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1992-11-03
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Scientists Challenge Companies' Lock on Software Programs
By ALAN COOPERMAN
AP Business Writer
CAMBRIDGE, Mass. (AP) - Some of the nation's top computer
scientists are challenging big companies they claim are trying to
gain control over parts of computer programs as fundamental as
steering wheels and pedals on cars.
A handful of computer firms have filed lawsuits asserting they
are entitled to copyrights over the ``look and feel'' of popular
computer programs, including widely used commands, menus and
displays.
``If there were copyrights like this on cars, then every
manufacturer would have to give you a different way to steer,''
said Richard Stallman, a 36-year-old programmer at the
Massaachusetts Institute of Technology.
``If you learned to drive a Ford, you wouldn't know how to drive
Chevrolets. Some cars would have throttles, others would have
joysticks, and each manufacturer would have to find a new way of
doing it,'' he said.
Shouting slogans such as ``Hey hey, ho ho, software tyranny has
got to go,'' about 150 MIT professors and students picketed
Wednesday outside the computer firm Lotus Development Corp.
The protesters, including programmers from Boston-area companies
and some top computer scientists, say the firms are trying to gain
permanent control over computers' most fundamental conventions.
They've mounted a grass-roots campaign against companies suing over
programming.
The rash of lawsuits includes complaints filed by Apple Computer
Inc. against competitors Microsoft and Hewlett Packard Co., and by
Ashton Tate against Fox Software.
Lotus, which makes the best-selling computer accounting program
Lotus 1-2-3, is suing competitors Paperback Software International
and Mosaic Marketing Inc.
Lotus and some other software companies contend that unless
their products enjoy strong copyright protection, they will not
have an economic incentive to develop new programs.
``Our argument is that out-and-out copying of other people's
work stifles creativity and innovation,'' said Lotus spokeswoman
Betsy Kosheff. ``Copyright law allows you to take other people's
work and build on it, but not to steal it.''
Copyright lawyers said the rash of ``look and feel'' lawsuits
began in late 1986, after a federal judge in California ruled that
a small software company, Unison World Inc., had infringed a
competitor's copyright on a program for making customized greeting
cards.
Since then, several companies have won similar cases, but ``each
case, rather than settling the law, has tended to unsettle it and
raise more questions,'' said Thomas M.S. Hemnes, a partner in the
Boston law firm of Foley, Hoag & Eliot.
The MIT protest grew out of an advertisement placed in an MIT
student newspaper last month by Stallman; Gerald J. Sussman, a
professor of electrical engineering; and Marvin Minsky, founder of
MIT's Artificial Intelligence Laboratory.
They warned that the lawsuits could freeze out new companies,
make computers harder to use and, ultimately, retard the industry.
``Until quite recently, people invented things, everybody gave
each other all their software, we had fun and people made money
anyway,'' Sussman said Wednesday. ``I'd like to see that come
back.''
Stallman, a prominent programmer who developed EMACS, a widely
used system for editing computer programs, said it is in the public
interest to have computer programs share basic attributes, so users
do not have to learn each program from scratch.
The lawsuits, he charged, will lead to ``inefficiency and
gratuitous incompatibility,'' with ``a heavy cost for the economy.''
Protesters said they have formed a new organization, the League
for Programming Freedom, to try to pressure Lotus and other firms
to drop the lawsuits.
In leaflets handed out at the pickets, the group urged people to
boycott the firms bringing the lawsuits and to buy competing
products instead. They also advised programmers not to go to work
for Lotus, Apple and Ashton Tate.
AP-NR-05-25-89 0117EST