Multimedia Mania/abacus-multimedia-mania.iso/dp/0024/00249.txt

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$Unique_ID{bob00249}
$Pretitle{}
$Title{Indonesia
Defense and Security}
$Subtitle{}
$Author{Department of Information Republic of Indonesia}
$Affiliation{Embassy of Indonesia, Washington DC}
$Subject{forces
armed
defense
security
indonesia
national
resources
areas
natural
indonesian}
$Date{1990}
$Log{}
Title:       Indonesia
Book:        Indonesia 1990 an Official Handbook
Author:      Department of Information Republic of Indonesia
Affiliation: Embassy of Indonesia, Washington DC
Date:        1990

Defense and Security

GENERAL POLICY

     The policy on the development of defense and security envisages the
creation of a viable deterrent power through the development and effective use
of all the components that comprise a strong and security system for the
entire country in an integrated and clearly identifiable program. Thus, a
total defense system can be developed with the Armed Forces as a relatively
small but affective and efficient nucleus sustained by real national
capabilities.

     In the defense and security of the country, each citizen has the right
and duty to participate in the defense of the state, to be exercised on the
basis of justice and equity. Awareness of the right, duty and honor to take
part in the defense of the country should be promoted by fostering love for
one's country and encouraging popular support and involvement in social,
national and state affairs. This should be fortified through fostering a firm
belief in the Pancasila ideology, a readiness to sacrifice for the sake of the
country, and through underlining capabilities needed to defend the country,
which should be taught in families and social circles as well as at schools.

THE SYSTEM OF DEFENSE

     The system of defense and security in Indonesia is regulated through Act
No. 20/1982 concerning Basic Provisions on the defense and security of the
Republic of Indonesia replacing Act No. 29/1954.

     Article I clause 5 states that the system of Overall People's Defense and
Security is the arrangement of all the components of defense and security of
the state, which consist of Trained People as the basic component. The Armed
Forces of the Republic of Indonesia and the Indonesian National Army Reserves
as the main component, the Community Protection System as the special
component and the natural resources and national infrastructure as the
supporting component in an overall, integrated and purposeful manner.

     The system of Indonesia's National Defense and Security is based on a
"total people's defense and security" which means that the Armed Forces and
the entire people are equally responsible for maintaining national security
and defense. In each village platoons of the Civil Defense organization
(Hansip) are established the members of which come from the village community
such as farmers, laborers and others. The Civil Defense organization is
responsible for matters concerning order and security and has to assist the
people in emergencies for example, when in the middle of the night an
expecting woman needs help, the village Hansip is to call a doctor or midwife.
Organization wise Hansip is under the supervision of the district head and the
governor of the province. Each branch of the Armed Forces has its respective
women corps. Members of the Army Women's Corps, Navy Women's Corps, Air Force
Women's Corps and Women's Corps of the Police have been set at work at places
and in functions conform to their feminine disposition. They are seen doing
administrative work, teaching English and participating actively in improving
the health and social conditions of the Armed Forces' members and their
families. The police women play an important role in solving problems on drug
addicts and juvenile delinquents.

DUAL FUNCTION OF THE ARMED FORCES

     The Indonesian Armed Forces have a double mission or dual function,
namely as a defense and security force and also as a social-political force.
The motivation of this dual function of the Armed Forces goes back to the time
of the country's struggle for independence when the people voluntarily took up
arms in defending the state and nation. As exponents of the people,
Indonesia's Armed Forces constitute a social force which became closely
involved with the growth of the young Republic.

     The Armed Forces were there to save the country during the era of liberal
democracy pursued in Indonesia (1950-1959), and later during the guided
democracy pursued in 1959-1965 when chaos and revolts disturbed the unity and
integrity of the nation and state and later when Indonesia was threatened by
the attempted communist coups d'Etat in 1948 and 1965 respectively. It is
therefore but proper for the Armed Forces as a sociopolitical force to take
part in the national development, not only in the field of security and
defense but also in the economic, social and political fields. The Indonesian
Armed Forces who are not participating in the general election, are
represented in the legislative organs by way of appointments.

     With the launching of the drive of "the Armed Forces in assisting the
development of the villages" in line with the civic missions of the Armed
Forces in rural areas, Armed Forces' members have been assisting the village
population in constructing roads, bridges, irrigation works and in other
development efforts aimed at promoting the village and the welfare of the
rural community.

THE ARMED FORCES

     The Armed Forces of the Republic of Indonesia (ABRI) consist of: the
Army, the Navy, the Air Force and the State Police.

     During the Dutch colonial period Indonesia had never had the opportunity
to obtain proper military training.

     Even when the Netherlands, in the Second World War was occupied by
Hitler's forces, Indonesians within the Dutch East Indies limited colonial
council demanded military conscription for Indonesians to defend the Dutch
East Indies against military agression from without, the demand was rejected
by the Dutch colonial rulers. However, the Dutch East Indies Army called the
Koninklijke Nederlands Indiesche Leger (KNIL) recruited Indonesians, to become
professional soldiers with Dutch commissioned officers commanding their units.
No Indonesian commissioned officers was made available by the Dutch to command
military units on the field.

     When Indonesia was occupied by Japanese military forces during 3 1/2
years after the defeat of the Dutch East Indies by the Japanese, the
Indonesians gained certain military training from the Japanese. Particularly
when the Japanese saw their defeat was forthcoming, they gave more
opportunities to Indonesians to become commissioned officers of Indonesia's
home guard defense forces called the PETA. When Indonesia unilaterally
proclaimed its independence on the 17th August 1945, the People's Security
Body (Badan Keamanan Rakyat) was called into being on 23rd August 1945.
Immediately many of the abandoned PETA servicemen enrolled in the newly
established Body. Meanwhile several Indonesian nationalist people's
organizations had armed themselves to face the Dutch who attempted to
reinstate the Dutch East Indies after the Japanese defeat by the Allies and
grossly ignored Indonesia's Independence Proclamation. These people's
organizations held their first congress in Yogyakarta on November 10, 1945 and
demanded in their resolution the establishment of Indonesia's National Army.
On the 5th October 1945 the Indonesian Security Army (Tentara Keamanan Rakyat)
was formed by virtue of a Government Decree and on 12th November 1945, during
its first congress, elected Sudirman as Commander-in-Chief of the Indonesian
Security Army with the rank of General. On the 24th January 1946 a Government
Decision changed the Indonesian Security Army into the Indonesian Republican
Army (Tentara Republik Indonesia). Later, while facing Dutch military
aggression Indonesia succeeded to introduce a grandscale reorganization of its
Armed Forces and on the 3rd June 1947 by Presidential Decision the Indonesian
National Army (Tentara Nasional Indonesia) was formed which consisted of
members of the former people's Army and was joined by armed units of people's
organization. With this formation the Indonesian National Army was in a better
position to face the well armed Dutch forces during the Dutch 1st and 2nd
military aggressions. Following a process of rationalization and
restructuring, two territorial commands were formed, one for Java and another
for the territory of Sumatra.

     After the Republic of Indonesia was ultimately recognized by the whole
world as an independent and sovereign country at the end of 1949 the
Indonesian Armed Forces could intensify its development in strategy,
territorial command, training national air defense system, national reserves,
education, maintenance, programming of guidance, light industry and the
programming of life insurance as well as transfer of duties. Particularly with
regard to the education and training for officers of the Armed Forces, the
Government had set up a national Military Academy in Magelang for the Army, a
Naval Academy in Surabaya, an Air Force Academy in Yogyakarta and a Police
Academy in Sukabumi.

INTERNATIONAL MISSION

     The Indonesian Armed Forces had taken active part in U.N. peace keeping
missions. During the Suez Canal crisis, the first Indonesian Garuda contingent
was sent to the Gaza strip on January 8, 1957. From September 1960 until May
1961 Garuda II contingent, comprising regulars of the Siliwangi Division of
West Java, the Military Police Detachment and a Platoon of the Marine Corps of
the Navy was assigned to Congo (Africa) by the U.N. Security Council. From
December 1962 to July 1963 Garuda III made up of the Brawijaya Division of
East Java, the Bukit Barisan Division of North Sumatra, the 7th Cavalry
Battalion and a battery of "Arsu" (anti air strike artillery), was dispatched
to Katanga in Africa. Garuda IV and V had served in Vietnam from January 1973
until April 1974 after the signing of the Paris Peace Treaty. Garuda VI
consisting of the East Java Brawijaya Division was sent to the Middle East,
followed by Garuda VII and Garuda VIII to supervise the implementation of the
cease-fire which was putting an end to the war between Israel and Egypt.
Furthermore, as of August 15, 1988, Indonesia again sent a contingent, namely
the Garuda IX to join with the United Nation Iran-Iraq Military Officers
Group.

NATURAL RESOURCES AND THE ENVIRONMENT

     The 1989 Guidelines of State Policy determines that the natural resources
of the country, whether on shore, in the sea or in the air, in the form of
land, air minerals, flora and fauna, including genetic resources, should be
managed and utilized for the greatest possible benefit. At the same time, the
environment should always be preserved to produce the greatest possible
advantage for development and public welfare for both present and future
generations.

     The policy on the management of natural resources and the environment is
dealt with in four basic programs regarding: (1) the assessment and evaluation
on natural resources and the environment, (2) measures to safeguard forest,
land and water; (3) the management of natural resources and the environment;
(4) the development in the meteorological and geophysical fields.

ASSESSMENT AND EVALUATION

     The program concerning the assessment and evaluation of natural resources
and the environment is directed towards activities such as the basic mapping
of sea and land areas; geological and hydro-geological mapping; the mapping
for agroecological purposes; of vegetation and forest territories; of soil
capacity and natural resources such as forest; soil and water utility lay-out;
the assessment and mapping of ecosystems; the mapping of land use and of
coastal geology; geomorphological and archeological mapping; educational
training, research and technological development on mapping.

SAFEGUARDING OF FOREST, LAND AND WATER

     The program to safeguard forest, land and water is aimed at protecting
the gains of development from the threats of natural disasters such as floods
and droughts, developing new natural resources and rehabilitating those
destroyed in critical areas, improving the system of the use of water in river
basin areas, stepping up the productivity of land, forest and water resources,
and developing nature conservations, genetic resources and the function of
protected areas.

     In this connection, the efforts made included replanting campaigns, the
conservation of land and reforestation, controlling river flows and prevent
floods, territorial development and surmounting natural disasters. These
efforts were undertaken so as to establish an integrated management of river
basin areas, build and develop national parks and nature reserves, maintain
the function of protected areas and promote national parks for tourists,
protect endangered flora and fauna species, and promote endeavors to preserve
maritime and coastal ecosystems.

REPLANTING AND SOIL CONSERVATION

     During the last five years replanting and soil conservation have been
conducted in 23 out of the country's 27 provinces, covering 174 districts, 96
selected sub-river basin areas of 36 major river basin areas. Thus, during
REPELITA IV replanting and soil conservation covered an area of 912.2 thousand
hectares, making the total area of replanting and soil conservation since the
inception of REPELITA I or fiscal year 1969/70 to fiscal year 1988/89 become
3.37 million hectares.

REFORESTATION

     Reforestation has been carried out in 20 provinces, 67 forest management
units and 27 major river basin areas. During REPELITA IV the areas which had
been reforested totalled 247,854 hectares, making the area reforested since
1969/70 to 1988/89 totalling 1.35 million hectares.

     Reforestation activities on industrial plants have been introduced as of
1984/85 on 11,000 hectares, and in 1988/89 the area grew to 75,489 hectares.
These activities were carried out in the provinces of North Sumatra, Riau,
Jambi, Aceh, South Sumatra, West Kalimantan, South Kalimantan, Central
Kalimantan, East Kalimantan, East Nusatenggara and East Timor. In the
meantime, the government has set aside US$ 300 million each year to reforest
300 thousand hectares of depleted forests.

PRESERVING NATURE AND SAFEGUARDING FLORA AND FAUNA

     The preservation of nature and the environment has as its target the
increased protection over essential ecological process, the preservation of
multifarious genetic resources and their ecosystems, the durable beneficial
use of natural resources, and to overcome impediments and obstacles to
existing natural resources.

     In 1988/89, four areas in North Sumatra Province, covering a total area
of 46,997 hectares, were declared nature reserves, consisting of two units of
nature conservation areas of 45,987 hectares and two units of recreational
parks of 1,010 hectares. Besides, one unit of new national park in North
Sulawesi covering an area of 89,065 hectares had been also designated. Thus,
up to 1988/89 the government had designated 21 national parks with a total
area of 4,866,016 hectares and 342 units of nature conservation areas with a
total area of 13,659,143 hectares.

     In preserving various kinds of unprotected wildlife, order has been put
with regard to hunting activities through the designation of a new park as a
game reserve and tourist attraction. To develop such objects, a survey has
been conducted at Moyo Island, in the West Nusatenggara Province territory
which is potentially rich in wildlife. Efforts have also been made to protect
the crocodile population in Irian Jaya and to train elephants in Lampung. In
order to reduce the hazards caused by elephants, tigers and other wild
animals, new habitats with higher accommodating capacity are being made
available. In addition, a new botanical garden, called Bung Hatta Botanical
Park, located in West Sumatra, has been officiated, while preparations are
still under way for the opening of the Soeharto Botanical Mountain Park in
East Kalimantan.

THE MANAGEMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND THE ENVIRONMENT

     In general this program aims at improving the quality of physical,
chemical and biological environmental management in the technical and
institutional way, developing expertise and skills including the training in
dealing with the decline in environmental quality and marine research,
reducing excessive use of natural potentials, fostering the community's
participation in environmental preservation, controlling environmental
destruction, on land, at sea and in the air.

     For the implementation of Act No. 4 of 1982, Government Regulation No. 29
of 1986 was issued, along with its 5 guidelines on how to analyse
environmental impacts of any development plan. Assessment on environmental
impacts is conducted by the Central Committee of Environmental Impacts
Analysis set up in every government department and institution.

     At provincial level, the handling of the problem of the environment is
made through the coordination between sectoral agencies and centres of
environmental studies at various universities and between the Bureau for
Population Management and the Environment in the provinces and the regional
administrative bodies concerned, also between the government agencies and
non-governmental bodies of the community.

SURMOUNTING CONTAMINATION

     Efforts to surmount environmental contamination have been made in various
fields. Act No. 5 of 1984 concerns with industrial manufacturing establishment
having environmental norms. Steps have also been taken to cope with pollution
caused by household waste through among other things the rehabilitation and
reclamation of former quarries, application of the recycling system,
neutralization of sewage water and utilization of soil waste from households
for agricultural purposes. In addition, activities have been and are being
carried out to monitor and evaluate the environment in a number of major
cities and river basin areas.