Simtel MSDOS 1992 September/Simtel20_Sept92.cdr/msdos/editor/gal210a4.arc/GALCH2.GAL

Text File | 1988-06-08 | 48KB | 1,470 lines

.a lp=12 js=y bo=51 te=12 to=90 pn=1 nm=1
.st3,14,1
&dChapter%Two:%%Papers,%Letters,%Resumes   .jc
&d[%Chapter%Two%]  .hc
.t36 2 - .zl





                                         &d2.1%INTRODUCTION  .jr
.st3,11,1 .x-5

     In Chapter 1 you learned basic word processing functions.  You should now
be able to type in text, correct typing errors, and save, recall, and print
files.  Chapter 2 will show you some more sophisticated features of the word
processor, features that you will be using almost constantly.  These include:
.i10

.u2 &h7 .t10 Paragraphing
.u2 &h7 .t10 Indenting of blocks or lines of text from the left margin
.u2 &h7 .t10 Formatting (arranging text on the printed page, including
single/double/triple spacing, margins, etc.)
.u2 &h7 .t10 Text manipulating (deleting, adding, and moving blocks of text)
.i

These new capabilities will allow you to write,  rewrite, and edit a variety of
documents.  Specific instructions tell you how to use word processing to
produce the  following:

        &h7 an academic paper
        &h7 a business letter
        &h7 an employment resume

The skills you acquire in this chapter will fill most of your typing needs.




.st3,14,1
                    &d2.2%TYPING%A%PAPER  .jr


.st3,12,1
&dIntroduction
.st3,11,1
     You have already seen how you need to include a few simple commands in
your text when using Galahad.  These commands tell the printer exactly how you
want your paper formatted.  This section gives specific formatting examples.
Use these examples as models when writing your own paper.

     Figure 2.1 shows the first page of  typical paper as you might like it to
appear on the printed page.
.g
.rh1,78
.a ll=75,js=n
.i6
The Four Ages of Poetry&p&d1&n  .jc


     Qui inter haec nutriuntur non magis sapere possunt, quam bene olere
qui in culina habitant.
       .t55 Petronius&p1   &d2   .a sp=2

   &p&d3&n   Poetry, like the world, may be said to have four ages, but in a
different order: the first age of poetry being the age of iron; the second, of
gold; the third, of silver; and the fourth, of brass.
     The first, or iron age of poetry, is that in which rude bards celebrate in
rough numbers the exploits of ruder chiefs, in days when every man is a
warrior, and when the great practical maxim of every%form of society, "to keep
what we have and to catch what we can," is not yet disguised under names of
justice and forms of law, but is the naked motto of the naked sword, which is
the only judge and jury in every question of meum and tuum.  In these days, the
only three trades flourishing (besides that of priest which flourishes always)
are those of king, thief, and beggar: the beggar being for the most part a king
deject, and the thief a king expectant.  The first question asked of a stranger
is, whether he is a beggar or a thief; the stranger, in reply, usually assumes
the first, and awaits a convenient opportunity to prove his claim to the second
appellation.
     The natural desire of every man to engross to himself as much power and
property as he can acquire by any of the means%.%.%.%
                               1&p&d4   .i

.a sp=1,ll=d,js=y
.rh1,78

Figure 2.1:  The First Page of a Printed Paper  .jc

.n5
The following comments are number-keyed to Figure 2.1.
.i5
&p&d1&n%The title is centered.

&p&d2&n%Reference numbers for notes appear as superscripts.

&p&d3&n%The quote is single-spaced, the text double-spaced.  The first line of
each paragraph is indented five spaces.

&p&d4&n%Pages are numbered.
.i

     The following paragraphs of this section discuss these and similar
formatting features.



.st3,12,1
&dParagraphing:%%% &d<%SHIFT%>%<%F2%>
.st3,11,1
     To indent a line of text simply use the space bar.  Galahad will print
your file the number of spaces it is indented in the edit mode.  To create a
new paragraph simply press <%RETURN%> and indent the first line of the new
paragraph as you would on a typewriter.

      Sometimes when you delete words from a paragraph the lines become
uneven.  To make your paragraphs print evenly use the following procedure.


.std3,12,1
 PROCEDURE FOR PARAGRAPH FORMATTING .jc
.st3,11,1
.i10
.u3 1. .t10 Make sure that all lines of the paragraph, except for the indented
first line, begin at the far left of the screen.

.u3 2. .t10 Make sure that a blank or indented line follows the paragraph that
you wish to format.

.u3 3. .t10 Place the cursor anywhere on the paragraph.

.u3 4. .t10 Hold <%SHIFT%> while pressing <%F2%>.
.i

Your paragraph will be formatted from the indented first line to the end marker
(the next indentation or blank line).
.g
Consider the following example.  The second paragraph consists of a number of
short lines.  If it were printed in this form, the short lines would print as
short lines.
.i5
     "I would prefer not to," he said, and gently disappeared
behind the screen.
     For a few
moments I was turned into a pillar
of salt,
standing at the head
of my seated column of clerks.
Recovering
myself, I advanced towards the screen,
and demanded the reason for such
extraordinary conduct.
    "Why do you refuse?"
    "I would prefer not to."
.i

Place the cursor anywhere on the second paragraph and press <%SHIFT%> <%F2%> to
format it as shown below:
.i5
     "I would prefer not to," he said, and gently disappeared behind the .b
screen.
     For a few moments I was turned into a pillar of salt, standing at the head
.b of my seated column of clerks.  Recovering myself, I advanced towards the .b
screen, and demanded the reason for such extraordinary conduct.
    "Why do you refuse?"
    "I would prefer not to."
.i

The short lines have been formatted as a single paragraph beginning at the
first indented line and ending  with the next indentation.



.st3,12,1
&dPositioning%Titles%and%Headings:%%%%% &d.JC%%.JR%%.JL
.st3,11,1
     You can  place titles, labels and headings anywhere on a line by indenting
them with the space bar.    However, centering a title placing a heading
exactly on the right hand margin can be tedious.  Therefore Galahad provides
the dot J commands.  To center a title or heading:

        1.  Type it anywhere on a line by itself.
        2.  After the title leave a space and type

                 =.JC

Galahad will automatically return the carriage before typing the next line.

     To justify a line along the right margin of the text, as shown with the
heading for this Section, follow the above procedure, substituting %.JR for
=.JC.  For left justification use %.JL. %(All Galahad Dot commands my be either
upper or lower case.)




.st3,12,1
&dDouble%Spacing:%%%% &dSP==2
.st3,11,1
     Line spacing is achieved through the dot A spacing command:

                  SP==n

The n can have any of three values:
.i20
.u2 1 .t20 single spacing (default)
.u2 2 .t20 double spacing
.u2 3 .t20 triple spacing
.i

This dot A command is placed in the header along with the other dot A
instructions.  If you do not include this command in the header the printer
will default to single spacing.

.sto3,11,1
NOTE:  While they always appear as  headers, dot A commands can be placed
anywhere in a text as long as they appear on their own line.  A combination
of%%.A %SP==1 and%%.A %SP==2 commands can enable you to print a text containing
sections that are alternately single and double spaced.



.st3,12,1
&dPage%Numbering:%%%% &dNM==n,%PN==n
.st3,11,1
     Two dot A commands allow you to number pages automatically.  They have the
format NM==n and %PN==n.  If these commands are not included in your heading
your pages will not be numbered.

     To specify the kind of page numbering you want, enter %NM==n, where n can
assume the following values:
.i5


NM==0 .t12 No numbering--or stop numbering if previous pages numbered
.t18 (If NM is not specified, the default is 0, no numbering.)
NM==1 .t12 Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3, etc.)
NM==2 .t12 Lower case Roman numerals (i,ii,iii, etc.) for prefatory matter
.i


     To specify the number which is to appear on the page, enter %PN==n, where
n is the number of the first page to be printed.  To begin with a 1 you must
enter %PN==0; to begin with a 2 enter %PN==1, and so forth.  The default for
this command is 0.



.n6
.st3,12,1
&dPositioning%Page%Numbers:
.t10 &dBO==nn,%%BE==nn,%%TO==nn,%%TE==nn
.st3,11,1
     With Galahad you can print page numbers at the top or bottom of the page.
You can even alternate pages, placing for instance, odd page numbers (1, 3, 5,
=...) in the upper right of the page and even page numbers (2, 4, 6,=...) in
the upper left.  To alternate page numbering at the top use the following dot A
commands:

        =.A TO==nn,%TE==nn


The nn's designates the number of spaces from the left hand side of the paper.
The TO% command specifies the TOP% ODD% position, placing page numbers on the
top of the odd pages at position nn.  The TE% command specifies the TOP% EVEN%
position.

     To alternate page numbering at the bottom of the page use the following
dot A commands:

        =.A BO==nn,%BE==nn


The BO% command specifies the BOTTOM% ODD% position.  The BE% command specifies
the bottom even.  This combination is useful for pages that are to be
duplicated back-to-back.



     The default value for the page positioners is

        =.A TO==0,%TE==0,%BE==0,%BO==50


If you specify %NM==1 without page number positioners, your pages will be
printed with the numbers at the bottom of the page in the ABSOLUTE% page column
of 50 (the center of a 12 pitch, elite page).


     The ABSOLUTE% page column depends on the left column of the printer and
not on the margin commands %LL==nn or %LP==nn.  If you want your numbers
centered at the bottom of the page you may need to enter a new %BO==nn value to
adjust the centering for your printer.  The ABSOLUTE% page column allows you to
place page numbers outside of your text at the far right or far left of your
page.


.sto3,11,1
NOTE:  When a positioner is set at 0 it becomes inoperative.  %BO==0 and %BE==0
is the same as %BO==0 and %BE==40.  Either puts the page number at column 40 on
all pages independent of the page number.  If both BO% and BE% equal 0 then
numbers will not appear at the bottom of the page.

Therefore, when you give values to TO% and TE%, be sure also to set BO% equal
to 0 or you will have numbers at both the top and bottom of the page.



.n4
.st3,12,1
&dSuperscripts%and%Subscripts:%%%% &d=&P%and%=&B
.st3,11,1
     To  superscribe a string (a word or symbol, such as a footnote number),
use the process symbol =&P immediately in front of the string to be
superscribed.  For instance, to print

.t15 X&P2 .t25  you must write .t45 X=&P2

To print

.t15 X&Pn-1 .t25  you must write .t45 X=&Pn-1


Be sure to leave a blank after the superscribed string to stop the
superscription.  If you wish to stop a superscription without leaving a blank
use the process symbol =&N.

To subscribe a string, use the process symbol =&B immediately in front of the
string to be subscripted.  For instance to print: .b2

.t15 H&B2&NSO&B4 .t25 you must write .t45 H=&B2=&NSO=&B4




.st3,12,1
&dPrinting%Process%Symbols
.st3,11,1
     The ampersand =& signals Galahad that a process symbol has been entered
into the text.   If you use the ampersand outside of the process symbols =&N or
=&B you may get an error message.  To print the symbol in your text, simply put
an equal sign in front of it.  Thus,

.t15 to print% =& .t30 write% ===&

.t15 to print% == .t30 write% ====





 .st3,12,1
&dReview%2.1  .b2
.st3,11,1

     Figure 2.2 illustrates the commands and process symbols used to format the
typed page shown in Figure 2.1.  You may wish to refer to Figure 2.2 when you
are preparing your own papers for the printer.
.g
.rh1,78 .a ll=76
.i2
=.a lp==5,LL==72,NM==1,&p&d1&npn==1,&p&d2&nbo==37&p&d3&n
.i6 .a js=n
The Four Ages of Poetry  =.jc


     Qui inter haec nutriuntur non magis sapere possunt, quam bene olere qui in
culina habitant.
                                                     Petronius
=.a sp==2  &p&d4&n
     Poetry, like the world, may be said to have four ages, but in a different
order: the first age of poetry being the age of iron; the second, of gold; the
third, of silver; and the fourth, of brass.
   &d5&n
     The first, or iron age of poetry, is that in which rude bards celebrate in
rough numbers the exploits of ruder chiefs, in days when every man is a
warrior, and when the great practical maxim of every%form of society, "to keep
what we have and to catch what we can," is not yet disguised under names of
justice and forms of law, but is the naked motto of the naked sword, which is
the only judge and jury in every question of meum and tuum.  In these days, the
only three trades flourishing (besides that of priest which flourishes always)
are those of king, thief, and beggar: the beggar being for the most part a king
deject, and the thief a king expectant.  The first question asked of a stranger
is, whether he is a beggar or a thief; the stranger, in reply, usually assumes
the first, and awaits a convenient opportunity to prove his claim to the second
appellation.

     The natural desire of every man to engross to himself as much power and
property as he can acquire by any of the means%.%.%.%
.i
.a js=y ll=d
.rh1,78

Figure 2.2:  Commands and Symbols for Formatting a Paper   .jc
.i5

&p&d1&nThe NM==1 command starts automatic pagination.

&p&d2&nThe PN==1 command is not really necessary here because the default is
already 1.

&p&d3&nThe BO==37 adjusts the absolute page number position to the position of
the paper in the printer Notice that dot A commands can be written in lower
case or capital letters.  You usually need to specify a BO heading to center
your page numbers at the bottom of the page.

&p&d4&nThe leading quotation is single spaced.  To print the body of the paper
in double spaced lines, a new dot A line is inserted.

&p&d5&nAlthough SP has been set for double space (sp==2), a space between
paragraphs will double space just once--instead of printing four spaces.  In
this way you can give the screen a more readable appearance without ruining the
printed format.
.i




.st3,14,1
                      &d2.3%A%BUSINESS%LETTER  .jr


.st3,12,1
&dFormatting%a%Business%Letter
.st3,11,1
Figure 2.3 shows a typical business letter in modified block style.  With a few
new commands which you will learn in this section you can format a standard
business letter.

.rh1,78 .a ll=73,js=n
.i50
.u2 &d1 .t50 1400 Bay Street
Potsdam, NY 13676
.u2 &d2 .t50 September 1, 1985
.i3

Mr. John P. Lewis &p&d3
Omni Publications International
909 Third Avenue
New York, New York 10022

Dear Mr. Lewis:
                                  &d4
     Your advertisements for a research assistant emphasize communications
skills.  In June, I will be graduating from Clarkson University with a degree
in Technical Communications.  In view of my course work, past job experience,
and interest in the communications field, I would like to be considered for the
position.
                                   &d5
     As the enclosed resume indicates, the Technical Communications program
includes Rhetoric, Business Communications, and Public Speaking.  I
supplemented these major studies with  courses in chemistry, biology, physics,
and Spanish.

     My employment background taught me how to work effectively with the public
and my fellow employees.  At the same time, I learned basic office procedures
that can be applied to most jobs.

     Could we get together to discuss my qualifications?    Please call me at
(3l5) 555-1234 or let me know by mail a time that we may meet.
.i50

Sincerely,


Fred Lawrence
.i3
Enclosure .i
.a ll=d,js=y
.rh1,78

Figure 2.3:  A Business Letter in Modified Block Style  .jc
.i5

&p&d1&nThe headings, the complimentary close, and the signature line are
indented.

&p&d2&nThe correct date appears at the top.

&p&d3&nEach part of the inside address is on a separate line.

&p&d4&nSingle spacing is used in the body of the letter.

&p&d5&nDouble spacing is used between paragraphs.
.i



.st3,12,1
&dIndenting%with%Dot%I:%%% &d.I
.st3,11,1
     When you have several lines to indent, tabbing to the correct position
becomes tedious.  Galahad provides the dot I command for indenting
automatically.  To indent lines using the dot I command, place the command just
before the line to be indented, using the following format:

                               =.In


The n is the number of spaces you wish to indent.  For instance, to indent your
text 10 spaces, enter =.I10.

     Once you specify a dot I command each subsequent line (after each carriage
return) will continue to be indented.  The number of spaces indented can be
changed by writing another dot I command.

     To return the lines to the leftmost margin enter =.I0 (or =.I, since the
default is zero).  This has the effect of turning off the indentation routine.

.sto3,11,1
NOTE:  While the dot I indenting is not essential to printing with Galahad,
it is often convenient.
.g
.st3,12,1
 &dA%Command%for%Line%Spacing:%%%% &d.B
.st3,11,1
     When you are writing a partial line, as in an inside address, you will
want the carriage to return a specific number of lines.  You have seen how to
use the <%RETURN%> key to do this.  The same thing can be done with the dot B
command.  To cause the carriage to return more than once use the following:

                                =.Bn

The  n is the number of times you wish to shift the carriage.  For instance, to
shift 5 times after the date in a letter, enter =.B5.

     If you are using the double space format, remember that the carriage will
return twice for each =.B specified.  For instance, the instruction =.B3 will
cause the carriage to return 6 times.




.st3,12,1
&dThe%Current%Date%%% &d.D
.st3,11,1
     The date command is another Galahad convenience.  Simply enter =.D
wherever you want the current date printed.  The date will appear with the
month written in letters.  The date is taken from the DOS prompt at sign-on
(See Chapter 1).  So be sure to use the correct date when signing on.  The date
command is especially helpful for form letters that you keep on file and print
from time to time.
.g
.st3,12,1
&dReview%2.2
.st3,11,1
    Figure 2.4 shows the commands used to format the letter shown in Figure
2.3


.rh1,78
.i50

1400 Bay Street
Potsdam, NY 13676
.u2 &d1 .t50 .d
.i3

Mr. John P. Lewis
Omni Publications International
909 Third Avenue
New York, New York 10022

Dear Mr. Lewis:

     Your advertisements for a research assistant emphasize communications
skills.  In June, I will be graduating from Clarkson University with a degree
in Technical Communications.  In view of my course work, past job experience,
and interest in the communications field, I would like to be considered for the
position.

     As the enclosed resume indicates, the Technical Communications program
includes Rhetoric, Business Communications, and Public Speaking.  I
supplemented these major studies with  courses in chemistry, biology, physics,
and Spanish.

     My employment background taught me how to work effectively with the public
and my fellow employees.  At the same time, I learned basic office procedures
that can be applied to most jobs.

     Could we get together to discuss my qualifications?    Please call me at
(3l5) 555-1234 or let me know by mail a time that we may meet.
   =.i50 =.b2
&d2  %Sincerely, =.b4  Fred Lawrence =.b2  =.i
   Enclosure
.i
.rh1,78

Figure 2.4: The Commands for a Standard Letter .jc
.i5

&p&d1&nThe dot D command was used for the date.

&p&d2&nDot I and dot B commands were used to indent the complimentary close and
signature lines, while the tab and space bar were used for the heading.  This
amounted to the same thing.
.i



.st3,14,1
    &d2.4%THE%RESUME .jr
.st3,11,1 .x-5

     Word processing offers a strong advantage over other modes of producing a
resume.  Once you have created and saved your resume, you can make minor
changes in it each time you print it.  Whenever you have new accomplishments to
include in your resume, you can simply add them on.  And word processing makes
it feasible to tailor each copy of your resume to the job for which you are
applying.



.st3,12,1
&dFormatting%A%Resume
.st3,11,1
     Figure 2.5 shows a typical one-page resume.  This is format represents
only one of the many ways of presenting your accomplishments.  In laying out
your own resume, be imaginative.
.g
.rh1,78
.a js=n
&dTERRY%A.%SMITH&p&d1 .jc

 _College%Address &p&d2 .t54 _Home%Address
 l400 Bay Street .t54 7 Elm Drive
 Potsdam, NY 13676 .t54 Yourtown, NY 11111
 (3l5) 265-1111 .t54 [phone]

&oCareer%Objective &p&d3 .jc

To write, edit and design publications using my technical communications skills
in advertising, word processing or computer documentation.

&oEducation .jc

B.S. in &iTechnical%Communications, expected December 1985, Clarkson
University, Potsdam, NY 13676; Grade Point Average as of May 1982: 3.5/4.0

&oRelated%Coursework .jc

Theory of Rhetoric           .t48 Computer Science
Public Speaking              .t48 Intro. to Engineering
Advertising and Copywriting  .t48 Intro. to Management
Business Letter Writing      .t48 Spanish (3 semesters)
Business Report Writing      .t48 History (4 semesters)
Theory of Mass Communication .t48 Biology
Magazine Article Writing     .t48 Information Retrieval

&oEmployment .jc

8/84 - .t18 Intern, editing the manual for the
present .t18 TC Department's word processing system.

l0/82 -  .t18 Student Consultant, ConEd Power Corp., Syracuse, NY
present  .t18 Edited a consumer-oriented workbook on solar power.

&oActivities%and%Honors .jc

Executive Board Member, WCKN-TV, Clarkson University.
Member, Communications Skills Committee of the Faculty Senate.
Member, Women Students' Alliance of Clarkson University.
Teaching Assistant, two semesters, Sociology of Sex Roles.


Transcript and references available on request .jc
.a ll=d,js=y

.rh1,78

Figure 2.5: A Resume  .jc
.n7
.i5
&p&d1&nThe name at the top of the resume is in &dbold%face.

&p&d2&nSome information is entered in double column.

&p&d3&nThe headings are centered and underlined.
.i



.st3,12,1
&dBoldface:%%% &d&D
.st3,11,1 .x-5
     When your printer strikes the same character twice in the same place, the
result is a darker, thicker character.  This has the appearance of boldface
printing.  To achieve this with Galahad, use the following process symbol:

               =&D

Place the ampersand D just in front of the word that you wish to print in bold
face:

.t15 =&dGalahad .t30 prints as .t45  &DGalahad


Ordinarily a space will end boldface, but as with superscripting and
subscripting you can use =&N to stop.  =&N will stop underlining, italics,
boldfacing and super/subscripting.  You can also use =&T to stop &ionly
boldfacing:

.t15 =&dGal=&nahad .t30 prints as .t45 &dGal&nahad

.t15 =&dGal=&tahad .t30 prints as .t45 &dGal&tahad


.st3,12,1
&dUnderlining
.st3,11,1
     To underline a word, simply strike the underline key before typing the
word.  This is done by holding down the shift key while striking the underline
key.  For instance, to underline the word "hippopotamus" in the sentence, "This
hippopotamus jumps fences," simply write:


        This =_hippopotamus jumps fences.


When you print your text, the sentence will appear as:

        This _hippopotamus jumps fences.

Underlining is stopped in mid-word by =&S.  Changing hippopotamus above to:
=_hippo=&spotamus, the sentence will appear as:

        This _hippo&spotamus jumps fences.



=&S will stop &ionly underlining and italics, and =&T will only stop
boldfacing.

.t10 =_=&dhippo=&spotamus .t30 prints as .t45 _&dhippo&spotamus

.t10 =_=&dhippo=&tpotamus .t30 prints as .t45 _&dhippo&tpotamus


.st3,12,1
&dItalics
.st3,11,1
     If your printer supports italics you may place =&I in front of any word
you wish to italicize.

        This =&ihippopotamus jumps fences.


When you print your text, the sentence will appear as

        This &ihippopotamus jumps fences.


Italics is stopped in mid-word by =&S.  Changing hippopotamus above to:
=&ihippo=&spotamus, the sentence will appear as:

        This &ihippo&spotamus jumps fences.



.st3,12,1
&dBold%Italics
.st3,11,1
     If your printer supports bold italics you may place =&O in front of any
word you wish to print in bold italics.

        This =&ohippopotamus jumps fences.


When you print your text, the sentence will appear as

        This &ohippopotamus jumps fences.


As with boldfacing, bold italics is stopped in mid-word by =&T.  Changing
hippopotamus above to: =&ohippo=&tpotamus, the sentence will appear as:

        This &ohippo&tpotamus jumps fences.


.sto3,11,1
NOTE1:  Since very few printer support Bold Italics, the symbol =&O was used to
selected to indicate _O&sther.  If your printer has other special means of
printing which you would like to take advantage of, you may define =&O to do
such special printing (See Appendix D).


NOTE2:  To assist in easy modification of the style of printing there is an
ampersand command to cause underlining.  This is =&u.  This easily allows you
to change, for example, =&i to =&u, and vise versa.



.st3,12,1
&dThe%Dummy%Character:%%%% =%
.st3,11,1
    Underlining, boldface, italics and "other", stop when Galahad encounters a
space.  To underline two words with one continuous underlining you must use the
per cent sign.  This symbol acts as a dummy character.  Galahad treats it as a
character, but prints a blank.  Thus, to underline CAREER OBJECTIVE with one
continuous line, you must use the percent sign.

.t10 =_CAREER=%OBJECTIVE .t34 prints as .t45 _CAREER%OBJECTIVE

.t10 =&dCAREER=%OBJECTIVE .t34 prints as .t45 &dCAREER%OBJECTIVE



     You can use more than one dummy character in a row.  For instance, you may
wish to place four spaces between the words CAREER and OBJECTIVE.  To do this,
enter

                     CAREER=%=%=%=%OBJECTIVE

This will print as

                     CAREER%%%%OBJECTIVE

.sto3,11,1
NOTE1:  Similar uses of the dummy character can be very useful in formatting
resumes.  However, you cannot correctly format using =% and <TAB>'s on a
printer which uses proportionally spaced fonts -- Laser Printers.  Since a
resume is one thing you will want to print on a laser printer do not use any
commands other than =.I, =.T and =.Y to form columns.

NOTE2: To print a percent (=%) sign put an equal sign just in front of it.



.st3,12,1
&dTabulating:%%%%%.Tn
.st3,11,1
     Sometimes counting spaces between columns is troublesome.  Galahad
provides a command to do your counting for you.  To create more than one
column as in a table or in lists you can use the dot T command.  This takes
the form

                             =.Tn

where n equals the number of spaces from the left margin on which a column is
to appear.  For instance, to indent a line six spaces simply enter

                             =.T6

Notice that this command is similar to the dot I command--except that

        &h7 dot T functions for one line only

        &h7 dot T can be used more than once on a line


To understand this better, look at how dot T enables you to write the
following table:

         _Men    .t22 _Hours     .t38 _Total

     .t5 3    .t24 6        .t40 24
    .t5 6   .t24 2         .t40 12
    .t5 2    .t24 5        .t40 10

This could be written as follows:

.v
       .t3 _Men    .t20 _Hours     .t36 _Total

       .t4 3       .t22 6          .t38 24
       .t4 6       .t22 2          .t38 12
       .t4 2       .t22 5          .t38 10

.v0
.b2  .i

The first column is aligned on the fourth space (=.t4), the second on the
twenty-second (=.t22), and the third on the thirty-eighth (=.t38).




.st3,12,1
&dRight%Justifying%Columns:%%%.Yn,m
.st3,11,1
     Sometimes you want to right justify a column of numbers or text, that is,
align the column so that the righthand side is aligned instead of the lefthand
side as dot T does.

     This is accomplished with =.Y.  Dot Y has two forms: =.Yn or =.Yn,m.

     The form =.Yn forces the n word to the left of the dot Y to be printed at
the right margin.

     The text line:
     This is line of text which will  right justify the last two words. =.y2

     Will be printed as:
     This is line of text which will  right justify the last two words. .y2

.n6
     The form =.Yn,m forces the n word to the left of the dot Y to be printed
right justified at column m (rather than the right margin).  This column
numbers m is the same as in a dot T command.

We use a table of numbers as an example:

.t18 _This .t45 _Is%Written

.t10 Units .t25 Cost          .t40 =.t10 Units =.t25 Cost
.t13 2  $30.00 .y,30          .t40 2 =.y,13 $30.00 =.y1,30
.t13 4  $60.00 .y,30          .t40 4 =.y,13 $60.00 =.y1,30
.t12 10  _$150.00 .y,30       .t40 10 =.y,13 =_$150.00 =.y,30 .b
Total cost: $240.00 .y3,30    .t40 Total cost: $240.00 =.y3,30

.sto3,11,1
NOTE: You have probably seen that =.Y1,13 may be abbreviated as =.Y,13.  If
only one word is to be right justified, the 1 may be omitted.



.g
.st3,12,1
&dReview%2.3
.st3,11,1
Figure 2.6 is a listing of the resume of Figure 2.5, showing how the resume
was formatted in the edit mode.

.rh1,78
.a js=n
=&dTERRY=%A.=%SMITH& =.jc

 =_College=%Address %%%=.t54 %%% =_Home=%Address
 l400 Bay Street  %%% =.t54 %%% 7 Elm Drive
 Potsdam, NY 13676 %%% =.t54 %%% Yourtown, NY 11111
 (3l5) 265-1111 %%% =.t54 %%% [phone]

=&oCareer=%Objective =.jc

To write, edit and design publications using my technical communications skills
in advertising, word processing or computer documentation.

=&oEducation =.jc

B.S. in =&iTechnical=%Communications, expected December 1985, Clarkson
University, Potsdam, NY 13676; Grade Point Average as of May 1982: 3.5/4.0

=&oRelated=%Coursework =.jc

Theory of Rhetoric           .t31 =.t48 Computer Science
Public Speaking              .t31 =.t48 Intro. to Engineering
Advertising and Copywriting  .t31 =.t48 Intro. to Management
Business Letter Writing      .t31 =.t48 Spanish (3 semesters)
Business Report Writing      .t31 =.t48 History (4 semesters)
Theory of Mass Communication .t31 =.t48 Biology
Magazine Article Writing     .t31 =.t48 Information Retrieval

=&oEmployment =.jc

8/84 - =.t18 %% Intern, editing the manual for the
present =.t18 %% TC Department's word processing system.

l0/82 -  %%% =.t18 %% Student Consultant, ConEd Power Corp., Syracuse, NY
present  %%% =.t18 %% Edited a consumer-oriented workbook on solar power.

=&oActivities=%and=%Honors =.jc

Executive Board Member, WCKN-TV, Clarkson University.
Member, Communications Skills Committee of the Faculty Senate.
Member, Women Students' Alliance of Clarkson University.
Teaching Assistant, two semesters, Sociology of Sex Roles.

Transcript and references available on request =.jc
.a ll=d,js=y
.rh1,78

Figure 2.6: The Galahad Text for 'A Resume'  .jc




.st3,14,1
&d2.5%SPECIAL%COMMANDS%FOR%MONO-SPACED%FONTS .jr
.sto3,11,1

     The following commands are only useful on printers which have fonts that
have the same spacing for all characters.  Such printer fonts are called
&imono-spaced fonts.  Almost all dot matrix printers have mono-spaced fonts.
However, laser printers almost never have momo-spaced fonts.  Their fonts are
proportional spaced.  If you plan to use a laser printer for your final
printing you should always use =.I, =.T and =.Y for making columns of text,
and never use the follow commands: <TAB>, PS==Y, =.V (See Appendix C for
description of =.V).


.st3,12,1
&dIndenting:%%Cursor%Position%Information
.st3,11,1
     You can also use the <%TAB%> key to move across the screen quickly.  The
<%TAB%> key moves the cursor across the screen 8 spaces at a time, so you may
need to use <%TAB%> and the space bar in conjunction.

     Sometimes it is difficult to see that your indented lines match up
properly.  To make sure that the cursor is in the correct column, look down
at the lower right corner of the screen.  You will see a message that looks
something like this:

            C50 L15/17

This message shows the position of your cursor in relation to your text.  The
C indicates the column number, the L indicates the line the cursor is on and
the number of lines in the entire file.  In this first example the cursor is
in column 50, line 15 of a file of 17 lines.

     Try holding down the right arrow key and watching the position indicator
change numbers while it keeps a running account of the cursor position.



.st3,12,1
&dMultiple%Columns%Without%%=.T:%%%%&dPS==Y
.st3,11,1
     Sometimes it is difficult to see on the screen whether you have left more
than one space between words, whether you have entered extra spaces at the end
of a line.  Galahad compensates for this by compressing spaces between words
to one space (Except in the case of periods).  The line

         Now %%%%%%is  %%%%%%the %%%%%%%%%%% time

becomes

        Now is the time
.g
There are times, however, when you wish to retain the spaces between words, as
in creating multiple columns.  To turn on the preserve spacing feature, enter
the dot A command  PS==Y to preserve spaces.  Then use the <%TAB%> key and
space bar to create your columns.  Turn off the preserve spacing feature with a
new dot A line setting PS to N (PS==N).  Consider the following table:


.t12 &dMen .t18  &dHours .t26 &dTotal

.t12 3 .t18 6 .t26 24
.t12 6 .t18 2 .t26 12
.t12 2 .t18 5 .t26 10


To print the table, use the <%TAB%> key and space bar to create the table and
set PS==Y before the table and PS==N after the table, as follows:

=.a ps==y
.t12 =&dMen  .t19 =&dHours .t30 =&dTotal

.t12 3 .t18 6 .t28 24
.t12 6 .t18 2 .t28 12
.t12 2 .t18 5 .t28 10

=.a ps==n

     The processing symbol was used to create boldface at the same time the
boldface was turned on.  Notice however the the processing symbol =&D takes up
two spaces, pushing the headings over to the right.  You can compensate for
this by leaving the number of actual blank spaces that you want to appear
between columns.


.sto3,12,1
NOTE:  Once More -- never use PS==Y and <TAB>'s and =.V (described later)
unless you know that you will &inever print on any printer with other than
mono-spaced fonts.
.g
.st3,12,1
&dReview%2.4
.st3,11,1
Figure 2.7 is a listing of the resume of Figure 2.5, showing how the resume was
formatted in the edit mode using PS==Y and <TAB>'s.
.rh1,78
=.a PS==Y&p&d1
                              &p&d2&n=&dTERRY=%A.=%SMITH

=_College=%Address .t54  =_Home=%Address
l400 Bay Street    .t54 7 Elm Drive
Potsdam, NY 13676  .t54 Yourtown, NY 11111
(3l5) 265-1111     .t54 [phone]

                            =&oCareer=%Objective&p&d3

&p&d4&nTo write, edit and design publications using my technical
communications skills in advertising, word processing or computer
documentation.

                              =&oEducation  =.JC&p&d5

B.S. in Technical Communications, expected December 1985, Clarkson
University, Potsdam, NY 13676 Grade Point Average as of May 1982: 3.5/4.0

                          =&oRelated=%Coursework

Theory of Rhetoric           .t38   =.t47&p&d6  Computer Science
Public Speaking              .t38  =.t47 Intro. to Engineering
Advertising and Copywriting  .t38   =.t47 Intro. to Management
Business Letter Writing      .t38   =.t47 Spanish (3 semesters)
Business Report Writing      .t38   =.t47 History (4 semesters)
Theory of Mass Communication .t38   =.t47 Biology
Magazine Article Writing     .t38  =.t47 Information Retrieval

                             =&oEmployment

8/84 -    .t18  Intern, editing the manual for the
present   .t18  TC Department's word processing system.

l0/82 -   .t18  Student Consultant, ConEd Power Corp., Syracuse, NY
present   .t18  Edited a consumer-oriented workbook on solar power.

                        =&oActivities=%and=%Honors

Executive Board Member, WCKN-TV, Clarkson University.
Member, Communications Skills Committee of the Faculty Senate.
Member, Women Students' Alliance of Clarkson University.
Teaching Assistant, two semesters, Sociology of Sex Roles.

            Transcript and references available on request
=.a ps==n
.rh1,78
Figure 2.7: The Galahad Text for 'A Resume' Using PS==Y  .jc
.n4
The following comments are number-keyed to Figure 2.7.
.i5

&p&d1&n%The dot A command PS==Y preserves space between the first and second
columns of your resume.  To create a second column, simply tab over.  (Use
PS==N to return to normal Galahad printing.)

&p&d2&n%The processing symbol =&D puts the name in boldface.   The dummy
character (=%) is used to continue the boldface through the name.

&p&d3&n%Underlining is achieved with the underline character.

&p&d4&n%Begin long lines in column 2 rather than column 1.  This prevents
automatic wrap around which might ruin your formatting.

&p&d5&n%Use a dot JC command to center titles, or simply tab over to center in
the edit mode.

&p&d6&n%Here the dot T command is used to tabulate the second column.
.i




.st3,14,1
            &d2.6%TIPS%ON%FORMATTING%AND%PRINTING  .jr


.st3,12,1
&dUnindent:%%%%=.Un
.st3,11,1
     When you are indenting a number of lines with the command =.I it is
sometimes convenient to leave the first line unindented.  This is the usual
format for an entry in a bibliography.  To unindent a line simply place the
command =.U in front of the line.  Printing will start at the left margin
instead.  A single =.U works for one line only.

     When doing numbered indented paragraphs you might like to unindent the
number a few spaces from the text.  This is done with =.Un where n is the
number of spaces to the left to start the printing.

.sto3,11,1
Example: .a js=n
.st3,11,1
PROCEDURE FOR PARAGRAPH FORMATTING =.jc
=.i10
=.u3 1. Make sure that all lines of the paragraph, except for the indented
first line, begin at the far left of the screen.
=.u3 2. Make sure that a blank or indented line follows the paragraph that
you wish to format.
=.u3 3. Place the cursor anywhere on the paragraph.
=.u3 4. Hold <%SHIFT%> while pressing <%F2%>.
=.i

Will print as:

PROCEDURE FOR PARAGRAPH FORMATTING .jc
.i10
.u3 1. .t10 Make sure that all lines of the paragraph, except for the indented
first line, begin at the far left of the screen.
.u3 2. .t10 Make sure that a blank or indented line follows the paragraph that
you wish to format.
.u3 3. .t10 Place the cursor anywhere on the paragraph.
.u3 4. .t10 Hold <%SHIFT%> while pressing <%F2%>.
.i .a js=y


.st3,12,1
&dNext%Page:%%%%=.N,%=.G,%and%.Q
.st3,11,1
     Sometimes when printing, you discover that a section heading appears right
at the end of a page.  To end the page and place the heading at the top of the
next page, place a =.G command just before the heading.  The Dot G command has
the following form:

        =.Gn


Here n is the number of pages you wish to skip to.  A =.G or =.G1 will start at
the top of the next page; A =.G2 will go to a second page before printing; and
so forth.



     A much better way to prevent headings from being printed at the end of a
page is to use:

        =.Nm (N stands for 'need').

When =.Nm is placed in front of a heading, the heading will not be printed
unless there are m lines left on the page.  If there are m lines remaining on
the page the heading is printed, otherwise the heading is placed at the top of
the next page.  This is much better than =.G since as you edit your text you do
not need to change the =.G's.

     =.N is also great for insuring there is room on the page for a table.
=.N will prevent it from being split onto two pages.



     Sometimes you would like to include a full-page figure in your document,
and you do not care exactly where it is placed as long as it follows the text
which discuss it.  To do this use:

        =.Qn

When =.Qn is placed in the text, text printing on the current page continues
until the end of the page and then n full pages are skipped for the figure(s).


.st3,12,1
&dConsecutive%Files:%%%AL==Y
.st3,11,1
     At the lower right of the keyboard is file percentage indicator, a number
followed by a percent sign, =%.  This figure indicates what percentage of
Galahad memory your file is using.  When the figure gets above 85=% it is a
good time to save your file and create an new one.  You can still print your
files as a single document if you save your files using consecutive names.

     File names are consecutive when

    1. The names are identical, except for the last character
    2. The last characters are alphabetically or numerically consecutive


Consider the following lists of consecutive files.

        CHEM1
        CHEM2
        CHEM3
        CHEM4


        CHEMA
        CHEMB
        CHEMC


        FREDX
        FREDY
        FREDZ

Notice that the next list is not properly consecutive:


        SAM9
        SAM10
        SAM11

Only the last letter can be used to make consecutive file names that are
otherwise consecutive.

     When you are ready to print consecutive files, all you need do is enter
the command AL==Y into the Dot A line of your first file, and print.  Once
Galahad has come to the end of the a file it searches for the next file and
continues printing until there are no more consecutive files remaining.  Use
AL==N to turn off this command.
.g
.st3,14,1
&d2.7%GETTING%HELP .jr
.st3,11,1


.st3,12,1
&dThe%HELP%KEY:%%%<%SHIFT%>%<%KP5%>
.st3,11,1
     Help texts are available to remind you how to use the special function
keys.  You can obtain help by pressing the <%SHIFT%>%<%KP5%> keys.  When you
do, you will get a screen which appears similar that of Figure 2.8.

.rh1,78

                Keys to Access HELP

Function Keys - Press ESC f

KeyPad Keys - Press ESC k

Meta Keys - Press ESC m

Printer Configuration - Press ESC p

Galahad Dot Commands - Press ESC =.

Galahad =& and Symbol Commands - Press ESC =&

Galahad =.A Commands - Press ESC a

To see the current key assignment of any key - press it now.

To see the current categories of key assignments press any one of the letters
 C D F I M O S W

.rh1,78

Figure 2.8 %%The Main Help Screen .jc



     Pressing <%ESC%> followed by one of the above listed keys will give you
screens of help about the subject.


     Pressing any one of the &ifunction or &ikeypad keys will tell you what
that key does.
.g
.std3,12,1
The Letters CDFIMOSW
.st3,11,1
     Pressing any one the letters %CDFIMOSW% will give you categories of the
many Galahad functions.  Try pressing <%SHIFT%>%<%KP5%> to get the HELP menu,
then press <C> to see the help text tied to the letter C.  The categories of
help screens are as follows:



    <C> .t15    Lists keys and commands used in saving files and configuring
                  them for printing.

    <D> .t15    Lists keys and commands used for deleting words, lines, etc.

    <F> .t15    Lists keys and commands used for file management; includes
                  directory.

    <I> .t15    Lists keys and commands  used for inserting text.

    <M> .t15    Lists cursor control keys and commands.

    <O> .t15    Lists various character control commands and keys.

    <S> .t15    Lists search and replace commands and keys.

    <W> .t15    Lists keys and commands for window control.


The various help screens can also be found in Appendix B of this manual.


When you are finished pressing keys, press the space bar to exit HELP.
.g
.st3,12,1
&dReview%2.5
.st3,11,1
     Review the keys and commands that you learned in this chapter.


1. Dot A commands:
.i27

.u17 SP==n .t25 Line spacing; possible n values: 1, 2, or 3
(default is 0)

.u17 PS==Y .t25 Preserve spacing; Y==yes, N==no (default is no; prints only a
single blank between words).  PS==Y will not work properly on printers with
proportional fonts.



.u17 NM==n .t25 Numbering system; n values:  0 == none 1 == arabic, 2 == roman
(default is 0)
.u17 PN==n .t25 Page number; n is the number put on the first page printed
(default is 0)



.u17 TO==n .t25 Top Odd page numbering; n is the Absolute column where number
is printed (default is 0)
.u17 TE==n .t25 Top Even page numbering; n is the Absolute column where number
is printed (default is 0)

.u17 BO==n .t25 Bottom Odd page numbering; n is the Absolute column where
number is printed (default is 50)
.u17 BE==n .t25 Bottom Even page numbering; n is the Absolute column where
number is printed (default is 0)

.u17 AL==y .t25 Prints sequential files
.i
.sto3,11,1

NOTE1: 'Absolute column' means n is counted from the left paper edge, _not the
left margin.

NOTE2: The default page position is BO==50.  If you want no number to print at
bottom, put BO==0 and BE==0.  If you want no number to print at top, make TO==0
and TE==0.
.st3,11,1
.g
2. Dot Letter Commands:
.i27

.u17 =.JC .t25 (Justify Center) Centers text on a line
.u17 =.JR .t25 (Justify Right) Places text far right
.u17 =.JL .t25 (Justify Left) Places text far left


.u17 =.In .t25 Indents all following lines n spaces
.u17 =.I .t25 Ends indent
.u17 =.Un .t25 Unindent:  Moves the indenting n spaces to the left.  If n is
omitted indenting is eliminated.  =.U effects only &ione line.

.u17=.Tn .t25 Tabs to n spaces from left margin (can use several dot T commands
on a single line
.u17 =.Yn,m .t25 Right Justifies a column of text - moves the n words to the
left of =.Y to m spaces from the left margin

.u17=.Bn .t25 Carriage return n times (=.B0 does 0 returns - yes it is useful).

.u17=.D .t25 Prints current date (entered at sign-on)

.u17=.Gn .t25 Moves to next page(s) before printing next line
.u17=.Qn .t25 Moves to next page(s) after completing printing on the current
page
.u17=.Nn .t25 Moves to next page if there are not n lines available for
printing on the current page



.u 3. Process Symbols:
.sto3,11,1 .i
NOTE: The =& commands may be placed directly before the word or within a word
as required to produce the desired effect.  The action of all process symbols
is ended by the 'space' symbol.
.st3,11,1 .i27

.u17=&P .t25 Superscripting
.u17=&B .t25 Subscripting

.u17=&D .t25 Boldface
.u17=_ .t25 Underline
.u17=&U .t25 Underline
.u17=&I .t25 Italics
.u17=&O .t25 Bold Italics (or as defined in the =.INI file)

.u17=&N .t25 Ends superscript, subscript, boldface, italics, bold italics and
underline in middle of word
.u17=&S .t25 Ends underline and italics in middle of word
.u17=&T .t25 Ends boldface and bold italics in middle of word

.u17=% .t25 Dummy character; prints a blank
.u17== .t25 Prints process and other special symbols (Enter ===% to print =%)
.g
.u 4. Cursor Position Message; Examples:


.u24  C50 L15/L17 .t18 4=% .t25Cursor is in column 50 of screen on line 15 of a
17 line file (file is 4=% full)

.u24 C1 L1/1 .t18 0=% .t25 Cursor is in home position (file is empty)
.i .g2