Explore the World of Soft…e: Engineering & Science/Explore_the_World_of_Software_Engineering_and_Science_HRS_Software_1998.iso/programs/dies/tsa_a.exe/TSA_4.EXE/G1910.211

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                                   G1910.211
Starting with: 1910.211 - Definitions.


 1910.211   Definitions.

(a) As used in  1910.213 and 1910.214 unless the context clearly requires
otherwise, the following woodworking machinery terms shall have the
meaning prescribed in this paragraph.
(1) "Point of operations" means that point at which cutting, shaping,
boring, or forming is accomplished upon the stock.
(2) "Push stick" means a narrow strip of wood or other soft material with a
notch cut into one end and which is used to push short pieces of
material through saws.
(3) "Block" means a short block of wood, provided with a handle similar to
that of a plane and a shoulder at the rear end, which is used for
pushing short stock over revolving cutters.
(b) As used in  1910.215 unless the context clearly requires otherwise, the
following abrasive wheel machinery terms shall have the meanings
prescribed in this paragraph.
(1) "Type 1 straight wheels" means wheels having diameter, thickness, and
hole size dimensions, and they should be used only on the periphery.
Type 1 wheels shall be mounted between flanges.
Limitation: Hole dimension (H) should not be greater than two-thirds of
wheel diameter dimension (D) for precision, cylindrical, centerless, or
surface grinding applications. Maximum hole size for all other
applications should not exceed one-half wheel diameter. ÑInsert Illus. 48A

{Type 1-Straight Wheel.}


Peripheral grinding wheel having a diameter, thickness and hole.

(2) "Type 2 cylinder wheels" means wheels having diameter, wheel thickness,
and rim thickness dimensions. Grinding is performed on the rim face
only, dimension W. Cylinder wheels may be plain, plate mounted, inserted
nut, or of the projecting stud type.
Limitation: Rim height, T dimension, is generally equal to or greater
than rim thickness, W dimension. ÑInsert Illus. 49A

{Type 2-Cylinder Wheel}


Side grinding wheel having a diameter, thickness
and wall-wheel is mounted on the diameter.

(3) "Type 6 straight cup wheels" means wheels having diameter, thickness,
hole size, rim thickness, and back thickness dimensions. Grinding is
always performed on rim face, W dimension.
Limitation: Minimum back thickness, E dimension, should not be less than
one-fourth T dimension. In addition, when unthreaded hole wheels are
specified, the inside flat, K dimension, must be large enough to
accommodate a suitable flange. ÑInsert Illus. 50A

{Type 6-Straight-cup Wheel}

Side grinding wheel having a diameter, thickness and hole with one side
straight or flat and the opposite side recessed. This type, however,
differs from Type 5 in that the grinding is performed on the wall of the
abrasive created by the difference between the diameter of the recess and
the outside diameter of the wheel. Therefore, the wall dimension "W" takes
precedence over the diameter of the recess as an essential intermediate
dimension to describe this shape type.
(4) "Type 11 flaring cup wheels" mean wheels having double diameter
dimensions D and J, and in addition have thickness, hole size, rim and
back thickness dimensions. Grinding is always performed on rim face, W
dimension. Type 11 wheels are subject to all limitations of use and
mounting listed for type 6 straight sided cup wheels definition.
Limitation: Minimum back thickness, E dimension, should not be less than
one-fourth T dimension. In addition when unthreaded hole wheels are
specified the inside flat, K dimension, shall be large enough to
accommodate a suitable flange. ÑInsert Illus. 51A

{Type 11-Flaring-cup Wheel}

Side grinding wheel having a wall flared or tapered outward from the
back. Wall thickness at the back is normally greater than at the grinding
face (W).
(5) "Modified types 6 and 11 wheels (terrazzo)" mean some type 6 and 11 cup
wheels used in the terrazzo trade having tapered K dimensions to match a
special tapered flange furnished by the machine builder.
Limitation: These wheels shall be mounted only with a special tapered
flange.

{Typical examples of modified types 6 and 11 wheels (terrazzo) showing tapered K

(6) "Types 27 and 28 depressed center wheels" mean wheels having diameter,
thickness, and hole size dimensions. Both types are reinforced, organic
bonded wheels having offset hubs which permit side and peripheral
grinding operations without interference with the mounting. Type 27
wheels are manufactured with flat grinding rims permitting notching and
cutting operations. Type 28 wheels have saucer shaped grinding rims.
(i) Limitations: Special supporting, back adapter and inside flange nuts
are required for the proper mounting of these types of wheels subject
to limitations of  1910.215(c)(4) (i) and (ii).
(ii) Mounts which are affixed to the wheel by the manufacturer may not
require an inside nut and shall not be reused.
(7) "Type 27A depressed center, cutting-off wheels" mean wheels having
diameter, thickness, and hole size dimensions. They are reinforced,
organic bonded, offset hub type wheels, usually 16 inches diameter and
larger, specially designed for use on cutting-off machines where
mounting nut or outer flange interference cannot be tolerated.
Limitations: See  1910.215(c)(1).
(8) "Surface feet per minute" (s.f.p.m.) means the distance in feet any one
abrasive grain on the peripheral surface of a grinding wheel travels in
1 minute.
Surface Feet Per Minute= 3.1416xdiameter in inchesxr.p.m.÷12 or
.262xdiameter in inchesxr.p.m.
Examples: (a) 24-inch diameter wheel, 1,000 revolutions per minute.
Surface Feet per minute .262x24x1,000=6,288 s.f.p.m.
(b) 12-inch diameter wheel, 1,000 revolutions per minute. Surface Feet
per minute .262x12x1,000=3,144 s.f.p.m.
(9) "Flanges" means collars, discs or plates between which wheels are
mounted and are referred to as adaptor, sleeve, or back up type. See
paragraph (c) of  1910.215 for full description.
(10) "Snagging" means grinding which removes relatively large amounts of
material without regard to close tolerances or surface finish
requirements.
(11) "Off-hand grinding" means the grinding of any material or part which is
held in the operator's hand.
(12) "Safety guard" means an enclosure designed to restrain the pieces of
the grinding wheel and furnish all possible protection in the event that
the wheel is broken in operation. See paragraph (b) of  1910.215.
(13) "Cutting off wheels" means wheels having diameter thickness and hole
size dimensions and are subject to all limitations of mounting and use
listed for type 1 wheels, the definition in subparagraph (1) of this
paragraph and paragraph (d) of  1910.215. They may be steel centered,
diamond abrasive or organic bonded abrasive of the plain or reinforced
type.
(i) Limitation: Cutting off wheels are recommended only for use on
specially designed and fully guarded machines and are subject to the
following maximum thickness and hole size limitations.

┌──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┬───────────┐
│                                                                  │   Max.    │
│                          Wheel diameter                          │ thickness │
│                                                                  │  (inch)   │
├──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┼───────────┤
│6 inch and smaller................................................│       3/18│
│Larger than 6 inches to 12 inches.................................│        1/4│
│Larger than 12 inches to 23 inches................................│        3/8│
│Larger than 23 inches.............................................│        1/2│
└──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┴───────────┘
(ii) Maximum hole size for cutting-off wheels should not be larger than
1/4-wheel diameter.
(14) "Abrasive wheel" means a cutting tool consisting of abrasive grains
held together by organic or inorganic bonds. Diamond and reinforced
wheels are included.
(15) "Organic wheels" means wheels which are bonded by means of an organic
material such as resin, rubber, shellac, or other similar bonding agent.
(16) "Inorganic wheels" means wheels which are bonded by means of inorganic
material such as clay, glass, porcelain, sodium silicate, magnesium
oxychloride, or metal. Wheels bonded with clay, glass, porcelain or
related ceramic materials are characterized as "vitrified bonded
wheels."
(c) As used in  1910.216, unless the context clearly requires otherwise, the
following mills and calenders in the rubber and plastic industries terms
shall have the meanings prescribed in this paragraph.
(1) "Bite" means the nip point between any two inrunning rolls.
(2) "Calender" means a machine equipped with two or more metal rolls
revolving in opposite directions and used for continuously sheeting or
plying up rubber and plastics compounds and for frictioning or coating
materials with rubber and plastics compounds.
(3) "Mill" means a machine consisting of two adjacent metal rolls, set
horizontally, which revolve in opposite directions (i.e., toward each
other as viewed from above) used for the mechanical working of rubber
and plastics compounds.
(d) As used in  1910.217, unless the context clearly requires otherwise, the
following power press terms shall have the meaning prescribed in this
paragraph.
(1) "Antirepeat" means the part of the clutch/brake control system designed
to limit the press to a single stroke if the tripping means is held
operated. Antirepeat requires release of all tripping mechanisms before
another stroke can be initiated. "Antirepeat" is also called single
stroke reset or reset circuit.
(2) "Brake" means the mechanism used on a mechanical power press to stop
and/or hold the crankshaft, either directly or through a gear train,
when the clutch is disengaged.
(3) "Bolster plate" means the plate attached to the top of the bed of the
press having drilled holes or T-slots for attaching the lower die or die
shoe.
(4) "Clutch" means the coupling mechanism used on a mechanical power press
to couple the flywheel to the crankshaft, either directly or through a
gear train.
(5) "Full revolution clutch" means a type of clutch that, when tripped,
cannot be disengaged until the crankshaft has completed a full
revolution and the press slide a full stroke.
(6) "Part revolution clutch" means a type of clutch that can be disengaged
at any point before the crankshaft has completed a full revolution and
the press slide a full stroke.
(7) "Direct drive" means the type of driving arrangement wherein no clutch
is used; coupling and decoupling of the driving torque is accomplished
by energization and deenergization of a motor. Even though not employing
a clutch, direct drives match the operational characteristics of "part
revolution clutches" because the driving power may be disengaged during
the stroke of the press.
(8) "Concurrent" means acting in conjunction, and is used to describe a
situation wherein two or more controls exist in an operated condition at
the same time.
(9) "Continuous" means uninterrupted multiple strokes of the slide without
intervening stops (or other clutch control action) at the end of
individual strokes.
(10) "Counterbalance" means the mechanism that is used to balance or support
the weight of the connecting rods, slide, and slide attachments.
(11) "Device" means a press control or attachment that:
(i) Restrains the operator from inadvertently reaching into the point of
operation, or
(ii) Prevents normal press operation if the operator's hands are
inadvertently within the point of operation, or
(iii) Automatically withdraws the operator's hands if the operator's hands
are inadvertently within the point of operation as the dies close, or
(iv) Prevents the initiation of a stroke, or stops of stroke in progress,
when there is an intrusion through the sensing field by any part of
the operator's body or by any other object.
(12) "Presence sensing device" means a device designed, constructed and
arranged to create a sensing field or area that signals the clutch/brake
control to deactivate the clutch and activate the brake of the press
when any part of the operator's body or a hand tool is within such field
or area.
(13) "Gate or movable barrier device" means a movable barrier arranged to
enclose the point of operation before the press stroke can be started.
(14) "Holdout or restraint device" means a mechanism, including attachments
for operator's hands, that when anchored and adjusted prevent the
operator's hands from entering the point of operation.
(15) "Pull-out device" means a mechanism attached to the operator's hands
and connected to the upper die or slide of the press, that is designed,
when properly adjusted, to withdraw the operator's hands as the dies
close, if the operator's hands are inadvertently within the point of
operation.
(16) "Sweep device" means a single or double arm (rod) attached to the upper
die or slide of the press and designed to move the operator's hands to a
safe position as the dies close, if the operator's hands are
inadvertently within the point of operation.
(17) "Two hand control device" means a two hand trip that further requires
concurrent pressure from both hands of the operator during a substantial
part of the die-closing portion of the stroke of the press.
(18) "Die" means the tooling used in a press for cutting or forming
material. An upper and a lower die make a complete set.
(19) "Die builder" means any person who builds dies for power presses.
(20) "Die set" means a tool holder held in alignment by guide posts and
bushings and consisting of a lower shoe, an upper shoe or punch holder,
and guide posts and bushings.
(21) "Die setter" means an individual who places or removes dies in or from
mechanical power presses, and who, as a part of his duties, makes the
necessary adjustments to cause the tooling to function properly and
safely.
(22) "Die setting" means the process of placing or removing dies in or from
a mechanical power press, and the process of adjusting the dies, other
tooling and safeguarding means to cause them to function properly and
safely.
(23) "Die shoe" means a plate or block upon which a die holder is mounted. A
die shoe functions primarily as a base for the complete die assembly,
and, when used, is bolted or clamped to the bolster plate or the face of
slide.
(24) "Ejector" means a mechanism for removing work or material from between
the dies.
(25) "Face of slide" means the bottom surface of the slide to which the
punch or upper die is generally attached.
(26) "Feeding" means the process of placing or removing material within or
from the point of operation.
(27) "Automatic feeding" means feeding wherein the material or part being
processed is placed within or removed from the point of operation by a
method or means not requiring action by an operator on each stroke of
the press.
(28) "Semiautomatic feeding" means feeding wherein the material or part
being processed is placed within or removed from the point of operation
by an auxiliary means controlled by operator on each stroke of the
press.
(29) "Manual feeding" means feeding wherein the material or part being
processed is handled by the operator on each stroke of the press.
(30) "Foot control" means the foot operated control mechanism designed to be
used with a clutch or clutch/brake control system.
(31) "Foot pedal" means the foot operated lever designed to operate the
mechanical linkage that trips a full revolution clutch.
(32) "Guard" means a barrier that prevents entry of the operator's hands or
fingers into the point of operation.
(33) "Die enclosure guard" means an enclosure attached to the die shoe or
stripper, or both, in a fixed position.
(34) "Fixed barrier guard" means a die space barrier attached to the press
frame.
(35) "Interlocked press barrier guard" means a barrier attached to the press
frame and interlocked so that the press stroke cannot be started
normally unless the guard itself, or its hinged or movable sections,
enclose the point of operation.
(36) "Adjustable barrier guard" means a barrier requiring adjustment for
each job or die setup.
(37) "Guide post" means the pin attached to the upper or lower die shoe
operating within the bushing on the opposing die shoe, to maintain the
alignment of the upper and lower dies.
(38) "Hand feeding tool" means any hand held tool designed for placing or
removing material or parts to be processed within or from the point of
operation.
(39) "Inch" means an intermittent motion imparted to the slide (on machines
using part revolution clutches) by momentary operation of the "Inch"
operating means. Operation of the "Inch" operating means engages the
driving clutch so that a small portion of one stroke or indefinite
stroking can occur, depending upon the length of time the "Inch"
operating means is held operated. "Inch" is a function used by the die
setter for setup of dies and tooling, but is not intended for use during
production operations by the operator.
(40) "Jog" means an intermittent motion imparted to the slide by momentary
operation of the drive motor, after the clutch is engaged with the
flywheel at rest.
(41) "Knockout" means a mechanism for releasing material from either die.
(42) "Liftout" means the mechanism also known as knockout.
(43) "Operator's station" means the complete complement of controls used by
or available to an operator on a given operation for stroking the press.
(44) "Pinch point" means any point other than the point of operation at
which it is possible for a part of the body to be caught between the
moving parts of a press or auxiliary equipment, or between moving and
stationary parts of a press or auxiliary equipment or between the
material and moving part or parts of the press or auxiliary equipment.
(45) "Point of operation" means the area of the press where material is
actually positioned and work is being performed during any process such
as shearing, punching, forming, or assembling.
(46) "Press" means a mechanically powered machine that shears, punches,
forms or assembles metal or other material by means of cutting, shaping,
or combination dies attached to slides. A press consists of a stationary
bed or anvil, and a slide (or slides) having a controlled reciprocating
motion toward and away from the bed surface, the slide being guided in a
definite path by the frame of the press.
(47) "Repeat" means an unintended or unexpected successive stroke of the
press resulting from a malfunction.
(48) "Safety block" means a prop that, when inserted between the upper and
lower dies or between the bolster plate and the face of the slide,
prevents the slide from falling of its own deadweight.
(49) "Single stroke" means one complete stroke of the slide, usually
initiated from a full open (or up) position, followed by closing (or
down), and then a return to the full open position.
(50) "Single stroke mechanism" means an arrangement used on a full
revolution clutch to limit the travel of the slide to one complete
stroke at each engagement of the clutch.
(51) "Slide" means the main reciprocating press member. A slide is also
called a ram, plunger, or platen.
(52) "Stop control" means an operator control designed to immediately
deactivate the clutch control and activate the brake to stop slide
motion.
(53) "Stripper" means a mechanism or die part for removing the parts or
material from the punch.
(54) "Stroking selector" means the part of the clutch/brake control that
determines the type of stroking when the operating means is activated.
The stroking selector generally includes positions for "Off" (Clutch
Control), "Inch," "Single Stroke," and "Continuous" (when Continuous is
furnished).
(55) "Trip or (tripping)" means activation of the clutch to "run" the press.
(56) "Turnover bar" means a bar used in die setting to manually turn the
crankshaft of the press.
(57) "Two-hand trip" means a clutch actuating means requiring the concurrent
use of both hands of the operator to trip the press.
(58) "Unitized tooling" means a type of die in which the upper and lower
members are incorporated into a selfcontained unit so arranged as to
hold the die members in alignment.
(59) "Control system" means sensors, manual input and mode selection
elements, interlocking and decision-making circuitry, and output
elements to the press operating mechanism.
(60) "Brake monitor" means a sensor designed, constructed, and arranged to
monitor the effectiveness of the press braking system.
(61) "Presence sensing device initiation" means an operating mode of
indirect manual initiation of a single stroke by a presence sensing
device when it senses that work motions of the operator, related to
feeding and/or removing parts, are completed and all parts of the
operator's body or hand tools are safely clear of the point of
operation.
(62) "Safety system" means the integrated total system, including the
pertinent elements of the press, the controls, the safeguarding and any
required supplemental safeguarding, and their interfaces with the
operator, and the environment, designed, constructed and arranged to
operate together as a unit, such that a single failure or single
operating error will not cause injury to personnel due to point of
operation hazards.
(63) "Authorized person" means one to whom the authority and responsibility
to perform a specific assignment has been given by the employer.
(64) "Certification" or "certify" means, in the case of design
certification/validation, that the manufacturer has reviewed and tested
the design and manufacture, and in the case of installation
certification/validation and annual recertification/revalidation, that
the employer has reviewed and tested the installation, and concludes in
both cases that the requirements of  1910.217 (a) through (h) and
Appendix A have been met. The certifications are made to the validation
organization.
(65) "Validation" or "validate" means for PSDI safety systems that an OSHA
recognized third-party validation organization:
(i) For design certification/validation has reviewed the manufacturer's
certification that the PSDI safety system meets the requirements of
 1910.217 (a) through (h) and Appendix A and the underlying tests and
analyses performed by the manufacturer, has performed additional tests
and analyses which may be required by  1910.217 (a) through (h) and
Appendix A, and concludes that the requirements of  1910.217 (a)
through (h) and Appendix A have been met; and
(ii) For installation certification/validation and annual
recertification/revalidation has reviewed the employer's certification
that the PSDI safety system meets the requirements of  1910.217 (a)
through (h) and Appendix A and the underlying tests performed by the
employer, has performed additional tests and analyses which may be
required by  1910.217 (a) through (h) and Appendix A, and concludes
that the requirements of  1910.217 (a) through (h) and Appendix A
have been met.
(66) "Certification/validation" and "certify/validate" means the combined
process of certification and validation.
(e) As used in  1910.218, unless the context clearly requires otherwise, the
following forging and hot metal terms shall have the meaning prescribed in
this paragraph.
(1) "Forging" means the product of work on metal formed to a desired shape
by impact or pressure in hammers, forging machines (upsetters), presses,
rolls, and related forming equipment. Forging hammers, counterblow
equipment and high-energy-rate forging machines impart impact to the
workpiece, while most other types of forging equipment impart squeeze
pressure in shaping the stock. Some metals can be forged at room
temperature, but the majority of metals are made more plastic for
forging by heating.
(2) "Open framehammers (or blacksmith hammers)" mean hammers used primarily
for the shaping of forgings by means of impact with flat dies. Open
frame hammers generally are so constructed that the anvil assembly is
separate from the operating mechanism and machine supports; it rests on
its own independent foundation. Certain exceptions are forging hammers
made with frame mounted on the anvil; e.g., the smaller, single-frame
hammers are usually made with the anvil and frame in one piece.
(3) "Steam hammers" mean a type of drop hammer where the ram is raised for
each stroke by a double-action steam cylinder and the energy delivered
to the workpiece is supplied by the velocity and weight of the ram and
attached upper die driven downward by steam pressure. Energy delivered
during each stroke may be varied.
(4) "Gravity hammers" mean a class of forging hammer wherein energy for
forging is obtained by the mass and velocity of a freely falling ram and
the attached upper die. Examples: board hammers and air-lift hammers.
(5) "Forging presses" mean a class of forging equipment wherein the shaping
of metal between dies is performed by mechanical or hydraulic pressure,
and usually is accomplished with a single workstroke of the press for
each die station.
(6) "Trimming presses" mean a class of auxiliary forging equipment which
removes flash or excess metal from a forging. This trimming operation
can also be done cold, as can coining, a product sizing operation.
(7) "High-energy-rate forging machines" mean a class of forging equipment
wherein high ram velocities resulting from the sudden release of a
compressed gas against a free piston impart impact to the workpiece.
(8) "Forging rolls" mean a class of auxiliary forging equipment wherein
stock is shaped between power driven rolls bearing contoured dies.
Usually used for preforming, roll forging is often employed to reduce
thickness and increase length of stock.
(9) "Ring rolls" mean a class for forging equipment used for shaping
weldless rings from pierced discs or thick-walled, ring-shaped blanks
between rolls which control wall thickness, ring diameter, height and
contour.
(10) "Bolt-headers" mean the same as an upsetter or forging machine except
that the diameter of stock fed into the machine is much smaller, i.e.,
commonly three-fourths inch or less.
(11) Rivet making machines mean the same as upsetters and boltheaders when
producing rivets with stock diameter of 1-inch or more. Rivet making
with less than 1-inch diameter is usually a cold forging operation, and
therefore not included in this subpart.
(12) Upsetters (or forging machines, or headers) type of forging equipment,
related to the mechanical press, in which the main forming energy is
applied horizontally to the workpiece which is gripped and held by prior
action of the dies.
(f) As used in  1910.219, unless the context clearly requires otherwise, the
following mechanical power-transmission guarding terms shall have the
meaning prescribed in this paragraph.
(1) "Belts" include all power transmission belts, such as flat belts, round
belts, V-belts, etc., unless otherwise specified.
(2) "Belt shifter" means a device for mechanically shifting belts from tight
to loose pulleys or vice versa, or for shifting belts on cones of speed
pulleys.
(3) "Belt pole" (sometimes called a "belt shipper" or "shipper pole,") means
a device used in shifting belts on and off fixed pulleys on line or
countershaft where there are no loose pulleys.
(4) "Exposed to contact" means that the location of an object is such that a
person is likely to come into contact with it and be injured.
(5) "Flywheels" include flywheels, balance wheels, and flywheel pulleys
mounted and revolving on crankshaft of engine or other shafting.
(6) "Maintenance runway" means any permanent runway or platform used for
oiling, maintenance, running adjustment, or repair work, but not for
passageway.
(7) "Nip-point belt and pulley guard" means a device which encloses the
pulley and is provided with rounded or rolled edge slots through which
the belt passes.
(8) "Point of operation" means that point at which cutting, shaping, or
forming is accomplished upon the stock and shall include such other
points as may offer a hazard to the operator in inserting or
manipulating the stock in the operation of the machine.
(9) "Prime movers" include steam, gas, oil, and air engines, motors, steam
and hydraulic turbines, and other equipment used as a source of power.
(10) "Sheaves" mean grooved pulleys, and shall be so classified unless used
as flywheels.

[39 FR 23502, June 27, 1974, as amended at 39 FR 41846, Dec. 3, 1974; 53 FR
8353, Mar. 14, 1988]