Multimedia Mania/abacus-multimedia-mania.iso/dp/0024/00244.txt

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$Unique_ID{bob00244}
$Pretitle{}
$Title{Indonesia
Transportation and Communications}
$Subtitle{}
$Author{Department of Information Republic of Indonesia}
$Affiliation{Embassy of Indonesia, Washington DC}
$Subject{development
transport
services
number
shipping
capacity
offices
post
ships
tons
see
pictures
see
figures
see
tables
}
$Date{1990}
$Log{See Table 23.*0024401.tab
See Table 24.*0024402.tab
}
Title:       Indonesia
Book:        Indonesia 1990 an Official Handbook
Author:      Department of Information Republic of Indonesia
Affiliation: Embassy of Indonesia, Washington DC
Date:        1990

Transportation and Communications

     Development in the transport and communication sector during the Fourth
Five-Year Development (1984/85-1988/89) covers the development of land
transport and its infrastructure, air and sea transport; postal dan giro
services; as well as telecommunication, meteorological and geophysics
services. It was carried out and directed not only to expand and smoothen the
flow of goods and services but also to improve the distribution and marketing
system of commodities all over the country while at the same time stimulate a
well-balanced development among the regions.

ROADS

     The development of roads covered the national and provincial road
networks, as well as those in the cities and districts. The development in
this field was directed to the rehabilitation and maintenance of the existing
roads and bridges as well as the construction of new ones.

     The total length of the artery and collecting road networks being in good
condition in 1983/84 was 14,515 km; it increased to 27,480 km in 1988/89. The
total length of these road networks that were not in good condition decreased
from 23,758 km in 1983/84 to 17,072 km in 1988/89, while those in bad and
critical condition also declined.

     To accelerate the construction of bridges, pre-fabricated concrete
bridges factories had been set up a Beureuneun in Aceh, Baai island in
Bengkulu, Buntu in Central Java and Poso in Central Sulawesi.

     In 1988/89 rehabilitation and maintenance work had been accomplished on
29,573 km of roads, 16,857 m of bridges. Work was also done for enforcement of
roads totalling 17,813 km, bridges totalling 9,686 m, and upgrading of 3,424
km of roads. A total length of 11,820 m bridges were built to replace the old
ones while 165 km of new roads, 68 km of motorways and 823 m of new bridges
had been constructed. Meanwhile, a total of 14,150 km of roads and 64,729 m of
bridges in second level regions had undergone reinforcement.

ROAD TRANSPORT

     By the end of 1988/1989 fiscal year the total number of road vehicles
consisting of buses, trucks, passenger cars and motorcycles was 9,674,246
units and during the Fourth Five-Year Development the average increase was
10.49% per annum.

     Transportation in the cities is managed by private firms, cooperatives
and state-owned corporations. Pioneer road transport aimed at stimulating the
development of public transport particularly in potential as well as remote
areas had also been encouraged.

     At present there are two state-owned corporations, namely Perum PPD and
Perum DAMRI, providing public transportation services in the cities. Perum PPD
has 2,716 units of buses in operation and Perum DAMRI operates 1,129 units,
particularly in the provinces' capitals. Perum DAMRI is also operating 60
units of buses at Soekarno Hatta airport (Jakarta) and 10 units at Juanda
airport (Surabaya) to provide shuttle service to and from these airports. For
the development of the pioneer road transportation, until fiscal year 1988/89
170 buses had been set for operation.

     The development of the road transport has helped create integrated, safe,
smoother and efficient road transport services which in turn increase the
development activities.

RAILWAYS

     Development of railway transport is aimed particularly at continuing the
rehabilitation and upgrading of the infrastructure and the improvement of
railway services to meet the ever increasing demand.

     The targets achieved in the development of railway transport during
REPELITA IV covered the rehabilitation and upgrading of railtracks with the
total length of 1,647.7 km, rehabilitation of 4,316 coaches, 241 diesel
locomotives, 211 steel bridges and the construction of a container terminal at
Gedebage in West Java. To encourage the use of domestic products, 128
domestically-made passenger coaches and 1,026 carriages had been assembled.

     The use of passengers railway services increases from year to year with
an average of 2.08% annually. In 1983/84 the number of people using railway
transport services was recorded at 47,430,000 and in 1988/89 the number
increased to 52,518,000. The amount of freight using the railway transport
services increases by 16.35% annually. In 1983/84 5,400,000 tons of freight
was shipped by train and it increased to 11,416,000 tons in 1988/89.

RIVER, LAKE AND FERRY TRANSPORTS

     The promotion of river, lake and ferry transport facilities are carried
out through the development of the vessels, improvement of terminals and
quays, construction of river and sea buoys and the clearing and dredging of
waterways.

     Until the fifth year of the Fourth Five-Year Development Plan 5 ferries,
1 river vessel and 1 lake vessel have been built, while 7 ferry quays, 3 river
quays and 2 river terminals were constructed. A number of 31 ferries, 14 ferry
quays, 6 river quays and 7 lake quays had undergone rehabilitation.

     As the result of development the transportation of passengers, goods and
vehicles which in 1983/84 were 18,005 thousand, 4,753 thousand tons and 1,585
thousand units respectively, increased to 41,560 thousand passengers, 10,741
thousand tons of goods and 3,067 thousand units of vehicles in 1988/89.

SEA TRANSPORT

     The development of sea transport is with the aim to smoothen the flow of
goods in and out of the country. Rehabilitation, replacement and improvement
have been carried out on the available capacity of means and infrastructure
such as the vessels, harbor facilities, the dredging of waterways, the safety
of shipping, harbor administration, marine communication and coastguard
facilities.

SHIPPING

     The development of shipping covers the inter-island, local, traditional,
pioneer, ocean-going and special shipping. All of these shippings are
integratedly directed to fulfill the demand of sea transport. Since the First
Five-Year Development Plan until the Fourth Five-Year Development Plan the
operation of the domestic shipping fleets were regulated in a route system.
However, starting from November 21, 1988 by virtue of the Government
Regulation No. 17/1988 concerning sea transport, the decision concerning
operation routes are fully in the hands of the shipping companies.

INTER-ISLAND SHIPPING

     To improve the provision of cargo capacity of the ships, the policy of
scrapping the old ships had been undertaken since 1983/84 until 1986/87.
During that period 205 old ships with a capacity of 251,846 DWT were scrapped.

     Following Government Regulation No. 17/1988 or commonly known as November
21 Package, shipping companies had undertaken efforts to increase the cargo
capacity. In 1988/89 274 ships were put in operation and the capacity
increased to 503,490 DWT. There were 9,294,697 tons of goods transported but
the productivity has decreased to 20.8 tons/DWT/year. In 1989 a new ship had
been set into operation, increasing the whole capacity to 17,902 DWT and 31
ports of call in 21 provinces.

LOCAL SHIPPING

     During 1983/84-1987/88 productivity of the local shipping decreased,
however, in 1988/89 following the November 21 Package, it increased to 21
tons/BRT/year and 3,265,700 tons of goods were transported which is an
increase by 11.9% of the previous year. Meanwhile, the number of ships and
its capacity declined to 1,018 ships and 151,896 BRT.

TRADITIONAL SHIPPING

     Sea transportation to remote areas is operated by traditional shipping
and it is particularly directed to provide means of transportation for
products that are relatively limited in amount and not worth the cost when
transported by local shipping. Traditional shipping is generally managed and
owned by economically weak entrepreneurs so the government provide technical
aid in the construction of prototype and motorized vessels. As the result of
the aid the number of ships and capacity of the fleet increased while the
freight decreased. In 1988/89 the total number of ships was 3,740 with a
capacity of 199,384 BRT, while the freight decreased by 1.8% of that of the
previous year weighing 2,950,500 tons.

PIONEER SHIPPING

     Pioneer shipping has been developed since 1974. In 1988/89 the number of
ships, lines and seaports in operation showed a decline. The number of ships
operating in 1988/89 reached 16 units with 16 regular lines calling at 152
seaports. The number of passengers totalled 211,691, whereas the total amount
of freight reached 31,100 tons.

OCEAN-GOING SHIPPING

     The ocean-going shipping is aimed at improving the international sea
transport services and providing sea transport services for Indonesia's export
commodities in particular. In addition, it is used as means of transportation
of the government's imported goods as regulated in Presidential decision No.
18/1982 stating that government's goods which need to be imported from abroad
are to be shipped on national vessels.

     The number of ships operating in 1988/89 was as many as that of the
previous year which totalled 35 ships with a capacity of 446,980 DWT. However,
the freight increased to 17,887,500 tons with a fleet capacity of 39.9
DWT/year.

SPECIAL SHIPPING

     Special shipping is to serve the transportation of agricultural produce,
mining and industrial products. The capacity of the fleet had changed due to
the scrapping of the old ships and the addition of new ones. In 1987/88 the
number of ships in operation was 2,954 units with freight weighing 65,468,000
tons and in 1988/89 following the November 21 Package the number of ships rose
to 2,999 units with a capacity of 2,970,000 DWT and tug boats with a capacity
of 562,000 HP, with 58,853,000 tons of freight.

AIR TRANSPORT

     Efforts to rehabilitate and improve the air transport infrastructure
include the improvement of air safety facilities and increase the number of
aeroplanes. Thus, it is expected that the frequency of air traffic could also
be increased.

     In the fifth year of the Fourth Five-Year Development Plan there were
797 aeroplanes put in operation with 175 scheduled flights and 622
non-scheduled flights. The total number of aircrafts includes 216 aircrafts
with a capacity of over 10 tons, 379 aeroplanes of below 10 tons and 202
helicopters. In 1988/89 the total number of air-passengers was 6,679,438 and
76,486 tons of cargo. In 1988/89 passengers going on the international flights
increased to 1,735,328 with 61,576 tons of air freight which also showed an
increase.

     Beside the commercial flights, there is also a special flight to
transport the Indonesian Haj Pilgrims. The total number of the Haj Pilgrims
in 1983 recorded at 49,950 and in 1988 it increased to 54,410. Airports used
as the embarkation and the disembarkation terminals of Haj flights are the
Polonia in Medan, Halim Perdanakusumah in Jakarta, Juanda in Surabaya and
Hasanudin in Ujungpandang. In addition, there is a special flight for
trans-migrants which have transported 2,500 families in 1988/89. Air transport
in remote areas is carried out by pioneer air transport services using DHC-6
(Twin Otter) and C-212 aircrafts. In 1983/84 the total number of passengers
carried by this pioneer air transport service was 236,968 and in 1988/89 it
increased to 375,494.

     Development of air transport includes the improvement of airports and its
safety facilities. In 1983/84 there were 44 airports put in operation and at
the end of the Fourth Five-Year Development Plan the total number increased to
56 airports. At the end of the Third Five-Year Development Plan the
international air services covered 24 airports and in 1988/89 there were 38
airports serving international flights. This was the result of a policy which
permits additional airports to become entrance gate for foreign tourists. Also
more foreign air companies were given the opportunity to expand their flight
network in Indonesia.

     In support of the tourist industry, the runways of Sam Ratulangi airport
in Manado, Ngurah Rai airport in Denpasar, Frans Kaisiepo airport in Biak and
Eltari airport in Kupang had been upgraded to be able to serve bigger
aircrafts for long-distance flights.

POSTAL AND GIRO SERVICES

     The policy pursued in the development of Postal and Giro Services does
not differ from that of the previous year which is to expand its network so
as to reach all corners of the country. The development of Postal and Giro
Services is carried out through the construction of buildings for sub-post
offices and auxiliary post offices in the districts and transmigration areas.
For areas with no post offices, the postal and giro services are provided by
mobile post offices. For big cities, when necessary, Head Post Offices and
Offices for the Head of Postal Districts are constructed.

     During the period 1984/85 to 1988/89 242 buildings for sub-post offices,
auxiliary post offices and post offices distributed in sub districts, 9 Head
Post Offices, Post Offices and Offices for Head of Postal District were
constructed. In the same period there were General Post Offices constructed,
while 101 mobile post offices, 505 motor-cycles and 821 new post boxes were
provided. In 1988/89 the government continued to build General Post Offices,
sub-post offices and 10 auxiliary post offices and the first phase of a
General Post Office in Palu (Central Sulawesi).

     At the end of 1988, 3,587 sub-districts were covered by the postal
services. The Post and Giro Services handled 493.73 million letters, 1.23
million post packages, Rp 431.70 billion worth money orders, postal cheques
worth Rp 4.47 trillion and postal savings worth Rp 136.20 billion as well as
television contribution worth Rp 53.57 billion.

TELECOMMUNICATION

     The quality of telecommunications services has been improved due to the
development of the telecommunication network which covers the construction of
automatic telephone exchanges, the enhancement of telex and telegraph
services, cable network and its supporting infrastructure.

     Progress in the development of the telecommunications sector is shown in
the following table:

[See Table 23.: Capacity of Telephone and Telex, 1987/88 - 1988/89 lines]

     The long-distance links covered 117 locations, and followed by the
improvement of local, international as well as telex links.

     The international communication links were available in 8 cities. In
1987/88 international communication links reached 110 countries and in 1988/89
it has expanded to 138 countries.

     In 1985 expansions were made with the installation of the seabed cable
network connecting ASEAN countries namely between Indonesia-Singapore,
Medan-Penang, Southeast Asia-Middle East-Western Europe,
Australia-Indonesia-Singapore. The second International Telecommunications
Central Office covering the telephone centrals and telex centrals was
constructed in Medan (North Sumatra).

METEOROLOGY AND GEOPHYSICS

     Development of Meteorology and Geophysics had been continuously carried
out during the Fourth Five-Year Development. During the period 1984/85 to
1988/89 60 meteorological stations, 15 climatological stations and 27
geophysics stations had been improved and 5 new meteorological and 1
climatological stations constructed.

     The total number of meteorological and geophysics stations in 1988/89
did not differ from that of 1987/88, however, the capacity of the stations in
data production had increased.

[See Table 24.: Data Production of Meteorological, Climatological and
Geophysics Stations, 1987/88 - 1988/89 pieces]