$Unique_ID{bob00241} $Pretitle{} $Title{Indonesia Agriculture} $Subtitle{} $Author{Department of Information Republic of Indonesia} $Affiliation{Embassy of Indonesia, Washington DC} $Subject{production thousand tons development increase hectares intensification per cent efforts see tables } $Date{1990} $Log{See Table 13.*0024101.tab See Table 14.*0024102.tab See Table 15.*0024103.tab See Table 16.*0024104.tab See Table 17.*0024105.tab See Table 18.*0024106.tab See Table 19.*0024107.tab } Title: Indonesia Book: Indonesia 1990 an Official Handbook Author: Department of Information Republic of Indonesia Affiliation: Embassy of Indonesia, Washington DC Date: 1990 Agriculture In line with the 1988 Guidelines of State Policy, Indonesia's economic development puts emphasis on the agricultural sector to reinforce self-sufficiency in food-stuffs. The development of the agricultural sector is also designed to promote the growth of advance, efficient and viable agriculture, so that it can support the change of economic structure to a more-balancing proportion. Thus, the development of the agricultural sector aims at not only supporting economic growth, but also sustaining industrial growth. It also aims at augmenting the yields and quality of production in order to meet the need of foods and raw materials for industries, boost exports, improve income of farmers, expand employment and business opportunities, and also support regional development and transmigration program. Agricultural development, which includes production of food and commercial crops (estate), fisheries, cattle and poultry breeding and farming, and forestry, is implemented in an integrated-and-proportionate way, having due regard for the soil, water and climatic conditions with a view to the preservation of natural resources and the living environment. The process of diversification, intensification, extensification and rehabilitation takes place with full consideration for the preservation of the living environment as well. For the Fifth Five-Year Development Plan period (1989/90-1993/94) the agricultural sector is expected to grow to an annual average of 3.6 per cent, with the annual production increase rate of rice averaging 3.2 per cent. In the meantime, the share of the agricultural sector in the national production is estimated to decline from 23.2% in 1988 to 21.6% by 1993, leading towards a more even balance between the agricultural sector and industrial sector which contributes 16.9 per cent. RICE PRODUCTION It is the policy of the Government to augment production of rice in particular and food production in general through diversification, intensification and rehabilitation efforts in the context of establishing and eventually maintaining self-sufficiency in food. Increasing production is done by improving post-harvest processes, establishing appropriate price policies for both farmers and consumers, promoting and applying appropriate technology, creating and matching facilities with the infrastructure, as well as improving farm management and expanding the arable land. Extensification has been exercised by opening up new farmland where irrigation is possible, on arid land, swampy land, ebbtide land and in transmigration areas, while rehabilitation efforts are adapted on critical land to recover and preserve its fertility. Meanwhile, intensification efforts have also been sustained by research measures, construction and training in agricultural techniques. Production of rice tends to increase from year to year. In 1988, production of paddy rose 4.2 per cent to 41,769 thousand tons from 40,078 tons in the previous year. As to maintaining self-sufficiency in rice, the island of Java accounted for about 61 per cent and outside Java 39 per cent of the total production. This was chiefly due to the average increase of paddy harvest per hectare from 4.04 tons in 1987 to 4.14 tons in 1988, or a rice of 2.5 per cent. At the same time, the harvest area in the intensification scheme increased by 1 per cent to 8,114 thousand hectares in 1988 from 8,035 thousand hectares in 1987. The harvest area throughout Indonesia totalled 10,090 thousand hectares in 1988 compared with 9,923 thousand hectares in the previous year. [See Table 13.: Development of Paddy Production, 1984-1988 in thousand tons] SECOND CROPS AND HORTICULTURE Increasing second crops and horticultural production is continuously pursued to meet the need for domestic consumption, to raise exports and at the same time elevate the farmer's income. Production increase of second crops and horticulture has been pursued by way of crops diversification, intensification and extensification. Intensification is carried out in the rain-fed areas with a view to the conservation effort of soil and water and replanting. Diversification is more focussed on the irrigated areas, and extensification is connected with the transmigration program on the sparsely-populated areas. As the result of these efforts in 1988 the production of second crops and horticulture noted a modest increase. The production of corn scored the highest increase of 32 per cent, from 5,155 thousand tons in 1987 to 6,806 thousand tons in 1988. That of soybeans rose by 8.0 per cent, cassava 6.4 per cent, peanuts 6.0 per cent and sweet potatoes 2.6 per cent. The production of vegetables also rose by 18.8 per cent, from 4,456 thousand tons in 1987 to 5,293 thousand tons in 1988, and fruits by 30.4 per cent, from 5,098 thousand tons in 1987 to 6,648 thousand tons in 1988. [See Table 14.: Production and Average Yield of Several Second Crops, 1984 - 1988] ANIMAL HUSBANDRY The development of animal husbandry has been implemented through efforts of intensification, diversification and extensification. Intensification efforts put more emphasis on the increase of productivity, promotion of management development of organization and the marketing of smallholders' animal husbandry. Intensification of cattle has been implemented through activities relating to the safety, promotion, artificial insemination, and the control of the slaughter of productive cows. Efforts in extensification and diversification have been pursued through importing cattle of good breed and distributing them to transmigration areas, and applying artificial insemination. In 1988, developmental activities of animal husbandry were focused on mass endeavors to prevent livestock from an eradicate diseases by vaccination, theraphy and diagnose. As the result of these efforts livestock population in 1988 showed an increase, except for the population of buffaloes which remained the same, and the population of ducks which declined by 3.2%. The highest increase was scored by milchcows (11.6%) and broilers (8%). In the meantime, the production of meat, eggs and milk rose by 3.7%, 3.1% and 11.5% respectively in 1988 compared to that of 1987. Efforts to multiply the production of livestock have been carried out by improving skills in artificial insemination and vaccinating techniques. The number of skilled workers on artificial insemination grew from 2,695 in 1987 to 2,749 in 1988, and that of skilled workers in vaccinating livestock did not change, it remained 5,652. [See Table 15.: Production of Meat, Eggs and Milk, 1984-1988, in thousand tons] During the period 1984-1988 the export of livestock commodities indicated an encouraging tendency both in terms of volume and type. When in the early years of REPELITA IV the export of livestock commodities consisted of hides and bones only, since 1987 chicken and pig have been on the list. Except of ox-hide, the export of hide in general declined in 1988 due to the increase of domestic consumption. The exports of bones and horns registered a modest increase of 23.1% compared to that of 1987. FISHERY The development in the field of fishery has also been carried out through intensification, extensification and rehabilitation programs. Efforts of intensification and rehabilitation are directed toward increasing the productivity of smallholder fishery establishments by way of improving production technology and management, rehabilitating fish pond channels, and setting up seed centers and the Project Implementation Unit Scheme (UPP). In the framework of stepping up non-oil and -gas exports, on May 6, 1986 the Government launched a policy package -- known as the 6th of May Package -- with regard among others to shrimp farming. The said policy is to boost private companies in their shrimp farming activities. In 1988, the production of fish totalled 2,881 thousand tons, meaning an increase of 7.9% compared to that of 1987 which amounted to only 2,670 thousand tons. The production of inland fishery rose by 9.5% from 653 thousand tons in 1987 to 715 thousand tons in 1988, and that of sea fishery grew by 7.4%, from 2,017 thousand tons in 1987 to 2,166 thousand tons in 1988. Export of fisheries production rose by 30.9%, from 141,732 tons in 1987 to 179,384 tons in 1988, of which 955 tons were ornamental fish. The total number of motorized vessels used to catch fish in 1988 was 117,526, or an increase by 2.3% compared with that of 1987 totalling 114,839, while that of non-motorized vessels was 222,233 in 1988 against 224,010 in the previous year. [See Table 16.: Export Volume of Fish Product, 1984-1988, in tons] AGRONOMIC ESTATES Plantations in Indonesia are run either by the state or by private companies, whether national or foreign, by joint-venture enterprises and also by smallholders. The development of agronomic estates is stressed upon the smallholders' plantations by carrying out intensification, diversification, extensification and rehabilitation programs. Intensification and rehabilitation efforts are implemented in the Project Implementation Unit Scheme (UPP) aimed at stepping up productivity. In this circumstance farmers are encouraged to apply advance technology, effectively utilize credit facilities, better management and marketing. Efforts of intensification and extensification are carried out through the Smallholders' Nucleus Plantation Scheme, which is directed towards the increase of investment by state- and private-run estates. The scheme is designed to help the development of smallholders' plantations in new locations. Efforts to raise the production of agronomic estates are also supported by other efforts to enhance the farmers' ability to prevent and eventually eradicate plant diseases through an integrated control system. The total plantation area reached 10,488 thousand hectares in 1988 of which rubber plantations accounted for some 3,075 thousand hectares, coconut 3,456 thousand hectares, oil palm 888 thousand hectares and other plantations such as coffee, tea, cloves, pepper, cacao and cashew which altogether made up 3,069 thousand hectares. The country's most important seasonal plants are sugar-cane, tobacco and cotton. The total area of sugar-cane plantations reached 383 thousand hectares in 1988 of which 218,177 hectares were organized under the smallholders' sugar-cane intensification scheme. The area of sugar-cane noted a rise of 0.5% in 1988 compared to that of the previous year. It is the policy of the Government to encourage the private sector to invest in agronomic estates. Until 1988 private companies run oil palm and cacao plantations in ten provinces on an area of about 382,700 hectares. [See Table 17.: Production of Leading Estate Crops, 1984-1988, in thousand tons] In general the export volume of agronomic estate commodities showed an encouraging increase in 1988. The export volume of pepper registered the highest increase by 38.3% and that of palm oil ranked second by 33.6%, while that of rubber scored only 3.6%. FORESTRY The Guidelines of State Policy spells out that, among other things, the best possible management of forests as a significant natural resource should be encouraged to yield the greatest benefit for the people, while preserving the function and potentials of the forests as a means of protecting the environment. In line with this stipulation, the Government has taken a series of measures among other things by imposing a ban on the export of logs and unprocessed rattan and a regulation on selective tree-felling. In the meantime efforts of reforestation and forest conservation along with the advancement of wood-processing industries are always increased and encouraged. Development in the forestry field is directed toward meeting domestic needs of timber and non-timber forest products and augmenting foreign exchange earnings. Meanwhile, the measures taken have also showed encouraging results. Forest products in the form of ready-made goods have also indicated a heartening increase both in volume and quality terms. In 1988/89, the production of logs totalled 22.1 million m3, meaning a decline by 19.7% compared with that of 1987/88. On the contrary the production of teakwood logs rose by 5.2% reaching 725 thousand m3. Exports of processed teakwood totalled 43 thousand m3 in 1988/89. At the same time, the production of sawn-timber dropped by 55.4% to become 4.3 million m3 owing to the decline of logs production. However, the export volume of sawn-timber rose by 1.2% to reach 2,874 thousand m3. In 1988/89 the production of plywood reached 7.5 million m3, or a rise by 16.9% compared with that of 1987/88. The export volume of plywood increased by 13.5% to 6,860 thousand m3. The production of non-timber forest products such as rattan, cinamon, cokes, copal, resin, etc. has been potential. The export volume of non-timber forest products in 1988/89 totalled 176.3 thousand m3, increasing by 33.5% compared with that of 1987/88 but it dropped by 3.8% when compared with that of 1983/84. [See Table 18.: Export Volume of Processed Timber and Non-Timber Forest Products, 1984/85-1988/89, in thousand cu. metres] Concerning the management of tropical forests, every year the Indonesian Government sets aside a sum of US$300 million to finance reforestation programs for an area of 300,000 hectares per year. Besides, industrial forests have also developed, which in 1988/89 have covered an area of 6,476 hectares. IRRIGATION In supporting agricultural development, the development of irrigation covers all policies and activities directed toward improving and expanding water sources for irrigation, protecting production areas from floods and improving the utilization of new agricultural land in the context of stepping up food production. In addition, the development of irrigation network is also directed toward controlling and maintaining the preservation of water sources, providing the people with potable water as well as supporting the development of industries and electricity. The development of irrigation includes all activities to maintain and rehabilitate the existing irrigation network, construct new irrigation network, reclaim land of swampy areas and safeguard the forest, land and water. Those activities are also supported by appropriate research and development planning for water sources. Since fiscal year 1986/87 or the third year of REPELITA IV the development of irrigation has put emphasis on the completion of projects which directly support the "Agricultural Intensification Program" and the "Agricultural Special Intensification Program", in the context of maintaining food self-sufficiency. In the framework of augmenting production of fish ponds, the development of irrigation puts emphasis on the rehabilitation of the existing irrigation canals and the construction of the new ones. Further, the operation and maintenance of irrigation network have been more improved by involving the community's participation. These actions have been supportive in achieving self-sufficiency in foods and in enhancing the supply of water for industrial needs. [See Table 19.: Achievement of Irrigation Program, 1984/85-1988/89 in hectares] Rehabilitation and maintenance of irrigation network in 1988/89 covered an area of 377,461 hectares, an increase by 146.2% compared with that of 1987/88. At the same time, new irrigation network covering an area of 23,677 hectares has been developed and completed in the provinces of West Java, Aceh, North Sumatra, West Sumatra, South Sumatra, North Sulawesi, Southeast Sulawesi, Bali and Irian Jaya.