$Unique_ID{bob00249} $Pretitle{} $Title{Indonesia Defense and Security} $Subtitle{} $Author{Department of Information Republic of Indonesia} $Affiliation{Embassy of Indonesia, Washington DC} $Subject{forces armed defense security indonesia national resources areas natural indonesian} $Date{1990} $Log{} Title: Indonesia Book: Indonesia 1990 an Official Handbook Author: Department of Information Republic of Indonesia Affiliation: Embassy of Indonesia, Washington DC Date: 1990 Defense and Security GENERAL POLICY The policy on the development of defense and security envisages the creation of a viable deterrent power through the development and effective use of all the components that comprise a strong and security system for the entire country in an integrated and clearly identifiable program. Thus, a total defense system can be developed with the Armed Forces as a relatively small but affective and efficient nucleus sustained by real national capabilities. In the defense and security of the country, each citizen has the right and duty to participate in the defense of the state, to be exercised on the basis of justice and equity. Awareness of the right, duty and honor to take part in the defense of the country should be promoted by fostering love for one's country and encouraging popular support and involvement in social, national and state affairs. This should be fortified through fostering a firm belief in the Pancasila ideology, a readiness to sacrifice for the sake of the country, and through underlining capabilities needed to defend the country, which should be taught in families and social circles as well as at schools. THE SYSTEM OF DEFENSE The system of defense and security in Indonesia is regulated through Act No. 20/1982 concerning Basic Provisions on the defense and security of the Republic of Indonesia replacing Act No. 29/1954. Article I clause 5 states that the system of Overall People's Defense and Security is the arrangement of all the components of defense and security of the state, which consist of Trained People as the basic component. The Armed Forces of the Republic of Indonesia and the Indonesian National Army Reserves as the main component, the Community Protection System as the special component and the natural resources and national infrastructure as the supporting component in an overall, integrated and purposeful manner. The system of Indonesia's National Defense and Security is based on a "total people's defense and security" which means that the Armed Forces and the entire people are equally responsible for maintaining national security and defense. In each village platoons of the Civil Defense organization (Hansip) are established the members of which come from the village community such as farmers, laborers and others. The Civil Defense organization is responsible for matters concerning order and security and has to assist the people in emergencies for example, when in the middle of the night an expecting woman needs help, the village Hansip is to call a doctor or midwife. Organization wise Hansip is under the supervision of the district head and the governor of the province. Each branch of the Armed Forces has its respective women corps. Members of the Army Women's Corps, Navy Women's Corps, Air Force Women's Corps and Women's Corps of the Police have been set at work at places and in functions conform to their feminine disposition. They are seen doing administrative work, teaching English and participating actively in improving the health and social conditions of the Armed Forces' members and their families. The police women play an important role in solving problems on drug addicts and juvenile delinquents. DUAL FUNCTION OF THE ARMED FORCES The Indonesian Armed Forces have a double mission or dual function, namely as a defense and security force and also as a social-political force. The motivation of this dual function of the Armed Forces goes back to the time of the country's struggle for independence when the people voluntarily took up arms in defending the state and nation. As exponents of the people, Indonesia's Armed Forces constitute a social force which became closely involved with the growth of the young Republic. The Armed Forces were there to save the country during the era of liberal democracy pursued in Indonesia (1950-1959), and later during the guided democracy pursued in 1959-1965 when chaos and revolts disturbed the unity and integrity of the nation and state and later when Indonesia was threatened by the attempted communist coups d'Etat in 1948 and 1965 respectively. It is therefore but proper for the Armed Forces as a sociopolitical force to take part in the national development, not only in the field of security and defense but also in the economic, social and political fields. The Indonesian Armed Forces who are not participating in the general election, are represented in the legislative organs by way of appointments. With the launching of the drive of "the Armed Forces in assisting the development of the villages" in line with the civic missions of the Armed Forces in rural areas, Armed Forces' members have been assisting the village population in constructing roads, bridges, irrigation works and in other development efforts aimed at promoting the village and the welfare of the rural community. THE ARMED FORCES The Armed Forces of the Republic of Indonesia (ABRI) consist of: the Army, the Navy, the Air Force and the State Police. During the Dutch colonial period Indonesia had never had the opportunity to obtain proper military training. Even when the Netherlands, in the Second World War was occupied by Hitler's forces, Indonesians within the Dutch East Indies limited colonial council demanded military conscription for Indonesians to defend the Dutch East Indies against military agression from without, the demand was rejected by the Dutch colonial rulers. However, the Dutch East Indies Army called the Koninklijke Nederlands Indiesche Leger (KNIL) recruited Indonesians, to become professional soldiers with Dutch commissioned officers commanding their units. No Indonesian commissioned officers was made available by the Dutch to command military units on the field. When Indonesia was occupied by Japanese military forces during 3 1/2 years after the defeat of the Dutch East Indies by the Japanese, the Indonesians gained certain military training from the Japanese. Particularly when the Japanese saw their defeat was forthcoming, they gave more opportunities to Indonesians to become commissioned officers of Indonesia's home guard defense forces called the PETA. When Indonesia unilaterally proclaimed its independence on the 17th August 1945, the People's Security Body (Badan Keamanan Rakyat) was called into being on 23rd August 1945. Immediately many of the abandoned PETA servicemen enrolled in the newly established Body. Meanwhile several Indonesian nationalist people's organizations had armed themselves to face the Dutch who attempted to reinstate the Dutch East Indies after the Japanese defeat by the Allies and grossly ignored Indonesia's Independence Proclamation. These people's organizations held their first congress in Yogyakarta on November 10, 1945 and demanded in their resolution the establishment of Indonesia's National Army. On the 5th October 1945 the Indonesian Security Army (Tentara Keamanan Rakyat) was formed by virtue of a Government Decree and on 12th November 1945, during its first congress, elected Sudirman as Commander-in-Chief of the Indonesian Security Army with the rank of General. On the 24th January 1946 a Government Decision changed the Indonesian Security Army into the Indonesian Republican Army (Tentara Republik Indonesia). Later, while facing Dutch military aggression Indonesia succeeded to introduce a grandscale reorganization of its Armed Forces and on the 3rd June 1947 by Presidential Decision the Indonesian National Army (Tentara Nasional Indonesia) was formed which consisted of members of the former people's Army and was joined by armed units of people's organization. With this formation the Indonesian National Army was in a better position to face the well armed Dutch forces during the Dutch 1st and 2nd military aggressions. Following a process of rationalization and restructuring, two territorial commands were formed, one for Java and another for the territory of Sumatra. After the Republic of Indonesia was ultimately recognized by the whole world as an independent and sovereign country at the end of 1949 the Indonesian Armed Forces could intensify its development in strategy, territorial command, training national air defense system, national reserves, education, maintenance, programming of guidance, light industry and the programming of life insurance as well as transfer of duties. Particularly with regard to the education and training for officers of the Armed Forces, the Government had set up a national Military Academy in Magelang for the Army, a Naval Academy in Surabaya, an Air Force Academy in Yogyakarta and a Police Academy in Sukabumi. INTERNATIONAL MISSION The Indonesian Armed Forces had taken active part in U.N. peace keeping missions. During the Suez Canal crisis, the first Indonesian Garuda contingent was sent to the Gaza strip on January 8, 1957. From September 1960 until May 1961 Garuda II contingent, comprising regulars of the Siliwangi Division of West Java, the Military Police Detachment and a Platoon of the Marine Corps of the Navy was assigned to Congo (Africa) by the U.N. Security Council. From December 1962 to July 1963 Garuda III made up of the Brawijaya Division of East Java, the Bukit Barisan Division of North Sumatra, the 7th Cavalry Battalion and a battery of "Arsu" (anti air strike artillery), was dispatched to Katanga in Africa. Garuda IV and V had served in Vietnam from January 1973 until April 1974 after the signing of the Paris Peace Treaty. Garuda VI consisting of the East Java Brawijaya Division was sent to the Middle East, followed by Garuda VII and Garuda VIII to supervise the implementation of the cease-fire which was putting an end to the war between Israel and Egypt. Furthermore, as of August 15, 1988, Indonesia again sent a contingent, namely the Garuda IX to join with the United Nation Iran-Iraq Military Officers Group. NATURAL RESOURCES AND THE ENVIRONMENT The 1989 Guidelines of State Policy determines that the natural resources of the country, whether on shore, in the sea or in the air, in the form of land, air minerals, flora and fauna, including genetic resources, should be managed and utilized for the greatest possible benefit. At the same time, the environment should always be preserved to produce the greatest possible advantage for development and public welfare for both present and future generations. The policy on the management of natural resources and the environment is dealt with in four basic programs regarding: (1) the assessment and evaluation on natural resources and the environment, (2) measures to safeguard forest, land and water; (3) the management of natural resources and the environment; (4) the development in the meteorological and geophysical fields. ASSESSMENT AND EVALUATION The program concerning the assessment and evaluation of natural resources and the environment is directed towards activities such as the basic mapping of sea and land areas; geological and hydro-geological mapping; the mapping for agroecological purposes; of vegetation and forest territories; of soil capacity and natural resources such as forest; soil and water utility lay-out; the assessment and mapping of ecosystems; the mapping of land use and of coastal geology; geomorphological and archeological mapping; educational training, research and technological development on mapping. SAFEGUARDING OF FOREST, LAND AND WATER The program to safeguard forest, land and water is aimed at protecting the gains of development from the threats of natural disasters such as floods and droughts, developing new natural resources and rehabilitating those destroyed in critical areas, improving the system of the use of water in river basin areas, stepping up the productivity of land, forest and water resources, and developing nature conservations, genetic resources and the function of protected areas. In this connection, the efforts made included replanting campaigns, the conservation of land and reforestation, controlling river flows and prevent floods, territorial development and surmounting natural disasters. These efforts were undertaken so as to establish an integrated management of river basin areas, build and develop national parks and nature reserves, maintain the function of protected areas and promote national parks for tourists, protect endangered flora and fauna species, and promote endeavors to preserve maritime and coastal ecosystems. REPLANTING AND SOIL CONSERVATION During the last five years replanting and soil conservation have been conducted in 23 out of the country's 27 provinces, covering 174 districts, 96 selected sub-river basin areas of 36 major river basin areas. Thus, during REPELITA IV replanting and soil conservation covered an area of 912.2 thousand hectares, making the total area of replanting and soil conservation since the inception of REPELITA I or fiscal year 1969/70 to fiscal year 1988/89 become 3.37 million hectares. REFORESTATION Reforestation has been carried out in 20 provinces, 67 forest management units and 27 major river basin areas. During REPELITA IV the areas which had been reforested totalled 247,854 hectares, making the area reforested since 1969/70 to 1988/89 totalling 1.35 million hectares. Reforestation activities on industrial plants have been introduced as of 1984/85 on 11,000 hectares, and in 1988/89 the area grew to 75,489 hectares. These activities were carried out in the provinces of North Sumatra, Riau, Jambi, Aceh, South Sumatra, West Kalimantan, South Kalimantan, Central Kalimantan, East Kalimantan, East Nusatenggara and East Timor. In the meantime, the government has set aside US$ 300 million each year to reforest 300 thousand hectares of depleted forests. PRESERVING NATURE AND SAFEGUARDING FLORA AND FAUNA The preservation of nature and the environment has as its target the increased protection over essential ecological process, the preservation of multifarious genetic resources and their ecosystems, the durable beneficial use of natural resources, and to overcome impediments and obstacles to existing natural resources. In 1988/89, four areas in North Sumatra Province, covering a total area of 46,997 hectares, were declared nature reserves, consisting of two units of nature conservation areas of 45,987 hectares and two units of recreational parks of 1,010 hectares. Besides, one unit of new national park in North Sulawesi covering an area of 89,065 hectares had been also designated. Thus, up to 1988/89 the government had designated 21 national parks with a total area of 4,866,016 hectares and 342 units of nature conservation areas with a total area of 13,659,143 hectares. In preserving various kinds of unprotected wildlife, order has been put with regard to hunting activities through the designation of a new park as a game reserve and tourist attraction. To develop such objects, a survey has been conducted at Moyo Island, in the West Nusatenggara Province territory which is potentially rich in wildlife. Efforts have also been made to protect the crocodile population in Irian Jaya and to train elephants in Lampung. In order to reduce the hazards caused by elephants, tigers and other wild animals, new habitats with higher accommodating capacity are being made available. In addition, a new botanical garden, called Bung Hatta Botanical Park, located in West Sumatra, has been officiated, while preparations are still under way for the opening of the Soeharto Botanical Mountain Park in East Kalimantan. THE MANAGEMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND THE ENVIRONMENT In general this program aims at improving the quality of physical, chemical and biological environmental management in the technical and institutional way, developing expertise and skills including the training in dealing with the decline in environmental quality and marine research, reducing excessive use of natural potentials, fostering the community's participation in environmental preservation, controlling environmental destruction, on land, at sea and in the air. For the implementation of Act No. 4 of 1982, Government Regulation No. 29 of 1986 was issued, along with its 5 guidelines on how to analyse environmental impacts of any development plan. Assessment on environmental impacts is conducted by the Central Committee of Environmental Impacts Analysis set up in every government department and institution. At provincial level, the handling of the problem of the environment is made through the coordination between sectoral agencies and centres of environmental studies at various universities and between the Bureau for Population Management and the Environment in the provinces and the regional administrative bodies concerned, also between the government agencies and non-governmental bodies of the community. SURMOUNTING CONTAMINATION Efforts to surmount environmental contamination have been made in various fields. Act No. 5 of 1984 concerns with industrial manufacturing establishment having environmental norms. Steps have also been taken to cope with pollution caused by household waste through among other things the rehabilitation and reclamation of former quarries, application of the recycling system, neutralization of sewage water and utilization of soil waste from households for agricultural purposes. In addition, activities have been and are being carried out to monitor and evaluate the environment in a number of major cities and river basin areas.