Multimedia Mania/abacus-multimedia-mania.iso/dp/0024/00241.txt

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$Unique_ID{bob00241}
$Pretitle{}
$Title{Indonesia
Agriculture}
$Subtitle{}
$Author{Department of Information Republic of Indonesia}
$Affiliation{Embassy of Indonesia, Washington DC}
$Subject{production
thousand
tons
development
increase
hectares
intensification
per
cent
efforts
see
tables
}
$Date{1990}
$Log{See Table 13.*0024101.tab
See Table 14.*0024102.tab
See Table 15.*0024103.tab
See Table 16.*0024104.tab
See Table 17.*0024105.tab
See Table 18.*0024106.tab
See Table 19.*0024107.tab
}
Title:       Indonesia
Book:        Indonesia 1990 an Official Handbook
Author:      Department of Information Republic of Indonesia
Affiliation: Embassy of Indonesia, Washington DC
Date:        1990

Agriculture

     In line with the 1988 Guidelines of State Policy, Indonesia's economic
development puts emphasis on the agricultural sector to reinforce
self-sufficiency in food-stuffs. The development of the agricultural sector is
also designed to promote the growth of advance, efficient and viable
agriculture, so that it can support the change of economic structure to a
more-balancing proportion. Thus, the development of the agricultural sector
aims at not only supporting economic growth, but also sustaining industrial
growth. It also aims at augmenting the yields and quality of production in
order to meet the need of foods and raw materials for industries, boost
exports, improve income of farmers, expand employment and business
opportunities, and also support regional development and transmigration
program.

     Agricultural development, which includes production of food and
commercial crops (estate), fisheries, cattle and poultry breeding and
farming, and forestry, is implemented in an integrated-and-proportionate way,
having due regard for the soil, water and climatic conditions with a view to
the preservation of natural resources and the living environment. The process
of diversification, intensification, extensification and rehabilitation takes
place with full consideration for the preservation of the living environment
as well.

     For the Fifth Five-Year Development Plan period (1989/90-1993/94) the
agricultural sector is expected to grow to an annual average of 3.6 per cent,
with the annual production increase rate of rice averaging 3.2 per cent. In
the meantime, the share of the agricultural sector in the national production
is estimated to decline from 23.2% in 1988 to 21.6% by 1993, leading towards a
more even balance between the agricultural sector and industrial sector which
contributes 16.9 per cent.

RICE PRODUCTION

     It is the policy of the Government to augment production of rice in
particular and food production in general through diversification,
intensification and rehabilitation efforts in the context of establishing and
eventually maintaining self-sufficiency in food. Increasing production is done
by improving post-harvest processes, establishing appropriate price policies
for both farmers and consumers, promoting and applying appropriate technology,
creating and matching facilities with the infrastructure, as well as improving
farm management and expanding the arable land.

     Extensification has been exercised by opening up new farmland where
irrigation is possible, on arid land, swampy land, ebbtide land and in
transmigration areas, while rehabilitation efforts are adapted on critical
land to recover and preserve its fertility. Meanwhile, intensification efforts
have also been sustained by research measures, construction and training in
agricultural techniques.

     Production of rice tends to increase from year to year. In 1988,
production of paddy rose 4.2 per cent to 41,769 thousand tons from 40,078 tons
in the previous year. As to maintaining self-sufficiency in rice, the island
of Java accounted for about 61 per cent and outside Java 39 per cent of the
total production. This was chiefly due to the average increase of paddy
harvest per hectare from 4.04 tons in 1987 to 4.14 tons in 1988, or a rice of
2.5 per cent.

     At the same time, the harvest area in the intensification scheme
increased by 1 per cent to 8,114 thousand hectares in 1988 from 8,035
thousand hectares in 1987. The harvest area throughout Indonesia totalled
10,090 thousand hectares in 1988 compared with 9,923 thousand hectares in the
previous year.

[See Table 13.: Development of Paddy Production, 1984-1988 in thousand tons]

SECOND CROPS AND HORTICULTURE

     Increasing second crops and horticultural production is continuously
pursued to meet the need for domestic consumption, to raise exports and at the
same time elevate the farmer's income.

     Production increase of second crops and horticulture has been pursued by
way of crops diversification, intensification and extensification.
Intensification is carried out in the rain-fed areas with a view to the
conservation effort of soil and water and replanting. Diversification is more
focussed on the irrigated areas, and extensification is connected with the
transmigration program on the sparsely-populated areas.

     As the result of these efforts in 1988 the production of second crops
and horticulture noted a modest increase.

     The production of corn scored the highest increase of 32 per cent, from
5,155 thousand tons in 1987 to 6,806 thousand tons in 1988. That of soybeans
rose by 8.0 per cent, cassava 6.4 per cent, peanuts 6.0 per cent and sweet
potatoes 2.6 per cent.

     The production of vegetables also rose by 18.8 per cent, from 4,456
thousand tons in 1987 to 5,293 thousand tons in 1988, and fruits by 30.4 per
cent, from 5,098 thousand tons in 1987 to 6,648 thousand tons in 1988.

[See Table 14.: Production and Average Yield of Several Second Crops, 1984 -
1988]

ANIMAL HUSBANDRY

     The development of animal husbandry has been implemented through efforts
of intensification, diversification and extensification. Intensification
efforts put more emphasis on the increase of productivity, promotion of
management development of organization and the marketing of smallholders'
animal husbandry. Intensification of cattle has been implemented through
activities relating to the safety, promotion, artificial insemination, and
the control of the slaughter of productive cows. Efforts in extensification
and diversification have been pursued through importing cattle of good breed
and distributing them to transmigration areas, and applying artificial
insemination.

     In 1988, developmental activities of animal husbandry were focused on
mass endeavors to prevent livestock from an eradicate diseases by vaccination,
theraphy and diagnose.

     As the result of these efforts livestock population in 1988 showed an
increase, except for the population of buffaloes which remained the same, and
the population of ducks which declined by 3.2%. The highest increase was
scored by milchcows (11.6%) and broilers (8%).

     In the meantime, the production of meat, eggs and milk rose by 3.7%, 3.1%
and 11.5% respectively in 1988 compared to that of 1987.

     Efforts to multiply the production of livestock have been carried out by
improving skills in artificial insemination and vaccinating techniques. The
number of skilled workers on artificial insemination grew from 2,695 in 1987
to 2,749 in 1988, and that of skilled workers in vaccinating livestock did not
change, it remained 5,652.

[See Table 15.: Production of Meat, Eggs and Milk, 1984-1988, in thousand tons]

     During the period 1984-1988 the export of livestock commodities indicated
an encouraging tendency both in terms of volume and type. When in the early
years of REPELITA IV the export of livestock commodities consisted of hides
and bones only, since 1987 chicken and pig have been on the list. Except of
ox-hide, the export of hide in general declined in 1988 due to the increase of
domestic consumption. The exports of bones and horns registered a modest
increase of 23.1% compared to that of 1987.

FISHERY

     The development in the field of fishery has also been carried out through
intensification, extensification and rehabilitation programs. Efforts of
intensification and rehabilitation are directed toward increasing the
productivity of smallholder fishery establishments by way of improving
production technology and management, rehabilitating fish pond channels, and
setting up seed centers and the Project Implementation Unit Scheme (UPP).

     In the framework of stepping up non-oil and -gas exports, on May 6, 1986
the Government launched a policy package -- known as the 6th of May
Package -- with regard among others to shrimp farming. The said policy is to
boost private companies in their shrimp farming activities.

     In 1988, the production of fish totalled 2,881 thousand tons, meaning an
increase of 7.9% compared to that of 1987 which amounted to only 2,670
thousand tons. The production of inland fishery rose by 9.5% from 653 thousand
tons in 1987 to 715 thousand tons in 1988, and that of sea fishery grew by
7.4%, from 2,017 thousand tons in 1987 to 2,166 thousand tons in 1988.

     Export of fisheries production rose by 30.9%, from 141,732 tons in 1987
to 179,384 tons in 1988, of which 955 tons were ornamental fish.

     The total number of motorized vessels used to catch fish in 1988 was
117,526, or an increase by 2.3% compared with that of 1987 totalling 114,839,
while that of non-motorized vessels was 222,233 in 1988 against 224,010 in the
previous year.

[See Table 16.: Export Volume of Fish Product, 1984-1988, in tons]

AGRONOMIC ESTATES

     Plantations in Indonesia are run either by the state or by private
companies, whether national or foreign, by joint-venture enterprises and also
by smallholders.

     The development of agronomic estates is stressed upon the smallholders'
plantations by carrying out intensification, diversification, extensification
and rehabilitation programs. Intensification and rehabilitation efforts are
implemented in the Project Implementation Unit Scheme (UPP) aimed at stepping
up productivity. In this circumstance farmers are encouraged to apply advance
technology, effectively utilize credit facilities, better management and
marketing.

     Efforts of intensification and extensification are carried out through
the Smallholders' Nucleus Plantation Scheme, which is directed towards the
increase of investment by state- and private-run estates. The scheme is
designed to help the development of smallholders' plantations in new
locations.

     Efforts to raise the production of agronomic estates are also supported
by other efforts to enhance the farmers' ability to prevent and eventually
eradicate plant diseases through an integrated control system.

     The total plantation area reached 10,488 thousand hectares in 1988 of
which rubber plantations accounted for some 3,075 thousand hectares, coconut
3,456 thousand hectares, oil palm 888 thousand hectares and other plantations
such as coffee, tea, cloves, pepper, cacao and cashew which altogether made up
3,069 thousand hectares.

     The country's most important seasonal plants are sugar-cane, tobacco and
cotton. The total area of sugar-cane plantations reached 383 thousand hectares
in 1988 of which 218,177 hectares were organized under the smallholders'
sugar-cane intensification scheme. The area of sugar-cane noted a rise of 0.5%
in 1988 compared to that of the previous year.

     It is the policy of the Government to encourage the private sector to
invest in agronomic estates. Until 1988 private companies run oil palm and
cacao plantations in ten provinces on an area of about 382,700 hectares.

[See Table 17.: Production of Leading Estate Crops, 1984-1988, in thousand
tons]

     In general the export volume of agronomic estate commodities showed an
encouraging increase in 1988. The export volume of pepper registered the
highest increase by 38.3% and that of palm oil ranked second by 33.6%, while
that of rubber scored only 3.6%.

FORESTRY

     The Guidelines of State Policy spells out that, among other things, the
best possible management of forests as a significant natural resource should
be encouraged to yield the greatest benefit for the people, while preserving
the function and potentials of the forests as a means of protecting the
environment.

     In line with this stipulation, the Government has taken a series of
measures among other things by imposing a ban on the export of logs and
unprocessed rattan and a regulation on selective tree-felling. In the meantime
efforts of reforestation and forest conservation along with the advancement of
wood-processing industries are always increased and encouraged.

     Development in the forestry field is directed toward meeting domestic
needs of timber and non-timber forest products and augmenting foreign exchange
earnings. Meanwhile, the measures taken have also showed encouraging results.
Forest products in the form of ready-made goods have also indicated a
heartening increase both in volume and quality terms.

     In 1988/89, the production of logs totalled 22.1 million m3, meaning a
decline by 19.7% compared with that of 1987/88. On the contrary the production
of teakwood logs rose by 5.2% reaching 725 thousand m3. Exports of processed
teakwood totalled 43 thousand m3 in 1988/89. At the same time, the production
of sawn-timber dropped by 55.4% to become 4.3 million m3 owing to the decline
of logs production. However, the export volume of sawn-timber rose by 1.2% to
reach 2,874 thousand m3. In 1988/89 the production of plywood reached 7.5
million m3, or a rise by 16.9% compared with that of 1987/88.

     The export volume of plywood increased by 13.5% to 6,860 thousand m3. The
production of non-timber forest products such as rattan, cinamon, cokes,
copal, resin, etc. has been potential. The export volume of non-timber forest
products in 1988/89 totalled 176.3 thousand m3, increasing by 33.5% compared
with that of 1987/88 but it dropped by 3.8% when compared with that of
1983/84.

[See Table 18.: Export Volume of Processed Timber and Non-Timber Forest
Products, 1984/85-1988/89, in thousand cu. metres]

     Concerning the management of tropical forests, every year the Indonesian
Government sets aside a sum of US$300 million to finance reforestation
programs for an area of 300,000 hectares per year. Besides, industrial forests
have also developed, which in 1988/89 have covered an area of 6,476 hectares.

IRRIGATION

     In supporting agricultural development, the development of irrigation
covers all policies and activities directed toward improving and expanding
water sources for irrigation, protecting production areas from floods and
improving the utilization of new agricultural land in the context of stepping
up food production. In addition, the development of irrigation network is
also directed toward controlling and maintaining the preservation of water
sources, providing the people with potable water as well as supporting the
development of industries and electricity.

     The development of irrigation includes all activities to maintain and
rehabilitate the existing irrigation network, construct new irrigation
network, reclaim land of swampy areas and safeguard the forest, land and
water. Those activities are also supported by appropriate research and
development planning for water sources.

     Since fiscal year 1986/87 or the third year of REPELITA IV the
development of irrigation has put emphasis on the completion of projects which
directly support the "Agricultural Intensification Program" and the
"Agricultural Special Intensification Program", in the context of maintaining
food self-sufficiency. In the framework of augmenting production of fish
ponds, the development of irrigation puts emphasis on the rehabilitation of
the existing irrigation canals and the construction of the new ones. Further,
the operation and maintenance of irrigation network have been more improved by
involving the community's participation. These actions have been supportive in
achieving self-sufficiency in foods and in enhancing the supply of water for
industrial needs.

[See Table 19.: Achievement of Irrigation Program, 1984/85-1988/89 in hectares]

     Rehabilitation and maintenance of irrigation network in 1988/89 covered
an area of 377,461 hectares, an increase by 146.2% compared with that of
1987/88. At the same time, new irrigation network covering an area of 23,677
hectares has been developed and completed in the provinces of West Java,
Aceh, North Sumatra, West Sumatra, South Sumatra, North Sulawesi, Southeast
Sulawesi, Bali and Irian Jaya.