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Simtel MSDOS 1992 September
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gal210a4.arc
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.a lp=12 js=y,nm=1,pn=1,ct=n bo=51 te=12 to=90
.st3,14,1
&dChapter%Seven:%%Using%A%PostScript%Laser%Printer .jc
&d[%Chapter%Seven%] .hc
.t36 7 - .zl
.st3,14,1
&d7.1%INTRODUCTION .jr
.st3,11,1 .x-5
This chapter will tell you how to print with Galahad on a PostScript laser
printer. With the laser printer, you will be able to use various type styles
and type sizes. You will be able to include graphics in your text.
All laser printers are not created equal. Only the PostScript Laser
printer will be able to do everything shown in this chapter. Postscript Laser
printers are made by a number of different manufacturers. Some of them are:
the APPLE LaserWriter, the QMS PS-800, and the QMS PS Jet.
.st3,14,1
&d7.2%FORMATTING &dA &dTEXT &dFILE .jr
.st3,11,1 .x-5
.st3,12,1
&dSending%to%the%Laser:%%%<%ESC%>%<p>
.st3,11,1
The first step is to configure Galahad to the laser printer. While in
the edit mode, press <%ESC%> <p> keys. This will display a menu of printers.
Next press the letter keys associated with the PostScript printer. There
probably will be two PostScript printers displayed. These are actually just
two different modes in which the printer can print. The Portrait (normal) mode
is for the printing to be done such that the page is longer than it is wide,
when read. The Landscape mode, is when the printed page is wider than it is
long.
If a PostScript printer is not in your Galahad menu, you will have to have
Galahad configured for the printer.
.st3,12,1
&dFormatting%for%the%Laser%Printer:%%%=.STn,p,l
.st3,11,1
You may print any Galahad file on the laser printer as long as you
configure Galahad as described above. The laser printer will assign a default
formatting style for you.
.t5 Default formatting style: .t30 &d=.st1,11,1
This will format your file with the Times-Roman font style of &isize 11, with a
&ileading of 1 &ipoint between lines. The details of formatting styles are
described in the following sections.
As always, be sure to print your file to the screen first to check that
there are no errors. Note that you won't see everything on the screen as it
will appear when printed on the paper. Some of the text may not be shown on
the right side of the screen, but the pages will be formatted on paper the same
as in the screen. Use the regular Galahad printing commands.
When composing your file, use the regular Gal2 commands. To take
advantage of the laser's fonts and sizes, you can add the additional commands
described below.
The command to format the text style is as follows:
&d=.STn,p,l .t25 where .t32 n is the font number, .i32
p is the point size, and
l is the leading number of points between text lines.
.i
.st3,12,1
&dFont%Styles
.st3,11,1
Basic font styles include Times-Roman, Helvetica, and Courier. Some
PostScript printers have additional fonts. Following are samples of how some
of these fonts look.
.i3 .st3,11,1
This is printed in Times-Roman font.
.st2,11,1
This is printed in Helvetica font.
.st3,11,1
This is printed in Palatino font. .i0
.st3,11,1
To set the font style, use the =.STn,p,l command. Set n to the appropriate
number:
.i5
Times-Roman .t25 =.ST1,11,1 .t35 n == 1
Helvetica .t25 =.ST2,11,1 .t35 n == 2
Palatino .t25 =.ST3,11,1 .t35 n == 3
Zapf .t25 =.ST6,11,1 .t35 n == 6
.i
.sto3,11,1
NOTE: If your printer has the word 'Plus' in its name it has more fonts than
the standard printer. You must find out how Galahad has been configured for
your printer. Six different fonts can available when Galahad is configured,
and each font can be given any number 1 though 6.
.st3,12,1
&dFont%Sizes
.st3,11,1
Your text may be printed using different font sizes, which determine the
size of the letters. The font size is measured in &ipoints. There are &i72
&ipoints &iper &iinch. So, for example, if you choose a font size of 72, the
letter will measure one inch. The text you are now reading is written using a
font size of 11. On the following page are examples of the various font styles
using a few different font sizes.
.i3
=.st1,15,1 .st1,15,0
This is printed in Times-Roman using a font size of 15.
.st3,11,1
=.st1,7,1 .st1,7,0
This is printed in Times-Roman using a font size of 7.
.st3,11,1
=.st1,20,1 .st1,20,0
This is printed in Times-Roman using a font size of 20.
.st3,11,1
=.st6,15,1 .st6,15,0
This is printed in Zapf-Chancery using a font size of 15.
.st3,11,1
=.st6,7,1 .st6,7,0
This is printed in Zapf-Chancery using a font size of 7.
.st3,11,1
=.st4,11,1 .st4,11,0
This is printed in School-Book using a font size of 11.
.st3,11,1
=.st4,20,1 .st4,20,0
This is printed in School-Book using a font size of 20.
.st3,11,1
=.st4,7,1 .st4,7,0
This is printed in School-Book using a font size of 7.
.i0
.st3,12,1
&dLeading%Points
.st3,11,1
The number of points between text lines is called the &ileading (the term
comes from the old lead printers type). This is illustrated by the following
short paragraphs. For consistency, all three paragraphs will be printed using
the Helvetica font of size 11.
.i3
=.st2,11,1 .st2,11,1
Leading == 1
This is a very short paragraph to illustrate the effect of setting the
leading variable to one. Notice the distance between the lines of this piece of
text.
=.st2,11,2 .st2,11,2
Leading == 2
If we increase the leading variable, there is more space between each line
of text. Generally, the leading is set to one or two for normal text.
.st3,11,1
=.st2,11,5 .st2,11,5
Leading == 5
Sometimes, it is desirable to space the lines such that there is more
white space in between the test. This might be used more for creating
invitations or posters.
.i0
.st3,12,1
&dNegative%Leading
.st3,11,1
To obtain special effects and crowd small font text, the leading may be
&inegative. Once a line is printed, the printer moves down to print the next
line. The distance moved is the sum of the font size and the leading. For
example, =.st2,15,3 moves 18 points for each line printed (15 for font size
plus 3 for leading). Thus you could write the following =.st2,15,-15. The net
effect is no movement. If you want to print a word, and then print something
else on that same line using a different =.S command, you would use a negative
leading equal to the font size.
Following is an example of how you might use negative leading. Note that
the large "I" is printed with a negative leading to get the printer back onto
the same line before the text body is printed.
If you type the following:
=.a ll==40 js==y;
=.st3,45,-45 I =.i4
=.x-24 =.st3,11,1 n the beginning God created the heaven and the earth. And the
earth was without form, and void; and darkness &iwas upon the face of the deep.
And =.i the Spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters. And God said, Let
there be light: and there was light. And God saw the light, that &iit%was
good: and God divided the light from the darkness. And God called the light
Day, and the darkness he called Night. And the evening and the morning were
the first day. =.i0
.i0
It will print as:
.a ll=40 js=y;
.st1,45,-45 I .i4
.x-24 .st1,11,1 n the beginning God created the heaven and the earth. And the
earth was without form, and void; and darkness &iwas upon the face of the deep.
And .i the Spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters. And God said, Let
there be light: and there was light. And God saw the light, that &iit%was
good: and God divided the light from the darkness. And God called the light
Day, and the darkness he called Night. And the evening and the morning were
the first day.
.i0 .a ll=d
The command =.st1,45,-45 allows you to print the "I" and then return to
the same vertical location at the bottom of the last indented line "and
darkness =...". Then the =.x-24 moves the vertical location up two lines to
where the text should start. This is 24 points since each text line is 12
points (11 + 1). (See the Dot X command below).
.st3,12,1
&dItalics%And%Boldface
.st3,11,1
Often in your writing, you may wish to emphasize a word or a quotation by
using &dboldface print, &iitalics or even &obold-italics. Of course, you may
use the usual Galahad commands for this, such as the =&d before the word to be
printed in boldface, but it can be tedious to do a whole paragraph this way,
and it will print slowly. This section will show you how to format your text
so that you may have an entire section printed in boldface, italics, or
bold-italics.
There are three simple Dot S commands to emphasize text. These are
formed simply by adding an extra variable to the basic formatting command you
already know. The extra variables are I, D, or O, and their functions are :
.i10
&d=.stIn,p,l .t25 Italics version of font style, n.
&d=.stDn,p,l .t25 Boldface version of font style, n.
&d=.stOn,p,l .t25 Boldface italics version of font style, n.
.i
Suppose you are writing a report on the language style of &iPride &iand
&iPrejudice by Jane Austen. You may wish to analyze the first line of the
novel,
.sti3,11,1 .i12 .a ll=60
"It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a
good fortune, must be in want of a wife."
.st3,11,1 .i .a ll=d
Do you see how the quotation contrasts to our own words? This was
accomplished by using =.sti3,11,1 to format the section using italics. I also
changed the margins to emphasize it even more.
.sto3,11,1
.sto3,11,1
NOTE: Whether you emphasize your text with italics or boldface, it is usually
aesthetically desirable to keep the same font style.
.st3,11,1
Below we show the same quotation emphasized using boldface and boldface
italics. The command that I use is shown in parentheses.
.i12 .a ll=60
(.std3,11,1)
.std3,11,1
"It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a
good fortune, must be in want of a wife."
(.sto3,11,1)
.sto3,11,1
"It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a
good fortune, must be in want of a wife."
.i .a ll=d
.st3,11,1
You can use these modes of emphasis with any of the font styles, sizes, or
leadings. Now let's get even more advanced. Suppose that within the
quotation, I wish to emphasize "good fortune". I could do this using an
underscore before these words. An underscore before a word will cause the word
to be underlined.
If you wish to format your text for Palatino font style in bold face, and
you wish to further emphasize "good fortune", your file might be formatted like
the following :
.i12 .a ll=60
=.sto3,11,1
=.i12 =.a ll==60
"It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a
=_good =_fortune, must be in want of a wife."
=.i =.a ll==d
.i .a ll=d
The underscore before the word will produce an underlined word. When you print
this passage on the laser printer, it appears as follows:
.sto3,11,1
.i12 .a ll=60
"It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a
_good _fortune, must be in want of a wife."
.i .a ll=d
.sto3,11,1
NOTE: If you use dot S optional italics, boldface or bold-italics, your text
will not show in any of these font styles. It will be displayed as normal
characters.
.st3,11,1
As with normal printers, there are some other methods of emphasizing
words. In addition to underlining words, you may also want to emphasize words
&dbold print, &iitalics, or in &obolditalics. Simply type the =& code before
the word you want emphasized. The =& codes are as follows:
.t15 =&i .t25 &iitalics
.t15 =&d .t25 &dbold
.t15 =&o .t25 &obolditalics
.t18 and also
.t15 =&u .t25 &uunderline
.t15 =_ .t25 _underline
For example: .t20 =&iwild .t35 will print as .t45 &iwild
.t20 =&dmagnificent .t35 will print as .t45 &dmagnificent
.t20 =&owonderful .t35 will print as .t45 &owonderful
.g
.st3,11,1
Obviously, there are many different combinations to be used to create text
that is interesting and easy to read. A few short examples are shown here.
Experiment and try your own combinations!
(.sti2,11,1)
.sti2,11,1
This is the &oitalics version of the &oHelvetica font style with &obolditalics
for emphasis. (=&o)
.st3,11,1
(.sto2,11,1)
.sto2,11,1
This is bold italics using the _Helvetica font style with an underscore. (=_=)
.st3,11,1
(.std2,11,1)
.std2,11,1
Finally we have the &ibold version of Helvetica font style with &iitalics for
emphasis. (=&i)
.st3,17,1
How do I &dprint thee?
Let me &dcount the ways....
.st3,12,1
&dHeaders%and%Footers
.st3,11,1
In Galahad there are commands which allow you to print a header and/or a
footer at the top/bottom of each page. These can be printed left justified,
right justified, or in the center.
.i17
.u12 Headers: .t17 =.Ho .t25 left justified header
=.Hr .t25 right justified header
=.Hc .t25 center justified header
.i
The line of text starting with the left margin up to the =.H command is
considered to be a heading which is to be displayed at the top of each page.
.i17
.u12 Footers: .t17 =.Zo .t25 left justified footer
=.Zr .t25 right justified footer
=.Zc .t25 center justified footer
.i
.n5
The line of text starting with the left margin up to the =.Z command is
considered to be a footer which is to be displayed at the bottom of each page.
(For more information about headers and footers, refer to Appendix C).
These headers and footers may be formatted to be printed using special
font styles and sizes as text was formatted. If you do not format the header
or footer in your file, the laser printer will assign the default values as it
does for the default of text. That is, your header and footer will be printed
in Times-Roman font size 11, and a leading of 1 point. Below are the commands
to format headers and footers. (Note the similarity to the Dot ST commands.)
.i32
.u27 Header: .t15 &d=.SHn,p,l
.u27 Footer: .t15 &d=.SFn,p,l .t25 where .t32 n is the font number,
p is the point size, and
l is the leading number of points between text lines.
.i
The variables for font style, font size and leading were discussed at the
beginning of this section. Refer back for details. The following example
illustrate the use of headers and footers.
Suppose you want your papers to be headed with the title of your report,
and you also want your name at the bottom of every page. Your text file might
contain the following commands :
.i10
=.SH1,20,2
=.SF6,15,2
Great Ideas about Printing =.Hc
Galahad Documentation =.t36 7 - =.t58 PostScript Printing =.zl
( Your text will follow. )
.i0
.g
.sh1,20,2 .sf6,15,2
Great Ideas about Printing .Hc
Galahad Documentation .t36 7 - .t58 PostScript Printing .zl
This page illustrates what the header and footer described by the commands
printed in the bottom of the preview page. If you only want the header or the
footer to be active for the first few pages, you then turn off the header or
footer by using the =.H or the =.Z command without anything else on the line.
Look at the top and bottom of this page. This is what the header and the
footer commands can do.
Remember that you can justify left, right, or in the center.
If you are very ambitious, you might try to combine these commands with
the Galahad commands to include the page numbering in a header or a footer. We
have given you an example.
.st5,17,1
&dBe%creative!
.g
&d[%Chapter%Seven%] .hc
.sh3,11,1 .sf3,11,1
.st3,11,1
.t36 7 - .zl
.st3,12,1
&dDot%X
.st3,11,1
The =.X command is used to move the print position up or down the page.
The form of =.X is =.Xn when n is the number of &ipoints that the print
position is moved &idown the page. For example, =.x20 moves the print position
down the page by twenty points (remember there are 72 points to the inch). To
move up the page you would use: =.x-30, which would move &iup the page 30
points. When you display the text on the screen, you will not see the =.X
command take effect, but the motion will be seen in the format of the page,
that is, in the length of text shown on the page.
.st3,12,1
&dDot%Y
.st3,11,1
The =.Y command has been in Galahad to make it easy to right justify an
equation number. To remind you how it works:
The text line:
This is line of text and we right justify the last word. =.y
Will be printed as:
This is line of text and we right justify the last word. .y
The general form of =.Y was: =.Yn where n is the number of words to be
moved to the right margin. The new optional m argument to =.Y is: =.Yn,m where
n is as before the number of words to move, and m is the position to which the
words are right justified (rather than the right margin). The &iposition is
the same as the =.T position. We use a table of numbers as an example:
.t18 _This .t45 _Is%Written
.t10 Units .t25 Cost .t40 =.t10 Units =.t25 Cost
.t13 2 $30.00 .y,30 .t40 2 =.y,13 $30.00 =.y1,30
.t13 4 $60.00 .y,30 .t40 4 =.y,13 $60.00 =.y1,30
.t12 10 _$150.00 .y,30 .t40 10 =.y,13 =_$150.00 =.y,30 .b
Total cost: $240.00 .y3,30 .t40 Total cost: $240.00 =.y3,30
.sto3,11,1
NOTE: You have probably seen that =.Y1,13 may be abbreviated as =.Y,13. If
only one word is to be right justified, the 1 may be omitted.
.g
.st3,14,1
&d7.3%LINES%AND%BOXES .jr
.st3,11,1 .x-5
.rbb13,67
.rbb15,65
The Dot R command lets you draw lines and boxes. .jc
This command is a little complicated, .jc
but after you have tried it out, .jc
it should be easy to use. .jc
.reb15,65
.reb13,67
.st3,12,1
&dHorizontal%Lines:%%%=.RHl,r
.st3,11,1
The command to draw a horizontal line is as follows:
.i32
.u14 &d.RHl,r .t26 where .t32 l is the left (beginning) position, and
r is the right (end) position.
.i
This draws a horizontal line from tab position l to tab position r. The
line is drawn near the bottom of the text line, like an underline. For
example, suppose that you write the following text:
.i12
.a ll=60
This is my text that will print out above the line that I am about to draw
using the dot rh command.
=.rh10,40
I just drew a horizontal line from 10 to 40.
.u You would get the following when printed:
This is my text that will print out above the line that I am about to draw
using the dot rh command.
.rh10,40
I just drew a horizontal line from 10 to 40.
.i
.a ll=d
.n5
.st3,12,1
&dVertical%Lines:%%%=.RBVpos,%and%=.REVpos
.st3,11,1
Vertical lines are a little more complicated than horizontal lines. You
need to start them and then stop them. This requires the =.RBV and =.REV
commands (standing for 'Begin Vertical' and 'End Vertical'). The following two
commands must be used together:
.i32
.u14 &d.RBVpos .t26 where pos is the position to begin vertical.
.u14 &d.REVpos .t26 where pos ends the vertical which began at pos.
.i
The =.RBV command begins a vertical line at the tab position specified,
and the =.REV command ends the vertical line which is currently being drawn at
the position specified. Note that the parameter for the =.REV command is the
same as the =.RBV command. For example, suppose I wanted a vertical line to
appear along the side of my text. I might write the following text.
.i12
.a ll=60
=.rbv65
The command that I just used will begin a vertical line at tab position 65 in
the text line where the command was given. Later in the text I need to end the
vertical line. The command I use here ends the vertical line at tab position
65 on the text line where the command is given.
=.rev65
.u This will produce the following when printed:
.rbv65
The command that I just used will begin a vertical line at tab position 65 in
the text line where the command was given. Later in the text I need to end the
vertical line. The command I use here ends the vertical line at tab position
65 on the text line where the command is given.
.rev65
.i .a ll=d
Notice that the space in between the vertical line commands determines the
length of the line. This means that you can write all of your text and then
end the line when you are through. There is no need to measure or guess the
line length needed.
You may start up to 20 vertical lines at any one time. They may begin and
end on any line of text you desire. The tab positions must be all different,
since this is the means of identifying which line is to be started and which is
to be ended.
.n6
To illustrate starting many vertical lines at the same time, type the
following to produce columns:
.i3
=.rbv15 =.rbv20 =.rbv25 =.rbv30 =.rbv35 =.rbv40 =.rbv45
=.t27 a =.t32 b
=.rev15 =.rev20 =.rev25 =.rev30 =.rev35 =.rev40 =.rev45
.i0
When printed, these commands produce these columns:
.rbv15 .rbv20 .rbv25 .rbv30 .rbv35 .rbv40 .rbv45
.t27 a .t32 b
.rev15 .rev20 .rev25 .rev30 .rev35 .rev40 .rev45
.sto3,11,1
NOTE: The vertical lines shown on the screen and on non-PostScript printers do
not look very pretty, but you will like the results as printed by a PostScript
printer.
.st3,11,1
.st3,12,1
&dBoxes: &d=.RBBl,r and &d=.REBl,r
.st3,11,1
Boxes are similar to vertical lines in the way they are described. You
have to start them and stop them in the same way. This requires the =.RBB and
=.REB (standing for 'Begin Box' and 'End Box'). The following two commands
must be used together:
&d.RBBl,r .t26 where .t32 l is the left position, and
.t32 r is the right position.
&d.REBl,r .t26 where .t32 l is the left position, and
.t32 r is the right position.
The =.RBB command begins a box on the line where the command appears in
the text. The sides of this box are specified by the parameters l and r. The
=.REB command, which should appear later in the text, ends the box on the line
where this command appears. Note that the same l and r parameters are used for
the same box. For example, suppose that I wanted to draw a box around
something in my text file. I would type the following:
.i10
=.rbb26,49
=.t29 This is in the box.
=.reb26,49
.i0
The following would be printed:
.rbb26,49
.t29 This is in the box.
.reb26,49
There are no restrictions on the use of boxes or lines. Boxes can be
drawn inside boxes, as can lines. The only requirement is that no more than 20
boxes and vertical lines can be started, but not yet ended, at any one time.
All boxes and vertical lines that are not ended on any page are not drawn, and
you will get an error message.
Here are some more examples of lines and boxes.
Boxes are a good way to make something stand out in a page of text. You
might enclose cautions, warnings, or notes in a box.
.i10
=.rbb20,55
=.t25 WARNING: Do not spill
=.t35 coke on your keyboard.
=.reb20,55
.i0
.rbb20,55
.t25 WARNING: Do not spill
.t25 coke on your keyboard.
.reb20,55
If you are typing instructions for computer use, you might want to
illustrate what is displayed on the screen by enclosing in a box (screen).
.i10
=.rbb20,60
=.t25 Special Computer Program
=.t25 Please enter your name :
=.reb20,60
.i
.rbb20,60
.t25 Special Computer Program
.t25 Please enter your name :
.reb20,60
.st3,12,1
&dSummary%of%Line%and%Box%Commands: .t15
.st3,11,1
.rbb15,55
.t20 horizontal line .t40 =.rh l,r
.t20 begin vertical .t40 =.rbv pos
.t20 end vertical .t40 =.rev pos
.t20 begin box .t40 =.rbb l,r
.t20 end box .t40 =.reb l,r
.t20 where .t30 l == left
.t30 r == right
.t30 pos == x position
.t20 (Spaces are not allowed in =.R's)
.reb15,55
.g
.st3,14,1
&d7.4%TWO%and%THREE%COLUMNS .jr
.st3,11,1 .x-5
The PostScript printer allows you to do two and three column printing. To
do this you need three new =.A commands. Theses are C2, C3 and HL. C2 is, in
effect, a special LP (Left Printer margin) for column two, and C3 is the left
margin for column 3. Typical two column text would be done as follows. You
must set the width of the columns with the LL command, usually about 30, and
then select the left margin for the second column at about 50. Since the
normal LP==14 if you set C2==50, you will have a six character spacing between
the columns, since 14 + 30 == 44.
When printing in the landscape mode, it is reasonable to have three
columns. You use C3 to set the left margin for the third column.
If you want headers and footers on two and three column text there is a
new =.A command to let the headers and footers have a different line length
than specified by LL. The command =.A HL==78 LL==30 tells Galahad to keep the
line length for headers and footers be the normal line length of 78 while the
column length is only 30. The rule about HL is that if it is set HL==0 then
the headers and footers are the same a specified by LL, otherwise the value for
HL is used as the line length.
When printing to the screen, you will not see two or three columns.
Instead when the second or third column is displayed the bottom line will tell
you which column you are seeing.
The following is printed with this =.A line:
.t31 7 - .zl
=.a ll==30 c2==53 lp==17 js==y
.a ll=30 c2=53 lp=17 js=y hl=78
The PostScript printer allows you to do two and three column printing. To
do this you need three new =.A commands. Theses are C2, C3 and HL. C2 is, in
effect, a special LP (Left Printer margin) for column two, and C3 is the left
margin for column 3. Typical two column text would be done as follows. You
must set the width of the columns with the LL command, usually about 30, and
then select the left margin for the second column at about 50. Since the
normal LP==14 if you set C2==50, you will have a six character spacing between
the columns, since 14 + 30 == 44.
When printing in the landscape mode, it is reasonable to have three
columns. You use C3 to set the left margin for the third column.
.g .k28
If you want headers and footers on two and three column text there is a
new =.A command to let the headers and footers have a different line length
than specified by LL. The command =.A HL==78 LL==30 tells Galahad to keep the
line length for headers and footers be the normal line length of 78 while the
column length is only 30. The rule about HL is that if it is set HL==0 then
the headers and footers are the same a specified by LL, otherwise the value for
HL is used as the line length.
When printing to the screen, you will not see two or three columns.
Instead when the second or third column is displayed the bottom line will tell
you which column you are seeing.
.g
.st3,14,1 .a ll=d lp=12 hl=0 c2=0
&d7.5%SPECIAL%CHARACTERS .jr
.st3,11,1 .x-5
.t36 7 - .zl
The PostScript laser printer has many special characters stored with
certain keys. For example,
.i10
Greek letters .t30 &gC &gD &gY &ga &gl
bullet .t30 &h7
trademark .t30 &hd
copywrite .t30 &hc
shapes .t30 &h* &h( &h) &h'
and many mathematical signs such as:
integral .t30 &hr
root .t30 &hV
set membership .t30 &hL &hM &hI &hJ
summation .t30 &he
.i
&iSee &iTable%1 at the end of this manual for a complete listing of the
available characters.
To print a Greek letter, simply type =&g before the letter. For example:
.i10
=&gY .t15 will print as .t30 &gY
=&gD .t15 will print as .t30 &gD
.i
.sto3,11,1
NOTE: The previous Galahad "alternate character control symbol (A/C)" will also
produce Greek letters, but this is not recommended for use with the laser
printers.
.st3,11,1
Many of the mathematical symbols can be produced by typing =&h before the
character. For example:
.i10
=&he .t15 will print as .t30 &he
=&hr .t15 will print as .t30 &hr
=&hM .t15 will print as .t30 &hM
.i
Other special symbols can be printed by typing the control character &h\
before the character. This control character can be produced by pressing the
<%CTRL%><%F10%> and then pressing 0 on the typewriter keyboard. This control
character is pre-defined as <8> on the numeric keypad. For example:
.i10
&h\D .t15 will print as .t30 ßD
&h\q .t15 will print as .t30 ßq
.i
.g
.st3,14,1
&d7.6%GENERAL%NOTES .jr
.st3,11,1 .x-5
Galahad is not able to show various letter sizes on the screen. However,
it does show which lines fit on which pages. When you preview text on the
screen you will sometimes see that some of the text is missing on the right
side. PostScript will print more words per line than can be shown on an 80
column screen. You will also note that when you have large sized centered
text, it will not be centered when previewed on the screen. It will however be
centered when printed on paper.
PostScript fonts, except Courier, are proportional. This means that you
cannot use spaces (or =%'s) as a means of lining up text in columns. You must
use =.T and =.Y to form columns. For example:
.i10
To:=%=%Fred .t25 will print as .t45 To:%%Fred
From:=%Jack .t45 From:%Jack
.i
Notice that the names do not line up. This is because the fonts are
proportional. In order to achieve the desired result, you must use the tab
command (=.t) to line up columns. See the following example.
.i10
To: =.t51 Fred .t25 will print as .t45To: .t51 Fred
From: =.t51 Jack .t45 From: .t51 Jack
.i
.st3,12,1
&dSpecial%Rules
.st3,11,1
.i9
.u4 =.R - .t9 The position of the line drawn is at the bottom of the text line
where the =.R command is placed, or on the text line above the =.R command if
it is at the beginning of a line.
.u4 =.S - .t9 The =.S command takes place on the line it is on only if it is
the first thing on the line, otherwise it is takes effect on the &inext line.
.u4 =.X - .t9 The =.X command takes effect &ibefore the line which it is on is
printed.
.i
Galahad 2.07 has a special rule about headers. If you want the header to
be printed on the first page, you must put the header line (=.H) in the text
&obefore any =.ST commands. (It is permissible to place =.SH and =.SF commands
before the =.H line.)
.g
.st3,14,1
&d7.7%POSTSCRIPT%PROGRAMMING .jr
.st3,11,1 .x-5
The PostScript laser printer has a programming language built into it.
The PostScript language us a simple interpretive programming language with
powerful graphics capabilities. You will need to use the =.V command in your
text file. This command is described, and an example of a PostScript program
is given. Here, we will not attempt to teach the PostScript language. See the
&iPostScript &iLanguage &iReference &iManual for complete instructions on
programming language.
.st3,12,1
&dDot%V3%and%Dot%V0
.st3,11,1 .x-5
The command =.V3 is a form of =.V that does not transform the text between
the =.V3 and the ending =.V0 (which must be at column 1 on a line). It simply
sends the text to the PostScript printer. This =.V3 text does not show on the
screen and does not print on any configured printer other than a PostScript
printer.
Following is a short example of a PostScript program included in a text.
=.v3
/Times-Italic findfont 40 scalefont setfont
/printFancy
{0 0 moveto (Galahad )show} def
230 165 translate
0.95 -0.05 0 =% start incr. end
{setgray printFancy -1 0.5 translate} for
1 setgray printFancy
-230 -165 translate
0 setgray
=.v0
.t20 Observe the following:
.v3
/Times-Italic findfont 40 scalefont setfont
/printFancy
{0 0 moveto (Galahad )show} def
230 165 translate
0.95 -0.05 0 % start incr. end
{setgray printFancy -1 0.5 translate} for
1 setgray printFancy
-230 -165 translate
0 setgray
.v0
.st3,11,1
.sf3,11,1
.g
TABLE 1 -- Alternate Characters .hc
.st3,13,5 .i10
.t29 SYMBOL Font .t54 Current Font
char .t25 =&gchar .t38 =&hchar .t57 &h\char
A .t28 &gA .t40 &hA .t60 ßA
B .t28 &gB .t40 &hB .t60 ßB
C .t28 &gC .t40 &hC .t60 ßC
D .t28 &gD .t40 &hD .t60 ßD
E .t28 &gE .t40 &hE .t60 ßE
F .t28 &gF .t40 &hF .t60 ßF
G .t28 &gG .t40 &hG .t60 ßG
H .t28 &gH .t40 &hH .t60 ßH
I .t28 &gI .t40 &hI .t60 ßI
J .t28 &gJ .t40 &hJ .t60 ßJ
K .t28 &gK .t40 &hK .t60 ßK
L .t28 &gL .t40 &hL .t60 ßL
M .t28 &gM .t40 &hM .t60 ßM
N .t28 &gN .t40 &hN .t60 ßN
O .t28 &gO .t40 &hO .t60 ßO
P .t28 &gP .t40 &hP .t60 ßP
Q .t28 &gQ .t40 &hQ .t60 ßQ
R .t28 &gR .t40 &hR .t60 ßR
S .t28 &gS .t40 &hS .t60 ßS
T .t28 &gT .t40 &hT .t60 ßT
U .t28 &gU .t40 &hU .t60 ßU
V .t28 &gV .t40 &hV .t60 ßV
W .t28 &gW .t40 &hW .t60 ßW
X .t28 &gX .t40 &hX .t60 ßX
Y .t28 &gY .t40 &hY .t60 ßY
Z .t28 &gZ .t40 &hZ .t60 ßZ
.g
.t29 SYMBOL Font .t54 Current Font
char .t25 =&gchar .t38 =&hchar .t57 &h\char
a .t28 &ga .t40 &ha .t60 ßa
b .t28 &gb .t40 &hb .t60 ßb
c .t28 &gc .t40 &hc .t60 ßc
d .t28 &gd .t40 &hd .t60 ßd
e .t28 &ge .t40 &he .t60 ße
f .t28 &gf .t40 &hf .t60 ßf
g .t28 &gg .t40 &hg .t60 ßg
h .t28 &gh .t40 &hh .t60 ßh
i .t28 &gi .t40 &hi .t60 ßi
j .t28 &gj .t40 &hj .t60 ßj
k .t28 &gk .t40 &hk .t60 ßk
l .t28 &gl .t40 &hl .t60 ßl
m .t28 &gm .t40 &hm .t60 ßm
n .t28 &gn .t40 &hn .t60 ßn
o .t28 &go .t40 &ho .t60 ßo
p .t28 &gp .t40 &hp .t60 ßp
q .t28 &gq .t40 &hq .t60 ßq
r .t28 &gr .t40 &hr .t60 ßr
s .t28 &gs .t40 &hs .t60 ßs
t .t28 > .t40 &ht .t60 ßt
u .t28 &gu .t40 &hu .t60 ßu
v .t28 &gv .t40 &hv .t60 ßv
w .t28 &gw .t40 &hw .t60 ßw
x .t28 &gx .t40 &hx .t60 ßx
y .t28 &gy .t40 &hy .t60 ßy
z .t28 &gz .t40 &hz .t60 ßz
.g
.t29 SYMBOL Font .t54 Current Font
char .t25 =&gchar .t38 =&hchar .t57 &h\char
1 .t28 &g1 .t40 &h1 .t60 ß1
2 .t28 &g2 .t40 &h2 .t60 ß2
3 .t28 &g3 .t40 &h3 .t60 ß3
4 .t28 &g4 .t40 &h4 .t60 ß4
5 .t28 &g5 .t40 &h5 .t60 ß5
6 .t28 &g6 .t40 &h6 .t60 ß6
7 .t28 &g7 .t40 &h7 .t60 ß7
8 .t28 &g8 .t40 &h8 .t60 ß8
9 .t28 &g9 .t40 &h9 .t60 ß9
0 .t28 &g0 .t40 &h0 .t60 ß0
- (minus) .t28 &g- .t40 &h- .t60 ß-
== .t28 &g= .t40 &h= .t60 ß==
[ .t28 &g[ .t40 &h[ .t60 ß[
] .t28 &g] .t40 &h] .t60 ß]
; .t28 &g; .t40 &h; .t60 ß;
' (quote) .t28 &g' .t40 &h' .t60 ß'
, (comma) .t28 &g, .t40 &h, .t60 ß,
=. .t28 &g. .t40 &h. .t60 ß=.
/ .t28 &g/ .t40 &h/ .t60 ß/
` (backquote) .t28 &g` .t40 &h` .t60 ß`
.g
.t29 SYMBOL Font .t54 Current Font
char .t25 =&gchar .t38 =&hchar .t57 &h\char
! .t28 &g! .t40 &h! .t60 ß!
=@ .t28 &g@ .t40 &h@ .t60 ß=@
# .t28 &g# .t40 &h# .t60 ß#
$ .t28 &g$ .t40 &h$ .t60 ß$
=% .t28 &g% .t40 &h% .t60 ß=%
^ .t28 &g^ .t40 &h^ .t60 ß^
=& .t28 &g& .t40 &h& .t60 ß=&
* .t28 &g* .t40 &h* .t60 ß*
=_ (underline) .t28 &g_ .t40 &h_ .t60 ß=_
+ .t28 &g+ .t40 &h+ .t60 ß+
{ .t28 &g{ .t40 &h{ .t60 ß{
} .t28 &g} .t40 &h} .t60 ß}
: .t28 &g: .t40 &h: .t60 ß:
" .t28 &g" .t40 &h" .t60 ß"
< .t28 &g< .t40 &h< .t60 ß<
> .t28 &g> .t40 &h> .t60 ß>
? .t28 &g? .t40 &h? .t60 ß?
| .t28 &g| .t40 &h| .t60 ß|
~ .t28 &g~ .t40 &h~ .t60 ß~
=\ .t28 &g\ .t40 &h\ .t60 ß=\
( .t28 &g( .t40 &h( .t60 ß(
) .t28 &g) .t40 &h) .t60 ß)
.i
.st3,11,1 NOTE: The command =&G and =&H are special =& commands to use the
special laser printer alternate Symbol font. As such the Galahad command
symbols ==, =&, =_, =%, =., =@, and =\ &omust%not be "protected" with an ==
sign for them to print. However, the &h\ symbol forces the use the alternate
characters of the normal characters. Therefore, they &omust%be preceded by an
== sign to be printed.
.std3,11,1
THE% %RULE:%% The special Galahad command symbols following =&G% or =&H%
%MUST% NOT% be preceded by %==. The Galahad command symbols following &h\
%MUST% be preceedeΣ by ==.