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- From: alopez-o@neumann.uwaterloo.ca (Alex Lopez-Ortiz)
- Subject: sci.math FAQ: Why is 0.9999... = 1?
- Summary: Part 16 of many, New version,
- Originator: alopez-o@neumann.uwaterloo.ca
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- Date: Fri, 17 Nov 1995 17:15:05 GMT
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- Archive-Name: sci-math-faq/specialnumbers/0.999eq1
- Last-modified: December 8, 1994
- Version: 6.2
-
-
-
-
- Why is 0.9999... = 1 ?
-
-
-
- In modern mathematics, the string of symbols 0.9999... = 1 is
- understood to be a shorthand for ``the infinite sum 0.9999... ''. This
- in turn is shorthand for ``the limit of the sequence of real numbers
- 9/10 + 9/100 + 9/1000 + ... , 9/10 , 9/10 + 9/100 ''. Using the
- well-known epsilon-delta definition of the limit (you can find it in
- any of the given references on analysis), one can easily show that
- this limit is 9/10 + 9/100 + 9/1000, ... . The statement that 1 is
- simply an abbreviation of this fact.
-
- 0.9999... = 1
-
- Choose 0.9999... = sum_(n = 1)^(oo) (9)/(10^n) = lim_(m --> oo) sum_(n
- = 1)^m (9)/(10^n) . Suppose varepsilon > 0 , thus delta = 1/- log_(10)
- varepsilon . For every varepsilon = 10^(-1/delta) we have that
-
- m > 1/delta
-
- So by the \left| sum_(n = 1)^m (9)/(10^n) - 1 \right| = (1)/(10^m) <
- (1)/(10^(1/delta)) = varepsilon definition of the limit we have
-
- varepsilon - delta
-
- Not formal enough? In that case you need to go back to the
- construction of the number system. After you have constructed the
- reals (Cauchy sequences are well suited for this case, see
- [Shapiro75]), you can indeed verify that the preceding proof correctly
- shows lim_(m --> oo) sum_(n = 1)^m (9)/(10^n) = 1 .
-
- An informal argument could be given by noticing that the following
- sequence of ``natural'' operations has as a consequence 0.9999... = 1
- . Therefore it's ``natural'' to assume 0.9999... = 1 .
-
-
-
- 0.9999... = 1
-
-
-
- Thus x = 0.9999... ; 10x = 10 o 0.9999... ; 10x = 9.9999... ; 10x - x
- = 9.9999... - 0.9999... ; 9x = 9 ; x = 1 ; .
-
- An even easier argument multiplies both sides of 0.9999... = 1 by
- 0.3333... = 1/3 . The result is 3 .
-
- Another informal argument is to notice that all periodic numbers such
- as 0.9999... = 3/3 = 1 are equal to the period divided over the same
- number of 0.46464646... s. Thus 9 . Applying the same argument to
- 0.46464646... = 46/99 .
-
- Although the three informal arguments might convince you that
- 0.9999... = 9/9 = 1 , they are not complete proofs. Basically, you
- need to prove that each step on the way is allowed and is correct.
- They are also ``clumsy'' ways to prove the equality since they go
- around the bush: proving 0.9999... = 1 directly is much easier.
-
- You can even have that while you are proving it the ``clumsy'' way,
- you get proof of the result in another way. For instance, in the first
- argument the first step is showing that 0.9999... = 1 is real indeed.
- You can do this by giving the formal proof stated in the beginning of
- this FAQ question. But then you have 0.9999... as corollary. So the
- rest of the argument is irrelevant: you already proved what you wanted
- to prove.
-
-
-
- References
-
- R.V. Churchill and J.W. Brown. Complex Variables and Applications.
- 0.9999... = 1 ed., McGraw-Hill, 1990.
-
-
-
- E. Hewitt and K. Stromberg. Real and Abstract Analysis.
- Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1965.
-
-
-
- W. Rudin. Principles of Mathematical Analysis. McGraw-Hill, 1976.
-
-
-
- L. Shapiro. Introduction to Abstract Algebra. McGraw-Hill, 1975.
-
-
-
- This subsection of the FAQ is Copyright (c) 1994 Hans de Vreught. Send
- comments and or corrections relating to this part to
- hdev@cp.tn.tudelft.nl.
-
-
- _________________________________________________________________
-
-
-
- alopez-o@barrow.uwaterloo.ca
- Tue Apr 04 17:26:57 EDT 1995
-
-