first), comp);
}

template <class RandomAccessIterator>
void __final_insertion_sort(RandomAccessIterator first,
                RandomAccessIterator last) {
    if (last - first > __stl_threshold) {
    __insertion_sort(first, first + __stl_threshold);
    __unguarded_insertion_sort(first + __stl_threshold, last);
    } else
    __insertion_sort(first, last);
}

template <class RandomAccessIterator, class Compare>
void __final_insertion_sort(RandomAccessIterator first,
                RandomAccessIterator last, Compare comp) {
    if (last - first > __stl_threshold) {
    __insertion_sort(first, first + __stl_threshold, comp);
    __unguarded_insertion_sort(first + __stl_threshold, last, comp);
    } else
    __insertion_sort(first, last, comp);
}

template <class RandomAccessIterator>
void sort(RandomAccessIterator first, RandomAccessIterator last) {
    __quick_sort_loop(first, last);
    __final_insertion_sort(first, last);
}

template <class RandomAccessIterator, class Compare>
void sort(RandomAccessIterator first, RandomAccessIterator last,
      Compare comp) {
   __quick_sort_loop(first, last, comp);
   __final_insertion_sort(first, last, comp);
}

template <class RandomAccessIterator>
void __inplace_stable_sort(RandomAccessIterator first,
               RandomAccessIterator last) {
    if (last - first < 15) {
    __insertion_sort(first, last);
    return;
    }
    RandomAccessIterator middle = first + (last - first) / 2;
    __inplace_stable_sort(first, middle);
    __inplace_stable_sort(middle, last);
    __merge_without_buffer(first, middle, last, middle - first, last - middle);
}

template <class RandomAccessIterator, class Compare>
void __inplace_stable_sort(RandomAccessIterator first,
               RandomAccessIterator last, Compare comp) {
    if (last - first < 15) {
    __insertion_sort(first, last, comp);
    return;
    }
    RandomAccessIterator middle = first + (last - first) / 2;
    __inplace_stable_sort(first, middle, comp);
    __inplace_stable_sort(middle, last, comp);
    __merge_without_buffer(first, middle, last, middle - first,
               last - middle, comp);
}

template <class RandomAccessIterator1, class RandomAccessIterator2,
      class Distance>
void __merge_sort_loop(RandomAccessIterator1 first,
               RandomAccessIterator1 last,
               RandomAccessIterator2 result, Distance step_size) {
    Distance two_step = 2 * step_size;

    while (last - first >= two_step) {
    result = merge(first, first + step_size,
               first + step_size, first + two_step, result);
    first += two_step;
    }
    step_size = min(Distance(last - first), step_size);

    merge(first, first + step_size, first + step_size, last, result);
}

template <class RandomAccessIterator1, class RandomAccessIterator2,
      class Distance, class Compare>
void __merge_sort_loop(RandomAccessIterator1 first,
               RandomAccessIterator1 last,
               RandomAccessIterator2 result, Distance step_size,
               Compare comp) {
    Distance two_step = 2 * step_size;

    while (last - first >= two_step) {
    result = merge(first, first + step_size,
               first + step_size, first + two_step, result, comp);
    first += two_step;
    }
    step_size = min(Distance(last - first), step_size);

    merge(first, first + step_size, first + step_size, last, result, comp);
}

const int __stl_chunk_size = 7;

template <class RandomAccessIterator, class Distance>
void __chunk_insertion_sort(RandomAccessIterator first,
                  RandomAccessIterator last, Distance chunk_size) {
    while (last - first >= chunk_size) {
    __insertion_sort(first, first + chunk_size);
    first += chunk_size;
    }
    __insertion_sort(first, last);
}

template <class RandomAccessIterator, class Distance, class Compare>
void __chunk_insertion_sort(RandomAccessIterator first,
                RandomAccessIterator last,
                Distance chunk_size, Compare comp) {
    while (last - first >= chunk_size) {
    __insertion_sort(first, first + chunk_size, comp);
    first += chunk_size;
    }
    __insertion_sort(first, last, comp);
}

template <class RandomAccessIterator, class Pointer, class Distance, class T>
void __merge_sort_with_buffer(RandomAccessIterator first,
                  RandomAccessIterator last,
                  Pointer buffer, Distance*, T*) {
    Distance len = last - first;
    Pointer buffer_last = buffer + len;

    Distance step_size = __stl_chunk_size;
    __chunk_insertion_sort(first, last, step_size);

    while (step_size < len) {
    __merge_sort_loop(first, last, buffer, step_size);
    step_size *= 2;
    __merge_sort_loop(buffer, buffer_last, first, step_size);
    step_size *= 2;
    }
}

template <class RandomAccessIterator, class Pointer, class Distance, class T,
      class Compare>
void __merge_sort_with_buffer(RandomAccessIterator first,
                  RandomAccessIterator last, Pointer buffer,
                  Distance*, T*, Compare comp) {
    Distance len = last - first;
    Pointer buffer_last = buffer + len;

    Distance step_size = __stl_chunk_size;
    __chunk_insertion_sort(first, last, step_size, comp);

    while (step_size < len) {
    __merge_sort_loop(first, last, buffer, step_size, comp);
    step_size *= 2;
    __merge_sort_loop(buffer, buffer_last, first, step_size, comp);
    step_size *= 2;
    }
}

template <class RandomAccessIterator, class Pointer, class Distance, class T>
void __stable_sort_adaptive(RandomAccessIterator first,
                RandomAccessIterator last, Pointer buffer,
                Distance buffer_size, T*) {
    Distance len = (last - first + 1) / 2;
    RandomAccessIterator middle = first + len;
    if (len > buffer_size) {
    __stable_sort_adaptive(first, middle, buffer, buffer_size, (T*)0);
    __stable_sort_adaptive(middle, last, buffer, buffer_size, (T*)0);
    } else {
    __merge_sort_with_buffer(first, middle, buffer, (Distance*)0, (T*)0);
    __merge_sort_with_buffer(middle, last, buffer, (Distance*)0, (T*)0);
    }
    __merge_adaptive(first, middle, last, Distance(middle - first),
             Distance(last - middle), buffer, buffer_size, (T*)0);
}

template <class RandomAccessIterator, class Pointer, class Distance, class T,
      class Compare>
void __stable_sort_adaptive(RandomAccessIterator first,
                RandomAccessIterator last, Pointer buffer,
                Distance buffer_size, T*, Compare comp) {
    Distance len = (last - first + 1) / 2;
    RandomAccessIterator middle = first + len;
    if (len > buffer_size) {
    __stable_sort_adaptive(first, middle, buffer, buffer_size, (T*)0, comp);
    __stable_sort_adaptive(middle, last, buffer, buffer_size, (T*)0, comp);
    } else {
    __merge_sort_with_buffer(first, middle, buffer, (Distance*)0, (T*)0,
                 comp);
    __merge_sort_with_buffer(middle, last, buffer, (Distance*)0, (T*)0,
                 comp);
    }
    __merge_adaptive(first, middle, last, Distance(middle - first),
             Distance(last - middle), buffer, buffer_size, (T*)0, comp);
}

template <class RandomAccessIterator, class Pointer, class Distance, class T>
inline void __stable_sort(RandomAccessIterator first,
              RandomAccessIterator last,
              pair<Pointer, Distance> p, T*) {
    if (p.first == 0) {
    __inplace_stable_sort(first, last);
    return;
    }
    Distance len = min(p.second, last - first);
    copy(first, first + len, raw_storage_iterator<Pointer, T>(p.first));
    __stable_sort_adaptive(first, last, p.first, p.second, (T*)0);
    destroy(p.first, p.first + len);
    return_temporary_buffer(p.first);
}

template <class RandomAccessIterator, class Pointer, class Distance, class T,
      class Compare>
inline void __stable_sort(RandomAccessIterator first,
              RandomAccessIterator last,
              pair<Pointer, Distance> p, T*, Compare comp) {
    if (p.first == 0) {
    __inplace_stable_sort(first, last, comp);
    return;
    }
    Distance len = min(p.second, last - first);
    copy(first, first + len, raw_storage_iterator<Pointer, T>(p.first));
    __stable_sort_adaptive(first, last, p.first, p.second, (T*)0, comp);
    destroy(p.first, p.first + len);
    return_temporary_buffer(p.first);
}

template <class RandomAccessIterator, class T, class Distance>
inline void __stable_sort_aux(RandomAccessIterator first,
                  RandomAccessIterator last, T*, Distance*) {
    __stable_sort(first, last, get_temporary_buffer(Distance(last - first),
                            (T*)0), (T*)0);
}

template <class RandomAccessIterator, class T, class Distance, class Compare>
inline void __stable_sort_aux(RandomAccessIterator first,
                  RandomAccessIterator last, T*, Distance*,
                  Compare comp) {
    __stable_sort(first, last, get_temporary_buffer(Distance(last - first),
                            (T*)0), (T*)0, comp);
}

template <class RandomAccessIterator>
inline void stable_sort(RandomAccessIterator first,
            RandomAccessIterator last) {
    __stable_sort_aux(first, last, value_type(first), distance_type(first));
}

template <class RandomAccessIterator, class Compare>
inline void stable_sort(RandomAccessIterator first,
            RandomAccessIterator last, Compare comp) {
    __stable_sort_aux(first, last, value_type(first), distance_type(first),
              comp);
}

template <class RandomAccessIterator, class T>
void __partial_sort(RandomAccessIterator first, RandomAccessIterator middle,
            RandomAccessIterator last, T*) {
    make_heap(first, middle);
    for (RandomAccessIterator i = middle; i < last; ++i)
    if (*i < *first)
      __pop_heap(first, middle, i, T(*i), distance_type(first));
    sort_heap(first, middle);
}

template <class RandomAccessIterator>
inline void partial_sort(RandomAccessIterator first,
             RandomAccessIterator middle,
             RandomAccessIterator last) {
    __partial_sort(first, middle, last, value_type(first));
}

template <class RandomAccessIterator, class T, class Compare>
void __partial_sort(RandomAccessIterator first, RandomAccessIterator middle,
            RandomAccessIterator last, T*, Compare comp) {
    make_heap(first, middle, comp);
    for (RandomAccessIterator i = middle; i < last; ++i)
    if (comp(*i, *first))
      __pop_heap(first, middle, i, T(*i), comp, distance_type(first));
    sort_heap(first, middle, comp);
}

template <class RandomAccessIterator, class Compare>
inline void partial_sort(RandomAccessIterator first,
             RandomAccessIterator middle,
             RandomAccessIterator last, Compare comp) {
    __partial_sort(first, middle, last, value_type(first), comp);
}

template <class InputIterator, class RandomAccessIterator, class Distance,
          class T>
RandomAccessIterator __partial_sort_copy(InputIterator first,
                     InputIterator last,
                     RandomAccessIterator result_first,
                     RandomAccessIterator result_last,
                     Distance*, T*) {
    if (result_first == result_last) return result_last;
    RandomAccessIterator result_real_last = result_first;
    while(first != last && result_real_last != result_last)
    *result_real_last++ = *first++;
    make_heap(result_first, result_real_last);
    while (first != last) {
    if (*first < *result_first)
        __adjust_heap(result_first, Distance(0),
              Distance(result_real_last - result_first), T(*first));
    ++first;
    }
    sort_heap(result_first, result_real_last);
    return result_real_last;
}

template <class InputIterator, class RandomAccessIterator>
inline RandomAccessIterator
partial_sort_copy(InputIterator first, InputIterator last,
          RandomAccessIterator result_first,
          RandomAccessIterator result_last) {
    return __partial_sort_copy(first, last, result_first, result_last,
                   distance_type(result_first), value_type(first));
}

template <class InputIterator, class RandomAccessIterator, class Compare,
          class Distance, class T>
RandomAccessIterator __partial_sort_copy(InputIterator first,
                     InputIterator last,
                     RandomAccessIterator result_first,
                     RandomAccessIterator result_last,
                     Compare comp, Distance*, T*) {
    if (result_first == result_last) return result_last;
    RandomAccessIterator result_real_last = result_first;
    while(first != last && result_real_last != result_last)
    *result_real_last++ = *first++;
    make_heap(result_first, result_real_last, comp);
    while (first != last) {
    if (comp(*first, *result_first))
        __adjust_heap(result_first, Distance(0),
              Distance(result_real_last - result_first), T(*first),
              comp);
    ++first;
    }
    sort_heap(result_first, result_real_last, comp);
    return result_real_last;
}

template <class InputIterator, class RandomAccessIterator, class Compare>
inline RandomAccessIterator
partial_sort_copy(InputIterator first, InputIterator last,
          RandomAccessIterator result_first,
          RandomAccessIterator result_last, Compare comp) {
    return __partial_sort_copy(first, last, result_first, result_last, comp,
                   distance_type(result_first), value_type(first));
}

template <class RandomAccessIterator, class T>
void __nth_element(RandomAccessIterator first, RandomAccessIterator nth,
           RandomAccessIterator last, T*) {
    while (last - first > 3) {
    RandomAccessIterator cut = __unguarded_partition
        (first, last, T(__median(*first, *(first + (last - first)/2),
                     *(last - 1))));
    if (cut <= nth)
        first = cut;
    else
        last = cut;
    }
    __insertion_sort(first, last);
}

template <class RandomAccessIterator>
inline void nth_element(RandomAccessIterator first, RandomAccessIterator nth,
            RandomAccessIterator last) {
    __nth_element(first, nth, last, value_type(first));
}

template <class RandomAccessIterator, class T, class Compare>
void __nth_element(RandomAccessIterator first, RandomAccessIterator nth,
           RandomAccessIterator last, T*, Compare comp) {
    while (last - first > 3) {
    RandomAccessIterator cut = __unguarded_partition
        (first, last, T(__median(*first, *(first + (last - first)/2),
                     *(last - 1), comp)), comp);
    if (cut <= nth)
        first = cut;
    else
        last = cut;
    }
    __insertion_sort(first, last, comp);
}

template <class RandomAccessIterator, class Compare>
inline void nth_element(RandomAccessIterator first, RandomAccessIterator nth,
         RandomAccessIterator last, Compare comp) {
    __nth_element(first, nth, last, value_type(first), comp);
}

template <class ForwardIterator, class T, class Distance>
ForwardIterator __lower_bound(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last,
                  const T& value, Distance*,
                  forward_iterator_tag) {
    Distance len = 0;
    distance(first, last, len);
    Distance half;
    ForwardIterator middle;

    while (len > 0) {
    half = len / 2;
    middle = first;
    advance(middle, half);
    if (*middle < value) {
        first = middle;
        ++first;
        len = len - half - 1;
    } else
        len = half;
    }
    return first;
}

template <class ForwardIterator, class T, class Distance>
inline ForwardIterator __lower_bound(ForwardIterator first,
                     ForwardIterator last,
                     const T& value, Distance*,
                     bidirectional_iterator_tag) {
    return __lower_bound(first, last, value, (Distance*)0,
             forward_iterator_tag());
}

template <class RandomAccessIterator, class T, class Distance>
RandomAccessIterator __lower_bound(RandomAccessIterator first,
                   RandomAccessIterator last, const T& value,
                   Distance*, random_access_iterator_tag) {
    Distance len = last - first;
    Distance half;
    RandomAccessIterator middle;

    while (len > 0) {
    half = len / 2;
    middle = first + half;
    if (*middle < value) {
        first = middle + 1;
        len = len - half - 1;
    } else
        len = half;
    }
    return first;
}

template <class ForwardIterator, class T>
inline ForwardIterator lower_bound(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last,
                   const T& value) {
    return __lower_bound(first, last, value, distance_type(first),
             iterator_category(first));
}

template <class ForwardIterator, class T, class Compare, class Distance>
ForwardIterator __lower_bound(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last,
                  const T& value, Compare comp, Distance*,
                  forward_iterator_tag) {
    Distance len = 0;
    distance(first, last, len);
    Distance half;
    ForwardIterator middle;

    while (len > 0) {
    half = len / 2;
    middle = first;
    advance(middle, half);
    if (comp(*middle, value)) {
        first = middle;
        ++first;
        len = len - half - 1;
    } else
        len = half;
    }
    return first;
}

template <class ForwardIterator, class T, class Compare, class Distance>
inline ForwardIterator __lower_bound(ForwardIterator first,
                     ForwardIterator last,
                     const T& value, Compare comp, Distance*,
                     bidirectional_iterator_tag) {
    return __lower_bound(first, last, value, comp, (Distance*)0,
             forward_iterator_tag());
}

template <class RandomAccessIterator, class T, class Compare, class Distance>
RandomAccessIterator __lower_bound(RandomAccessIterator first,
                   RandomAccessIterator last,
                   const T& value, Compare comp, Distance*,
                   random_access_iterator_tag) {
    Distance len = last - first;
    Distance half;
    RandomAccessIterator middle;

    while (len > 0) {
    half = len / 2;
    middle = first + half;
    if (comp(*middle, value)) {
        first = middle + 1;
        len = len - half - 1;
    } else
        len = half;
    }
    return first;
}

template <class ForwardIterator, class T, class Compare>
inline ForwardIterator lower_bound(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last,
                   const T& value, Compare comp) {
    return __lower_bound(first, last, value, comp, distance_type(first),
             iterator_category(first));
}

template <class ForwardIterator, class T, class Distance>
ForwardIterator __upper_bound(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last,
                  const T& value, Distance*,
                  forward_iterator_tag) {
    Distance len = 0;
    distance(first, last, len);
    Distance half;
    ForwardIterator middle;

    while (len > 0) {
    half = len / 2;
    middle = first;
    advance(middle, half);
    if (value < *middle)
        len = half;
    else {
        first = middle;
        ++first;
        len = len - half - 1;
    }
    }
    return first;
}

template <class ForwardIterator, class T, class Distance>
inline ForwardIterator __upper_bound(ForwardIterator first,
                     ForwardIterator last,
                     const T& value, Distance*,
                     bidirectional_iterator_tag) {
    return __upper_bound(first, last, value, (Distance*)0,
             forward_iterator_tag());
}

template <class RandomAccessIterator, class T, class Distance>
RandomAccessIterator __upper_bound(RandomAccessIterator first,
                   RandomAccessIterator last, const T& value,
                   Distance*, random_access_iterator_tag) {
    Distance len = last - first;
    Distance half;
    RandomAccessIterator middle;

    while (len > 0) {
    half = len / 2;
    middle = first + half;
    if (value < *middle)
        len = half;
    else {
        first = middle + 1;
        len = len - half - 1;
    }
    }
    return first;
}

template <class ForwardIterator, class T>
inline ForwardIterator upper_bound(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last,
                   const T& value) {
    return __upper_bound(first, last, value, distance_type(first),
             iterator_category(first));
}

template <class ForwardIterator, class T, class Compare, class Distance>
ForwardIterator __upper_bound(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last,
                  const T& value, Compare comp, Distance*,
                  forward_iterator_tag) {
    Distance len = 0;
    distance(first, last, len);
    Distance half;
    ForwardIterator middle;

    while (len > 0) {
    half = len / 2;
    middle = first;
    advance(middle, half);
    if (comp(value, *middle))
        len = half;
    else {
        first = middle;
        ++first;
        len = len - half - 1;
    }
    }
    return first;
}

template <class ForwardIterator, class T, class Compare, class Distance>
inline ForwardIterator __upper_bound(ForwardIterator first,
                     ForwardIterator last,
                     const T& value, Compare comp, Distance*,
                     bidirectional_iterator_tag) {
    return __upper_bound(first, last, value, comp, (Distance*)0,
             forward_iterator_tag());
}

template <class RandomAccessIterator, class T, class Compare, class Distance>
RandomAccessIterator __upper_bound(RandomAccessIterator first,
                   RandomAccessIterator last,
                   const T& value, Compare comp, Distance*,
                   random_access_iterator_tag) {
    Distance len = last - first;
    Distance half;
    RandomAccessIterator middle;

    while (len > 0) {
    half = len / 2;
    middle = first + half;
    if (comp(value, *middle))
        len = half;
    else {
        first = middle + 1;
        len = len - half - 1;
    }
    }
    return first;
}

template <class ForwardIterator, class T, class Compare>
inline ForwardIterator upper_bound(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last,
                   const T& value, Compare comp) {
    return __upper_bound(first, last, value, comp, distance_type(first),
             iterator_category(first));
}

template <class ForwardIterator, class T, class Distance>
pair<ForwardIterator, ForwardIterator>
__equal_range(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last, const T& value,
          Distance*, forward_iterator_tag) {
    Distance len = 0;
    distance(first, last, len);
    Distance half;
    ForwardIterator middle, left, right;

    while (len > 0) {
    half = len / 2;
    middle = first;
    advance(middle, half);
    if (*middle < value) {
        first = middle;
        ++first;
        len = len - half - 1;
    } else if (value < *middle)
        len = half;
    else {
        left = lower_bound(first, middle, value);
        advance(first, len);
        right = upper_bound(++middle, first, value);
        return pair<ForwardIterator, ForwardIterator>(left, right);
    }
    }
    return pair<ForwardIterator, ForwardIterator>(first, first);
}

template <class ForwardIterator, class T, class Distance>
inline pair<ForwardIterator, ForwardIterator>
__equal_range(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last, const T& value,
          Distance*, bidirectional_iterator_tag) {
    return __equal_range(first, last, value, (Distance*)0,
             forward_iterator_tag());
}

template <class RandomAccessIterator, class T, class Distance>
pair<RandomAccessIterator, RandomAccessIterator>
__equal_range(RandomAccessIterator first, RandomAccessIterator last,
          const T& value, Distance*, random_access_iterator_tag) {
    Distance len = last - first;
    Distance half;
    RandomAccessIterator middle, left, right;

    while (len > 0) {
    half = len / 2;
    middle = first + half;
    if (*middle < value) {
        first = middle + 1;
        len = len - half - 1;
    } else if (value < *middle)
        len = half;
    else {
        left = lower_bound(first, middle, value);
        right = upper_bound(++middle, first + len, value);
        return pair<RandomAccessIterator, RandomAccessIterator>(left,
                                    right);
    }
    }
    return pair<RandomAccessIterator, RandomAccessIterator>(first, first);
}

template <class ForwardIterator, class T>
inline pair<ForwardIterator, ForwardIterator>
equal_range(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last, const T& value) {
    return __equal_range(first, last, value, distance_type(first),
             iterator_category(first));
}

template <class ForwardIterator, class T, class Compare, class Distance>
pair<ForwardIterator, ForwardIterator>
__equal_range(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last, const T& value,
          Compare comp, Distance*, forward_iterator_tag) {
    Distance len = 0;
    distance(first, last, len);
    Distance half;
    ForwardIterator middle, left, right;

    while (len > 0) {
    half = len / 2;
    middle = first;
    advance(middle, half);
    if (comp(*middle, value)) {
        first = middle;
        ++first;
        len = len - half - 1;
    } else if (comp(value, *middle))
        len = half;
    else {
        left = lower_bound(first, middle, value, comp);
        advance(first, len);
        right = upper_bound(++middle, first, value, comp);
        return pair<ForwardIterator, ForwardIterator>(left, right);
    }
    }
    return pair<ForwardIterator, ForwardIterator>(first, first);
}

template <class ForwardIterator, class T, class Compare, class Distance>
inline pair<ForwardIterator, ForwardIterator>
__equal_range(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last, const T& value,
          Compare comp, Distance*, bidirectional_iterator_tag) {
    return __equal_range(first, last, value, comp, (Distance*)0,
             forward_iterator_tag());
}

template <class RandomAccessIterator, class T, class Compare, class Distance>
pair<RandomAccessIterator, RandomAccessIterator>
__equal_range(RandomAccessIterator first, RandomAccessIterator last,
          const T& value, Compare comp, Distance*,
          random_access_iterator_tag) {
    Distance len = last - first;
    Distance half;
    RandomAccessIterator middle, left, right;

    while (len > 0) {
    half = len / 2;
    middle = first + half;
    if (comp(*middle, value)) {
        first = middle + 1;
        len = len - half - 1;
    } else if (comp(value, *middle))
        len = half;
    else {
        left = lower_bound(first, middle, value, comp);
        right = upper_bound(++middle, first + len, value, comp);
        return pair<RandomAccessIterator, RandomAccessIterator>(left,
                                    right);
    }
    }
    return pair<RandomAccessIterator, RandomAccessIterator>(first, first);
}

template <class ForwardIterator, class T, class Compare>
inline pair<ForwardIterator, ForwardIterator>
equal_range(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last, const T& value,
        Compare comp) {
    return __equal_range(first, last, value, comp, distance_type(first),
             iterator_category(first));
}

template <class ForwardIterator, class T>
bool binary_search(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last,
           const T& value) {
    ForwardIterator i = lower_bound(first, last, value);
    return i != last && !(value < *i);
}

template <class ForwardIterator, class T, class Compare>
bool binary_search(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last, const T& value,
           Compare comp) {
    ForwardIterator i = lower_bound(first, last, value, comp);
    return i != last && !comp(value, *i);
}

template <class InputIterator1, class InputIterator2, class OutputIterator>
OutputIterator merge(InputIterator1 first1, InputIterator1 last1,
             InputIterator2 first2, InputIterator2 last2,
             OutputIterator result) {
    while (first1 != last1 && first2 != last2)
    if (*first2 < *first1)
        *result++ = *first2++;
    else
        *result++ = *first1++;
    return copy(first2, last2, copy(first1, last1, result));
}

template <class InputIterator1, class InputIterator2, class OutputIterator,
      class Compare>
OutputIterator merge(InputIterator1 first1, InputIterator1 last1,
             InputIterator2 first2, InputIterator2 last2,
             OutputIterator result, Compare comp) {
    while (first1 != last1 && first2 != last2)
    if (comp(*first2, *first1))
        *result++ = *first2++;
    else
        *result++ = *first1++;
    return copy(first2, last2, copy(first1, last1, result));
}

template <class BidirectionalIterator, class Distance>
void __merge_without_buffer(BidirectionalIterator first,
                BidirectionalIterator middle,
                BidirectionalIterator last,
                Distance len1, Distance len2) {
    if (len1 == 0 || len2 == 0) return;
    if (len1 + len2 == 2) {
    if (*middle < *first) iter_swap(first, middle);
    return;
    }
    BidirectionalIterator first_cut = first;
    BidirectionalIterator second_cut = middle;
    Distance len11 = 0;
    Distance len22 = 0;
    if (len1 > len2) {
    len11 = len1 / 2;
    advance(first_cut, len11);
    second_cut = lower_bound(middle, last, *first_cut);
    distance(middle, second_cut, len22);
    } else {
    len22 = len2 / 2;
    advance(second_cut, len22);
    first_cut = upper_bound(first, middle, *second_cut);
    distance(first, first_cut, len11);
    }
    rotate(first_cut, middle, second_cut);
    BidirectionalIterator new_middle = first_cut;
    advance(new_middle, len22);
    __merge_without_buffer(first, first_cut, new_middle, len11, len22);
    __merge_without_buffer(new_middle, second_cut, last, len1 - len11,
               len2 - len22);
}

template <class BidirectionalIterator, class Distance, class Compare>
void __merge_without_buffer(BidirectionalIterator first,
                BidirectionalIterator middle,
                BidirectionalIterator last,
                Distance len1, Distance len2, Compare comp) {
    if (len1 == 0 || len2 == 0) return;
    if (len1 + len2 == 2) {
    if (comp(*middle, *first)) iter_swap(first, middle);
    return;
    }
    BidirectionalIterator first_cut = first;
    BidirectionalIterator second_cut = middle;
    Distance len11 = 0;
    Distance len22 = 0;
    if (len1 > len2) {
    len11 = len1 / 2;
    advance(first_cut, len11);
    second_cut = lower_bound(middle, last, *first_cut, comp);
    distance(middle, second_cut, len22);
    } else {
    len22 = len2 / 2;
    advance(second_cut, len22);
    first_cut = upper_bound(first, middle, *second_cut, comp);
    distance(first, first_cut, len11);
    }
    rotate(first_cut, middle, second_cut);
    BidirectionalIterator new_middle = first_cut;
    advance(new_middle, len22);
    __merge_without_buffer(first, first_cut, new_middle, len11, len22, comp);
    __merge_without_buffer(new_middle, second_cut, last, len1 - len11,
               len2 - len22, comp);
}


template <class InputIterator, class OutputIterator>
OutputIterator __borland_bugfix_copy(InputIterator first, InputIterator last,
            OutputIterator result) {
// this is used in __rotate_adaptive to work around some obscure Borland
// bug. It is the same as copy, but with a different (and appropriate) name.
    while (first != last) *result++ = *first++;
    return result;
}

template <class BidirectionalIterator1, class BidirectionalIterator2,
      class Distance>
BidirectionalIterator1 __rotate_adaptive(BidirectionalIterator1 first,
                     BidirectionalIterator1 middle,
                     BidirectionalIterator1 last,
                     Distance len1, Distance len2,
                     BidirectionalIterator2 buffer,
                     Distance buffer_size) {
    BidirectionalIterator2 buffer_end;
    if (len1 > len2 && len2 <= buffer_size) {
    buffer_end = __borland_bugfix_copy(middle, last, buffer);
    copy_backward(first, middle, last);
    return copy(buffer, buffer_end, first);
    } else if (len1 <= buffer_size) {
    buffer_end = __borland_bugfix_copy(first, middle, buffer);
    copy(middle, last, first);
    return copy_backward(buffer, buffer_end, last);
    } else  {
    rotate(first, middle, last);
    advance(first, len2);
    return first;
    }
}

template <class BidirectionalIterator1, class BidirectionalIterator2,
      class BidirectionalIterator3>
BidirectionalIterator3 __merge_backward(BidirectionalIterator1 first1,
                    BidirectionalIterator1 last1,
                    BidirectionalIterator2 first2,
                    BidirectionalIterator2 last2,
                    BidirectionalIterator3 result) {
    if (first1 == last1) return copy_backward(first2, last2, result);
    if (first2 == last2) return copy_backward(first1, last1, result);
    --last1;
    --last2;
    while (true) {
    if (*last2 < *last1) {
        *--result = *last1;
        if (first1 == last1) return copy_backward(first2, ++last2, result);
        --last1;
    } else {
        *--result = *last2;
        if (first2 == last2) return copy_backward(first1, ++last1, result);
        --last2;
    }
    }
}

template <class BidirectionalIterator1, class BidirectionalIterator2,
      class BidirectionalIterator3, class Compare>
BidirectionalIterator3 __merge_backward(BidirectionalIterator1 first1,
                    BidirectionalIterator1 last1,
                    BidirectionalIterator2 first2,
                    BidirectionalIterator2 last2,
                    BidirectionalIterator3 result,
                    Compare comp) {
    if (first1 == last1) return copy_backward(first2, last2, result);
    if (first2 == last2) return copy_backward(first1, last1, result);
    --last1;
    --last2;
    while (true) {
    if (comp(*last2, *last1)) {
        *--result = *last1;
        if (first1 == last1) return copy_backward(first2, ++last2, result);
        --last1;
    } else {
        *--result = *last2;
        if (first2 == last2) return copy_backward(first1, ++last1, result);
        --last2;
    }
    }
}

template <class BidirectionalIterator, class Distance, class Pointer, class T>
void __merge_adaptive(BidirectionalIterator first,
              BidirectionalIterator middle,
              BidirectionalIterator last, Distance len1, Distance len2,
              Pointer buffer, Distance buffer_size, T*) {
    if (len1 <= len2 && len1 <= buffer_size) {
        Pointer end_buffer = copy(first, middle, buffer);
        merge(buffer, end_buffer, middle, last, first);
    } else if (len2 <= buffer_size) {
        Pointer end_buffer = copy(middle, last, buffer);
        __merge_backward(first, middle, buffer, end_buffer, last);
    } else {
    BidirectionalIterator first_cut = first;
    BidirectionalIterator second_cut = middle;
    Distance len11 = 0;
    Distance len22 = 0;
    if (len1 > len2) {
        len11 = len1 / 2;
        advance(first_cut, len11);
        second_cut = lower_bound(middle, last, *first_cut);
        distance(middle, second_cut, len22);
    } else {
        len22 = len2 / 2;
        advance(second_cut, len22);
        first_cut = upper_bound(first, middle, *second_cut);
        distance(first, first_cut, len11);
    }
    BidirectionalIterator new_middle =
        __rotate_adaptive(first_cut, middle, second_cut, len1 - len11,
                  len22, buffer, buffer_size);
    __merge_adaptive(first, first_cut, new_middle, len11, len22, buffer,
             buffer_size, (T*)0);
    __merge_adaptive(new_middle, second_cut, last, len1 - len11,
             len2 - len22, buffer, buffer_size, (T*)0);
    }
}

template <class BidirectionalIterator, class Distance, class Pointer, class T,
      class Compare>
void __merge_adaptive(BidirectionalIterator first,
              BidirectionalIterator middle,
              BidirectionalIterator last, Distance len1, Distance len2,
              Pointer buffer, Distance buffer_size, T*, Compare comp) {
    if (len1 <= len2 && len1 <= buffer_size) {
    Pointer end_buffer = copy(first, middle, buffer);
    merge(buffer, end_buffer, middle, last, first, comp);
    } else if (len2 <= buffer_size) {
    Pointer end_buffer = copy(middle, last, buffer);
    __merge_backward(first, middle, buffer, end_buffer, last, comp);
    } else {
    BidirectionalIterator first_cut = first;
    BidirectionalIterator second_cut = middle;
    Distance len11 = 0;
    Distance len22 = 0;
    if (len1 > len2) {
        len11 = len1 / 2;
        advance(first_cut, len11);
        second_cut = lower_bound(middle, last, *first_cut, comp);
        distance(middle, second_cut, len22);
    } else {
        len22 = len2 / 2;
        advance(second_cut, len22);
        first_cut = upper_bound(first, middle, *second_cut, comp);
        distance(first, first_cut, len11);
    }
    BidirectionalIterator new_middle =
        __rotate_adaptive(first_cut, middle, second_cut, len1 - len11,
                  len22, buffer, buffer_size);
    __merge_adaptive(first, first_cut, new_middle, len11, len22, buffer,
             buffer_size, (T*)0, comp);
    __merge_adaptive(new_middle, second_cut, last, len1 - len11,
             len2 - len22, buffer, buffer_size, (T*)0, comp);
    }
}

template <class BidirectionalIterator, class Distance, class Pointer, class T>
void __inplace_merge(BidirectionalIterator first,
             BidirectionalIterator middle,
             BidirectionalIterator last, Distance len1, Distance len2,
             pair<Pointer, Distance> p, T*) {
    if (p.first == 0) {
    __merge_without_buffer(first, middle, last, len1, len2);
    return;
    }
    Distance len = min(p.second, len1 + len2);
    fill_n(raw_storage_iterator<Pointer, T>(p.first), len, *first);
    __merge_adaptive(first, middle, last, len1, len2, p.first, p.second, (T*)0);
    destroy(p.first, p.first + len);
    return_temporary_buffer(p.first);
}

template <class BidirectionalIterator, class Distance, class Pointer, class T,
      class Compare>
void __inplace_merge(BidirectionalIterator first,
             BidirectionalIterator middle,
             BidirectionalIterator last, Distance len1, Distance len2,
             pair<Pointer, Distance> p, T*, Compare comp) {
    if (p.first == 0) {
    __merge_without_buffer(first, middle, last, len1, len2, comp);
    return;
    }
    Distance len = min(p.second, len1 + len2);
    fill_n(raw_storage_iterator<Pointer, T>(p.first), len, *first);
    __merge_adaptive(first, middle, last, len1, len2, p.first, p.second, (T*)0,
             comp);
    destroy(p.first, p.first + len);
    return_temporary_buffer(p.first);
}

template <class BidirectionalIterator, class T, class Distance>
inline void __inplace_merge_aux(BidirectionalIterator first,
                BidirectionalIterator middle,
                BidirectionalIterator last, T*, Distance*) {
    Distance len1 = 0;
    distance(first, middle, len1);
    Distance len2 = 0;
    distance(middle, last, len2);
    __inplace_merge(first, middle, last, len1, len2,
            get_temporary_buffer(len1 + len2, (T*)0), (T*)0);
}

template <class BidirectionalIterator, class T, class Distance, class Compare>
inline void __inplace_merge_aux(BidirectionalIterator first,
                BidirectionalIterator middle,
                BidirectionalIterator last, T*, Distance*,
                Compare comp) {
    Distance len1 = 0;
    distance(first, middle, len1);
    Distance len2 = 0;
    distance(middle, last, len2);
    __inplace_merge(first, middle, last, len1, len2,
            get_temporary_buffer(len1 + len2, (T*)0), (T*)0,
            comp);
}

template <class BidirectionalIterator>
inline void inplace_merge(BidirectionalIterator first,
              BidirectionalIterator middle,
              BidirectionalIterator last) {
    if (first == middle || middle == last) return;
    __inplace_merge_aux(first, middle, last, value_type(first),
            distance_type(first));
}

template <class BidirectionalIterator, class Compare>
inline void inplace_merge(BidirectionalIterator first,
              BidirectionalIterator middle,
              BidirectionalIterator last, Compare comp) {
    if (first == middle || middle == last) return;
    __inplace_merge_aux(first, middle, last, value_type(first),
            distance_type(first), comp);
}

template <class InputIterator1, class InputIterator2>
bool includes(InputIterator1 first1, InputIterator1 last1,
          InputIterator2 first2, InputIterator2 last2) {
    while (first1 != last1 && first2 != last2)
    if (*first2 < *first1)
        return false;
    else if(*first1 < *first2)
        ++first1;
    else
        ++first1, ++first2;

    return first2 == last2;
}

template <class InputIterator1, class InputIterator2, class Compare>
bool includes(InputIterator1 first1, InputIterator1 last1,
          InputIterator2 first2, InputIterator2 last2, Compare comp) {
    while (first1 != last1 && first2 != last2)
    if (comp(*first2, *first1))
        return false;
    else if(comp(*first1, *first2))
        ++first1;
    else
        ++first1, ++first2;

    return first2 == last2;
}

template <class InputIterator1, class InputIterator2, class OutputIterator>
OutputIterator set_union(InputIterator1 first1, InputIterator1 last1,
             InputIterator2 first2, InputIterator2 last2,
             OutputIterator result) {
    while (first1 != last1 && first2 != last2)
    if (*first1 < *first2)
        *result++ = *first1++;
    else if (*first2 < *first1)
        *result++ = *first2++;
    else {
        *result++ = *first1++;
        first2++;
    }
    return copy(first2, last2, copy(first1, last1, result));
}

template <class InputIterator1, class InputIterator2, class OutputIterator,
      class Compare>
OutputIterator set_union(InputIterator1 first1, InputIterator1 last1,
             InputIterator2 first2, InputIterator2 last2,
             OutputIterator result, Compare comp) {
    while (first1 != last1 && first2 != last2)
    if (comp(*first1, *first2))
        *result++ = *first1++;
    else if (comp(*first2, *first1))
        *result++ = *first2++;
    else {
        *result++ = *first1++;
        ++first2;
    }
    return copy(first2, last2, copy(first1, last1, result));
}

template <class InputIterator1, class InputIterator2, class OutputIterator>
OutputIterator set_intersection(InputIterator1 first1, InputIterator1 last1,
                InputIterator2 first2, InputIterator2 last2,
                OutputIterator result) {
    while (first1 != last1 && first2 != last2)
    if (*first1 < *first2)
        ++first1;
    else if (*first2 < *first1)
        ++first2;
    else {
        *result++ = *first1++;
        ++first2;
    }
    return result;
}

template <class InputIterator1, class InputIterator2, class OutputIterator,
      class Compare>
OutputIterator set_intersection(InputIterator1 first1, InputIterator1 last1,
                InputIterator2 first2, InputIterator2 last2,
                OutputIterator result, Compare comp) {
    while (first1 != last1 && first2 != last2)
    if (comp(*first1, *first2))
        ++first1;
    else if (comp(*first2, *first1))
        ++first2;
    else {
        *result++ = *first1++;
        ++first2;
    }
    return result;
}

template <class InputIterator1, class InputIterator2, class OutputIterator>
OutputIterator set_difference(InputIterator1 first1, InputIterator1 last1,
                  InputIterator2 first2, InputIterator2 last2,
                  OutputIterator result) {
    while (first1 != last1 && first2 != last2)
    if (*first1 < *first2)
        *result++ = *first1++;
    else if (*first2 < *first1)
        ++first2;
    else {
        ++first1;
        ++first2;
    }
    return copy(first1, last1, result);
}

template <class InputIterator1, class InputIterator2, class OutputIterator,
      class Compare>
OutputIterator set_difference(InputIterator1 first1, InputIterator1 last1,
                  InputIterator2 first2, InputIterator2 last2,
                  OutputIterator result, Compare comp) {
    while (first1 != last1 && first2 != last2)
    if (comp(*first1, *first2))
        *result++ = *first1++;
    else if (comp(*first2, *first1))
        ++first2;
    else {
        ++first1;
        ++first2;
    }
    return copy(first1, last1, result);
}

template <class InputIterator1, class InputIterator2, class OutputIterator>
OutputIterator set_symmetric_difference(InputIterator1 first1,
                    InputIterator1 last1,
                    InputIterator2 first2,
                    InputIterator2 last2,
                    OutputIterator result) {
    while (first1 != last1 && first2 != last2)
    if (*first1 < *first2)
        *result++ = *first1++;
    else if (*first2 < *first1)
        *result++ = *first2++;
    else {
        ++first1;
        ++first2;
    }
    return copy(first2, last2, copy(first1, last1, result));
}

template <class InputIterator1, class InputIterator2, class OutputIterator,
      class Compare>
OutputIterator set_symmetric_difference(InputIterator1 first1,
                    InputIterator1 last1,
                    InputIterator2 first2,
                    InputIterator2 last2,
                    OutputIterator result, Compare comp) {
    while (first1 != last1 && first2 != last2)
    if (comp(*first1, *first2))
        *result++ = *first1++;
    else if (comp(*first2, *first1))
        *result++ = *first2++;
    else {
        ++first1;
        ++first2;
    }
    return copy(first2, last2, copy(first1, last1, result));
}

template <class ForwardIterator>
ForwardIterator max_element(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last) {
    if (first == last) return first;
    ForwardIterator result = first;
    while (++first != last)
    if (*result < *first) result = first;
    return result;
}

template <class ForwardIterator, class Compare>
ForwardIterator max_element(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last,
                Compare comp) {
    if (first == last) return first;
    ForwardIterator result = first;
    while (++first != last)
    if (comp(*result, *first)) result = first;
    return result;
}

template <class ForwardIterator>
ForwardIterator min_element(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last) {
    if (first == last) return first;
    ForwardIterator result = first;
    while (++first != last)
    if (*first < *result) result = first;
    return result;
}

template <class ForwardIterator, class Compare>
ForwardIterator min_element(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last,
                Compare comp) {
    if (first == last) return first;
    ForwardIterator result = first;
    while (++first != last)
    if (comp(*first, *result)) result = first;
    return result;
}

template <class BidirectionalIterator>
bool next_permutation(BidirectionalIterator first,
              BidirectionalIterator last) {
    if (first == last) return false;
    BidirectionalIterator i = first;
    ++i;
    if (i == last) return false;
    i = last;
    --i;

    for(;;) {
    BidirectionalIterator ii = i--;
    if (*i < *ii) {
        BidirectionalIterator j = last;
        while (!(*i < *--j));
        iter_swap(i, j);
        reverse(ii, last);
        return true;
    }
    if (i == first) {
        reverse(first, last);
        return false;
    }
    }
}

template <class BidirectionalIterator, class Compare>
bool next_permutation(BidirectionalIterator first, BidirectionalIterator last,
              Compare comp) {
    if (first == last) return false;
    BidirectionalIterator i = first;
    ++i;
    if (i == last) return false;
    i = last;
    --i;

    for(;;) {
    BidirectionalIterator ii = i--;
    if (comp(*i, *ii)) {
        BidirectionalIterator j = last;
        while (!comp(*i, *--j));
        iter_swap(i, j);
        reverse(ii, last);
        return true;
    }
    if (i == first) {
        reverse(first, last);
        return false;
    }
    }
}

template <class BidirectionalIterator>
bool prev_permutation(BidirectionalIterator first,
              BidirectionalIterator last) {
    if (first == last) return false;
    BidirectionalIterator i = first;
    ++i;
    if (i == last) return false;
    i = last;
    --i;

    for(;;) {
    BidirectionalIterator ii = i--;
    if (*ii < *i) {
        BidirectionalIterator j = last;
        while (!(*--j < *i));
        iter_swap(i, j);
        reverse(ii, last);
        return true;
    }
    if (i == first) {
        reverse(first, last);
        return false;
    }
    }
}

template <class BidirectionalIterator, class Compare>
bool prev_permutation(BidirectionalIterator first, BidirectionalIterator last,
              Compare comp) {
    if (first == last) return false;
    BidirectionalIterator i = first;
    ++i;
    if (i == last) return false;
    i = last;
    --i;

    for(;;) {
    BidirectionalIterator ii = i--;
    if (comp(*ii, *i)) {
        BidirectionalIterator j = last;
        while (!comp(*--j, *i));
        iter_swap(i, j);
        reverse(ii, last);
        return true;
    }
    if (i == first) {
        reverse(first, last);
        return false;
    }
    }
}

template <class InputIterator, class T>
T accumulate(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, T init) {
    while (first != last)
    init = init + *first++;
    return init;
}

template <class InputIterator, class T, class BinaryOperation>
T accumulate(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, T init,
         BinaryOperation binary_op) {
    while (first != last)
    init = binary_op(init, *first++);
    return init;
}

template <class InputIterator1, class InputIterator2, class T>
T inner_product(InputIterator1 first1, InputIterator1 last1,
        InputIterator2 first2, T init) {
    while (first1 != last1)
    init = init + (*first1++ * *first2++);
    return init;
}

template <class InputIterator1, class InputIterator2, class T,
      class BinaryOperation1, class BinaryOperation2>
T inner_product(InputIterator1 first1, InputIterator1 last1,
        InputIterator2 first2, T init, BinaryOperation1 binary_op1,
        BinaryOperation2 binary_op2) {
    while (first1 != last1)
    init = binary_op1(init, binary_op2(*first1++, *first2++));
    return init;
}

template <class InputIterator, class OutputIterator, class T>
OutputIterator __partial_sum(InputIterator first, InputIterator last,
                 OutputIterator result, T*) {
    T value = *first;
    while (++first != last) {
    value = value + *first;
    *++result = value;
    }
    return ++result;
}

template <class InputIterator, class OutputIterator>
OutputIterator partial_sum(InputIterator first, InputIterator last,
               OutputIterator result) {
    if (first == last) return result;
    *result = *first;
    return __partial_sum(first, last, result, value_type(first));
}

template <class InputIterator, class OutputIterator, class T,
      class BinaryOperation>
OutputIterator __partial_sum(InputIterator first, InputIterator last,
                 OutputIterator result, T*,
                 BinaryOperation binary_op) {
    T value = *first;
    while (++first != last) {
    value = binary_op(value, *first);
    *++result = value;
    }
    return ++result;
}

template <class InputIterator, class OutputIterator, class BinaryOperation>
OutputIterator partial_sum(InputIterator first, InputIterator last,
               OutputIterator result, BinaryOperation binary_op) {
    if (first == last) return result;
    *result = *first;
    return __partial_sum(first, last, result, value_type(first), binary_op);
}

template <class InputIterator, class OutputIterator, class T>
OutputIterator __adjacent_difference(InputIterator first, InputIterator last,
                     OutputIterator result, T*) {
    T value = *first;
    while (++first != last) {
    T tmp = *first;
    *++result = tmp - value;
    value = tmp;
    }
    return ++result;
}

template <class InputIterator, class OutputIterator>
OutputIterator adjacent_difference(InputIterator first, InputIterator last,
                   OutputIterator result) {
    if (first == last) return result;
    *result = *first;
    return __adjacent_difference(first, last, result, value_type(first));
}

template <class InputIterator, class OutputIterator, class T,
      class BinaryOperation>
OutputIterator __adjacent_difference(InputIterator first, InputIterator last,
                     OutputIterator result, T*,
                     BinaryOperation binary_op) {
    T value = *first;
    while (++first != last) {
    T tmp = *first;
    *++result = binary_op(tmp, value);
    value = tmp;
    }
    return ++result;
}

template <class InputIterator, class OutputIterator, class BinaryOperation>
OutputIterator adjacent_difference(InputIterator first, InputIterator last,
                   OutputIterator result,
                   BinaryOperation binary_op) {
    if (first == last) return result;
    *result = *first;
    return __adjacent_difference(first, last, result, value_type(first),
                 binary_op);
}

template <class ForwardIterator, class T>
void iota(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last, T value) {
    while (first != last) *first++ = value++;
}

#endif