Simtel MSDOS 1992 September/Simtel20_Sept92.cdr/msdos/editor/gal210a4.arc/GALCH1.GAL

Text File | 1988-06-08 | 41KB | 1,374 lines

.a lp=12 js=y,nm=1,pn=1,ct=n bo=51 te=12 to=90
.st3,14,1
&dChapter%One:%%Basic%Functions    .JC
&d[%Chapter%One%]  .hc
.t36 1 - .zl



                                            &d1.1%%INTRODUCTION  .JR
 .st3,11,1 .x-5

     This chapter introduces the equipment and procedures for word processing.
Step-by-step instructions guide you along the way, so that at the end of the
chapter you will be able to produce a simple document of your own, created
entirely on the word processor.  You will know how to do the following:
.i10
&h7 Turn on the power
&h7 Use special keys on the keyboard
&h7 Use the IBM compatible computer as a word processor
&h7 Type in text and make corrections
&h7 Print text on paper
&h7 Store and recall text
.i



.st3,14,1
                             &d1.2%%DESCRIPTION%OF%EQUIPMENT  .JR
.st3,11,1 .x-5

     The word processor is like a typewriter, except that it consists of two
pieces of equipment:

.i10
.u3 1. .t10 a computer with a keyboard and a video display,
.u3 2. .t10 a printer (to produce copies of your text on paper).
.i

.st3,12,1
&dThe%Computer%and%Printer
.st3,11,1
     All IBM compatible computers consist of the computer box which holds
electronics and the disk drives, a display screen and a keyboard much like a
typewriter keyboard.  Additional keys on the keyboard not found on a
typewriter, called &ifunction keys and &inumeric%keypad keys, perform special
tasks.  For example, the function keys are assigned special Galahad functions
which to allow you to press one key instead of typing the function name.  In
this chapter we will see how to use a few of these extra keys.


&oThe%Display

     The video display is like a television set.  It displays (1) the text that
you type in, (2) computer prompts, asking for your next entry, and (3) the
results of editorial changes you make.  You may think of the display as the
paper in a typewriter because it shows what you have typed.
.n4
&oThe%Keyboard

     Different computers have different style of keyboards, but have the same
keys, named (almost) the same.  Because of this, this manual can only give you
and indication of where to find the various keys which are discussed.

&oOlder%Style%Keyboard

.rbb5,75
.rbb8,17 .rbb19,55
.rbb57,72

.t9 Function .t30 Typewriter Keys .t60 Numeric
.t9 Keys .t60 Keypad


.reb8,17 .reb19,55 .reb57,72
.reb5,75


&oNewer%Style%Keyboard

.rbb5,75
.rbb8,50
.t22 Function Keys
.reb8,50
.rbb8,50 .rbb52,61 .rbb63,72
.t53 Special
.t22 Typewriter Keys .t64 Numeric .reb52,61
.t64 Keypad .rbb52,61
.t53 Arrows
.reb8,50 .reb52,61.reb63,72
.reb5,75

Figure 1.1: The Keyboards .jc



&oThe%Printers

     A printer is like an automatic typewriter.  It prints onto paper the text
that you typed on the screen.  Typically, three kinds of printers are
available: a dot matrix, a letter quality, and a laser printer.  You will
probably not want to use the printer until you have corrected your text on the
video display.  Galahad has the facility to show you quite accurately your text
on the screen as it will be printed on the printer.
.g
.st3,14,1
                                  &d1.3%%TURNING%ON%THE%MACHINE  .JR
.st3,12,1
&dThe%"On"%Sequence
.st3,11,1
     Three power switches activate the equipment.  We recommend that you turn
on the equipment in the following sequence:

         1. The computer
         2. The video display
         3. The printer


     If you have a printer, it can be left off until you are ready to make a
hard copy (i.e. typed on paper) of your document.

     The first two keys we will be using are the <%ENTER%> (also usually marked
<%RETURN%> -- which we will call it), and the <%BACKSPACE%> keys.  Figure 1.2
will show you the approximate location of each.



&oOlder%Style%Keyboard

.rbb5,75
.rbb8,17 .rbb19,55
&dBACKSPACE .y,54 .rbb57,72

.t9 Function .t30 Typewriter Keys &dRETURN .y,54 .t60 Numeric
.t9 Keys .t60 Keypad


.reb8,17 .reb19,55 .reb57,72
.reb5,75


&oNewer%Style%Keyboard

.rbb5,75
.rbb8,50
.t22 Function Keys
.reb8,50
.rbb8,50 .rbb52,61 .rbb63,72
&dBACKSPACE .y,49 .t53 Special
.t22 Typewriter Keys .t64 Numeric .reb52,61
&dRETURN .y,49 .t64 Keypad .rbb52,61
.t53 Arrows
.reb8,50 .reb52,61.reb63,72
.reb5,75


Figure 1.2: Location of the ENTER (RETURN) and BACKSPACE Keys .jc




.st3,14,1
                                                      &d1.4%%DISKS   .jr
.st3,11,1 .x-5

     Galahad runs under the %MS-DOS% operating system.  Both %MS-DOS% and
Galahad are software (computer programs).  To obtain a working Galahad diskette
you must copy the MS-DOS% operating system and Galahad onto your own floppy
disk.  You can find instructions for &iformat&tting diskettes, putting the
%MS-DOS% operating system on the diskette, and copying files in the manual
which came with your %MS-DOS% operating system, or ask someone who already has
Galahad to show you how to get the word processor and %MS-DOS% on one disk.
When you have %MS-DOS% and Galahad on your working disk you are ready to insert
them into your machine.

     Your programs (software) will be saved on floppy disks.  The disk,
performs about the same function as the cassette in a cassette tape recorder.
It records the word processing files that you create with Galahad.


.st3,12,1
&dInserting%Disks%into%the%Disk%Drive
.st3,11,1
To insert your disk into the disk drive use the following procedure:

.std3,12,1
THE PROCEDURE FOR LOADING DISKS .jc
.st3,11,1
.i10
.u3 1. .t10 If the drive has a door open it.
.u3 2. .t10 Insert your disk with the notch to the left and towards you.  The
disk label will also be near to you with the printing upside-down.
.u3 3. .t10 Close the door (or turn the drive handle down).
.u3 4. .t10 To boot-up (in this case, to run %MS-DOS%) hold down the
<CTRL>%%<ALT>%%<DEL> keys all at the same time.
.i

When the disk is loaded and the machine properly booted a message similar to
the following should appear on the display:


.i10
MS-DOS% Command release 3.00, version 3.19

A>%date
Current date is FRI 8-27-1987
Enter new date:
.i
     Here you are being prompted to enter today's date.  At this point enter a
date in the form mm-dd-yy and press <%RETURN%>.


     Next, you will be prompted for the time.
.i10
A>time
Current time is 11:30:18.10
Enter new time:
.i

     Enter a time in the form hh:mm:ss and press <%RETURN%>.  This will bring
up the following sign, called the "A> prompt."

        A>




.st3,14,1
&d1.5%%ENTERING%LETTERS  .jr
.st3,11,1 .x-5

     Letters and numbers can be entered (typed in) on the screen by means of
the keyboard. Letters typed on the keyboard will appear on the video display
next to the A>%% prompt.



.st3,12,1
&dThe%Cursor
.st3,11,1
     On a typewriter, you can always tell "where you are" because the printing
element is lined up with your current position on the page.  On the video
display screen you need some way to have this same information.  A small
blinking rectangle of light, called the "cursor," serves this purpose.

     When a key is depressed, its letter appears at the cursor position and the
cursor moves one space to the right.

&oExercise%=#1

     Turn the machine on, displaying the A> prompt.  Then type in the following
letters: a b c d e f g h i j.

.sto3,11,1
NOTE:  The operating system (%MS-DOS%) will complain to you because it thinks
that you are giving it commands.


.st3,12,1
&dThe%BACKSPACE%Key
.st3,11,1
Figure 1.2 shows the location of the %BACKSPACE% key.  This key can be used to
"erase" the letters displayed on the screen.  The %<BACKSPACE>% key removes the
character immediately to the left of the cursor.

&oExercise%=#2

     Use the %<BACKSPACE>% Key to remove the characters you entered in Exercise
#1.
.g
.st3,14,1
                               &d1.6%%INITIATING%GALAHAD:%THE%MODES  .JR

.st3,12,1
&dRunning%GALAHAD%
.st3,11,1
     You have seen how to turn up the power and bring up %MS-DOS%.  The %A>%
indicates that the equipment is being run by %MS-DOS%, the disk operating
system.  For word processing this means that you can now enter the proper
%MS-DOS% command to initiate the Galahad word processor.  To do this you need
only type GAL2 immediately following the A> prompt.  The line on the video
display should now look like this:


.t10 A>GAL2


     Lower case or capital letters can be used.  Once you have typed in this
command and pressed the "carriage return" key marked <%ENTER%> (and usually
<%RETURN%>), you have engaged the word processor.  The screen will begin with
the following:


.t10 Galahad, a word processor  --  Version 2.07
.t10 Copyright (C)  Virtual Systems Software 1987





.t10 Command (A:):


     The Command line at the bottom indicates that you are now in a "mode"
which enables you type in Galahad commands.   This is called the Galahad
&iCommand mode.  You will need to display this line whenever you wish to use
any of the special Galahad Commands.   The A: indicates that A is the default
drive for loading and saving on disk.  To change the default disk drive to the
B: drive simply enter B: and press <%RETURN%> after the Command prompt.


&oExercise%=#3

     Turn on the computer and display the command mode prompt.




.st3,12,1
&dThe%%EDIT%%Command
.st3,11,1
     When you use a typewriter you need to put in a blank sheet of paper.  When
you type on a word processor, you need to display a blank screen for typing.
You do this with the %EDIT% command.  Type in %EDIT% next to the Command prompt
and press the <%RETURN%>, or simply press the <%CTRL%>%<%RETURN%> keys at the
same time (see Figure 1.3 below).  The screen will become blank except for the
cursor.  You are now in the %EDIT% mode, ready to type.



.st3,12,1
&dReview%1.1
.st3,11,1
     The  dialogue on this page summarizes the process of preparing to type
with Galahad:
.st3,12,1
&dSTART-UP%SEQUENCE .jc
.st3,11,1 .x-5

 .t7 _Your%Actions .t40 _Computer%Response

.rbb2,76 .rbv32 .t3,34
 .t  1. Turn on the computer    .t A light appears on most computers

.rh2,76
 .t  2. Turn on the display  .t A light appears on most displays
.rh2,76
 .t  3. Insert disk and close    .t  Enter new date:
.t6 disk drive door.
.rh2,76
 .t  4. Enter date and press     .t  Enter new time:
 .t10 <%RETURN%>
.rh2,76
 .t  5. Enter time and press     .t  A>
 .t10 <%RETURN%>
.rh2,76
 .t *6. Enter  .t GALAHAD, a wordprocessor -- Version 2.07
 .t .t10 GAL2  .t Copyright (C) Virtual Systems Software 1987
 .t10 <%RETURN%>





 .t .t Command (A:):

.rh2,76
 .t 7.  Enter
 .t6 <%EDIT%> then <%RETURN%>
 .t6 or Press <%CTRL%>%<%RETURN%>
.reb2,76 .rev32


.a js=y
You are now ready to type your document.

     *At step 6, you can enter

             GAL2 filename

      to load a file automatically.
.g
.st3,12,1
&dModes
.st3,11,1
     We have now seen all three operating levels, called &imodes, used with
Galahad.  They are signified as follows:


     A>    .t30 The %MS-DOS% mode (for basic computer operations.)

     Command (A:):  .t30 The Command Mode (for Galahad commands --
                    .t32 such as SAVE and PRINT.

     (Blank)  .t30  The Edit mode (for typing your document.)

You can tell which mode you are in by seeing whether, the A: (or B:) prompt,
the Command prompt, or no mode indicator appears on the screen.


.st3,12,1
&dReturning%to%the%Command%Mode:
.t10 &d<%SHIFT%>%<%RETURN%>%and%<%CTRL%>%<%C%>
.st3,11,1
     To return to Command mode from the %EDIT% mode press the
<%SHIFT%>%<%RETURN%> key located near the numeric keypad (see Figure 1.3).  You
can also move from the %EDIT% mode to the Command mode with <%CTRL%>%<%C%>;
simply hold down the control <%CTRL%> key and pressing the letter C.

&oOlder%Style%Keyboard

.rbb5,75
.rbb8,17 .rbb19,55
.rbb57,72

.t9 Function .t30 Typewriter Keys &dRETURN .y,54 .t60 Numeric
.t9 Keys .t20 &dCTRL .t60 Keypad
.t20 &dSHIFT &dSHIFT .y,54

.reb8,17 .reb19,55 .reb57,72
.reb5,75

&oNewer%Style%Keyboard

.rbb5,75
.rbb8,50
.t22 Function Keys
.reb8,50
.rbb8,50 .rbb52,61 .rbb63,72
.t53 Special
.t22 Typewriter Keys &dRETURN .y,49 .t64 Numeric .reb52,61
.t9 &dCTRL .t64 Keypad .rbb52,61
.t9 &dSHIFT &dSHIFT .y,49 .t53 Arrows
.reb8,50 .reb52,61.reb63,72
.reb5,75

Figure 1.3: The <%SHIFT%>%<%RETURN%> and <%CTRL%>%<%C%> Keys .jc

.st3,12,1
&dThe%Command%Line
.st3,11,1
     You may display the command line at the bottom of the screen at any time
simply by using:

.t10 <%CTRL%>%<%C%>


When this is pressed the following prompt appears at the bottom of the screen.









.t10 Command (A:):


Use this line to enter from the keyboard commands such as SAVE and LOAD.  (The
A: here indicates that you are using the A: drive.)



     You can perform many of the Command functions by using the pre-set Command
keys on the function keypad and the numeric keypad.  For instance, use <%KP+%>
(keypad plus) to &iload a file from a disk or <%SHIFT%>%<%KP+%> (shifted keypad
plus) to &isave a file on a disk.  When these keys are pressed, a command line
appears at the bottom of your screen, but the rest of the screen does not go
blank as it does when you use <%SHIFT%>%<%RETURN%> to enter the command mode.

NOTE: A quick lesson on the keypad and function key notation:
.a js=n
<%KP1%> .y,20 .t25 means press key 1 on the numeric keypad.
<%SHIFT%>%<%KP1%> .y,20 .t25 means press the &oShift key and the 1 key on the
keypad.
<%F3%> .y,20 .t25 means press the F3 function key (left side of keyboard).
<%SHIFT%>%<%F3%> .y,20 .t25  means press the &oShift and F3 together. .b
<%ALT%>%<%F3%> .y,20 .t25 means press the &oAlt and F3 together. .b
<%CTRL%>%<%F3%> .y,20 .t25 means press the &oCtrl and F3 together.
.a js=y


&oExercise%=#4

     Use <%CTRL%>%<%RETURN%> and <%SHIFT%>%<%REUTRN%> to move from the Command
mode to the Edit mode and back.  Do this a few times.

     Now, from the Edit mode use <%CTRL%>%<%C%> to display the Command line at
the bottom of your Edit screen.  Press <%CTRL%>%<%C%> again to abort the
Command message.
.g
.st3,12,1
&dReturning%to%the%%MS-DOS%%Mode %%%%&dBYE%%<%KP-%>
.st3,11,1
     To return from the Command mode back to the %MS-DOS% mode, simply enter
the command BYE and press <%RETURN%>.  The Command prompt will be replaced by
%A>%.  You can get back to the Command mode by re-typing GAL2 and pressing
<%RETURN%>.  The BYE command will be printed for you, if you press <%KP-%>
(found directly above big + key on the keypad, see Figure 1.4).

&oOlder%Style%Keyboard

.rbb5,75
.rbb8,17 .rbb19,55
.rbb57,72

.t9 Function .t30 Typewriter Keys
.t9 Keys &dMINUS .y,71
&dPLUS .y,71


.reb8,17 .reb19,55 .reb57,72
.reb5,75

&oNewer%Style%Keyboard

.rbb5,75
.rbb8,50
.t22 Function Keys
.reb8,50
.rbb8,50 .rbb52,61 .rbb63,72
.t53 Special
.t22 Typewriter Keys &dMINUS .y,71 .reb52,61
&dPLUS .y,71 .rbb52,61
.t53 Arrows
.reb8,50 .reb52,61.reb63,72
.reb5,75

Figure 1.4: The BYE Command  <%KP-%> .jc


     You can press <%KP-%> from the Edit mode to exit more directly, but
Galahad will first make sure that you want to quit.  If you have just saved
your file on a disk Galahad asks:


      Are you sure you want to quit?


If you don't want to quit, enter an N for no.  If you are in fact trying to
quit, enter a Y for yes; the A> prompt will return immediately.

If you haven't saved the most recent changes to your file Galahad prompts:


      A:=\<filename>.GAL has been changed - Save, Discard(scratch), Cancel?


From this prompt you have three options:
.i10
.u3 1. .t10 Enter S to save the file with its latest changes.
.u3 2. .t10 Enter D to keep the file as it is on disk, without the changes.
.u3 3. .t10 Enter C if you don't want to quit at this time.
.i

NOTE:  Appendix A, "Galahad Function Labels" contains labels for all those
Galahad commands which are initiated by the F (function) keys and the special
KP (numeric keypad) keys.  At this time, you should turn to Appendix A and cut
out the special Galahad labels and tape them to your computer so that they are
easy to refer to.
.i5
.u3 &h7 .t5 The keys numbered F1 through F10 (or F12 on newer keyboards) are
called function keys.  They perform special Galahad functions to be discussed
later in this manual.  Use the cutout that is appropriate to your computer.

.u3 &h7 .t5 The numeric keys serve as extra function keys.  To use them as
ordinary numeric keys press NumLock at the top of the keypad.  Pressing NumLock
again will enable all the Galahad functions to work.

.u3 &h7 .t5 Notice that the number pad label (a cutout in Appendix A)
corresponds to the keys on the numeric keypad, to the right of the typewriter
keyboard.  Cut out the number pad label and tape it to the monitor top of the
computer just above the numeric keypad, or other convenient place.  If you have
a newer keyboard you will note that the special keys duplicate some of the keys
on the numeric keypad.
.i

&oExercise%=#5

Using the command GAL2 and <%KP-%>, move from DOS to the Command mode and back.
Do this a few times.

.g
.st3,12,1
&dReview%1.2
.st3,11,1
Figure 1.5 illustrates the modes and explains how to move between them.

.rh1,78
.i10

.u3 1. .t10 Turn on computer and terminal.
.u3 2. .t10 Insert a disk containing %MS-DOS% and Galahad (Gal2).
.u3 3. .t10 Press <%CTRL%>%<ALT>%<DEL>.
.i

.rbb20,53 .t22,39
.t A>  .t %MS-DOS% Mode
.reb20,53 .rbv24 .rbv49

.t3 GAL2 then <%RETURN%> .t63  BYE
.t56 or <%KP-%> then <%RETURN%>

.rbb20,53 .rev24 .rev49
.t Command (A:) .t Command Mode
.reb20,53 .rbv24 .rbv49


.t3 <%SHIFT%>%<%RETURN%> .t56 <%SHIFT%>%<%RETURN%>
.t58 or <%CTRL%>%<%C%>

.rbb20,53 .rev24 .rev49
.t31 %EDIT% Mode
.reb20,53


.rh1,78

Figure 1.5: The Modes  .JC


The three modes function as follows:

MS-DOS% mode: .y2,24 .t28 Allows basic computer
.t28 operations %(%MS-DOS% commands)

GALAHAD mode: .y2,24 .t28 Allows word processing-related tasks

EDIT% mode: .y2,24 .t28 Allows actual text to be entered,
.t28 manipulated, and edited for printing.
.g
.st3,14,1
                               &d1.7%%TYPING%WITH%GALAHAD  .JR

.st3,12,1
&dTyping%in%the%Text
.st3,11,1
Typing with Galahad is much like typing on an ordinary typewriter -- except
that you do not need to use the carriage return key <%RETURN%> at the end of
each line.  The word processor determines the end of the line and starts a new
line for you.  The best way to see this is to type a few lines.

&oExercise%=#6

Prepare the word processor by bringing up the %EDIT% mode.  Type in the
following lines without using the %<%RETURN%>% key.  Ignore typing errors.
.i6
.a ll=65
     NOW, what I want is, Facts.  Teach these boys and girls nothing but facts.
Facts alone are wanted in life.  Plant nothing else, and root out everything
else.  You can only form the minds of reasoning animals upon Facts; nothing
else will ever be of any service to them.  This is the principle on which I
bring up my own children, and this is the principle on which I bring up these
children.  Stick to Facts, sir!
.i .a ll=78


.st3,12,1
&dMoving%the%Cursor
.st3,11,1
Sometimes the mistake you wish to delete is in the middle of your text.
Instead of deleting entire lines of text you can move the cursor directly to
the error before using <%BACKSPACE%>.  This is accomplished by means of the
cursor movement keys, the arrow keys located as shown in Figure 1.6.
.g
&oOlder%Style%Keyboard

.rbb5,75
.rbb8,17 .rbb19,55
.rbb57,72
.t64 &h-
.t9 Function .t30 Typewriter Keys
.t9 Keys .t58 &h, .t70 &h.


.t64 &h/
.reb8,17 .reb19,55 .reb57,72
.reb5,75

&oNewer%Style%Keyboard

.rbb5,75
.rbb8,50
.t22 Function Keys
.reb8,50
.rbb8,50 .rbb52,61 .rbb63,72
.t53 Special
.t22 Typewriter Keys .t64 Numeric .reb52,61
.t64 Keypad .rbb52,61
&dARROWS .y,61
.reb8,50 .reb52,61.reb63,72
.reb5,75


                     Figure 1.6: The Cursor Movement Keys  .JC


&oExercise%=#7
.i3
.u 1. .t3 Press the cursor movement keys to move the cursor through the text
that you typed in Exercise =#6.

.u 2. .t3 Move the cursor to the comma which follows the first word (NOW).
Press <%BACKSPACE%> three times to delete the word.  (Notice that the rest of
the line moves to the left as the letters are deleted.)  Leave the cursor where
it is.

.u 3. .t3 Type in the word "Now" in upper and lower case, as it should be.
(Notice that the rest of the line moves to the right as you type. If there is
insufficient room at the end of the line, then Galahad will split the line,
moving part of the text down one space.  Do not worry about this.)

.u 4. .t3 Now insert the cursor between the first and second sentences and type
the following:

                    [Gradgrind is speaking.]

Notice how Galahad pushes words ahead to make room for the text you've
inserted.


.u 5. .t3 Return the cursor to the end of your text, and type
                   [Dickens ends his paragraph here.]   .i







.st3,14,1
&d1.8%%SAVING%AND%RETRIEVING%FILES  .jr

.st3,12,1
&dSaving%Your%Text
.st3,11,1
     The text which you have typed in the %EDIT% mode can be saved on your
disk.  To save your text, use the following procedure:


.std3,12,1
PROCEDURE FOR SAVING TEXT ON DISK .jc
.st3,11,1

          1.  Go into the Command mode.
          2.  Enter
                    SAVE filename

              (Type SAVE, a space, and a name for your text)

          3.  Press %<%RETURN%>.



     Your text will be saved under the filename that you give it and can be
recovered only with that name.


     Instead of writing SAVE you can press <%SHIFT%>%<%KP+%> (the + on the
numeric keypad &oshifted -- See Figure 1.4).  Galahad will write in the Command
line.


.t10 SAVE%[A=\:NONAME.GAL]:


     If you have previously saved your file, its name and extension will appear
in place of NONAME.GAL.  If you are saving a file for the first time, or wish
to rename it, enter the new name and extension before pressing <%RETURN%>.

.sto3,11,1
NOTE:  The three letters after filename (following the ".") specify the file
extension.  The default extension for Galahad files is GAL.  This means that
the GAL extension will be added to the filename if no other extension has been
typed in.  Most of the examples in this book will assume a GAL extension.
.st3,11,1


If you use <%SHIFT%>%<%KP+%> you don't need to go into the Command mode.  The
procedure to save then becomes as follows:
.g
.std3,12,1
ABBREVIATED SAVE PROCEDURE .jc
.st3,11,1
.i10

.u3 1. .t10 Press <%SHIFT%>%<%KP+%> .t45 (this means Shift and keypad +
together)

.u3 2. .t10 Press <%RETURN%>

.t20 or

.t10 Enter filename and press <%RETURN%>
.i



     Once your text is named and saved on a disk, it is called a &ifile.  Use
up to &oeight letters or numbers (alphanumerics) to name a file, but &odo%not
&oleave%a%space between the alphanumerics of a file name.  The following is a
list of a few legal file names.

     A
     B
     2ABLE
     12345678
     Dickens
     TEXT3  .b3

The following will not work:

     1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
     TEXT%%3
     4%%BAKER
     HARD%%TIMES
     morethan8
     more+=\


&oExercise%=#8
.i10
.u3 1. .t10 Press <%SHIFT%>%<%KP+%> and SAVE your text under the name Dickens.
.u3 2. .t10 Now use the SAVE command again to save your text under the name
Hardtime.
.i


     In Exercise =#8 you created two files:  Dickens and Hardtime.  The files
are identical.  Each time you save under a new name you create a new file.  But
if you save under the same name you replace what was in the file with whatever
presently exists in the %EDIT% mode.  For instance:  You save your Dickens file
and then correct a spelling error under the %EDIT% mode.  You can then re-save
the Dickens file with the error corrected.  Once you have named the document
you wish to save, you do not need to repeat the name each time you wish to save
it.

.n4 .std3,12,1
SAVING A FILE ALREADY NAMED .jc
.st3,11,1
.i10


.u3 1. .t10 Press <%SHIFT%>%<%KP+%>

.t15 Galahad will prompt:

.t20 A:\<filename> already exists - Replace, Backup or Cancel?

.u3 2. .t10 Respond with  <R>
.i

Your file will be updated with any changes you have made.


.sto3,11,1
NOTE:  When you answer <R>, saving a text file under a name that has already
been used, then the old file of that name  disappears.  It is replaced by the
new text you are saving.  Be sure that each file name used on a disk is unique.

     When you answer <B>, a backup file is made of your old file and your new
file is saved too.  The old file is given the special extension name =.BAK%.
Use this extension in retrieving the file (see LOAD, below in this section).

     When you answer <C>, nothing happens.  Galahad goes back into the Edit
mode.



.st3,12,1
&dThe%Disk%Directory:%%%DIR
.t10 &dand%%<%ALT%>%<%F4%>,%%<%ALT%>%<%F5%>,%%and%%<%ALT%>%<%F6%>
.st3,11,1
The files which you create are automatically placed in a disk directory.  To
display this directory on your screen:



        1.  Go to the Command mode.

        2.  <%CTRL%>%<%C%>

               DIR  %%%%%%<%RETURN%>



A directory of all your =.GAL extension files will appear on your screen.


     You can also press <%ALT%>%<%F4%> to write DIR automatically.  Pressing
<%ALT%>%<%F4%> will show you only the files of the default extension (usually
=.GAL).

     To see all of the files on the disk in Drive A (regardless of extension),
press <%ALT%>%<%F5%>.

     To see all of the files on the disk in Drive B, press <%ALT%>%<%F6%>.

The directory keys <%ALT%>%<%F5%>, <%ALT%>%<%F6%>, and <%ALT%>%<%F7%> can be
used from either the edit or command modes.



&oExercise%=#9

     Display the directory of your Galahad files.  Now display the directory of
all the files on your disk.  (The last two files listed will probably be
Dickens and Hardtime, the ones you just created.)




.st3,12,1
&dLoading%a%File%for%Editing&t:
.t10 %%%&dLOAD%and%<%KP+%>
.st3,11,1
     Once a file has been saved on disk it can be re-displayed through the
following procedure:


.std3,12,1
PROCEDURE FOR LOADING FILES .jc
.st3,11,1 .x-5
.i10

.u3 1. .t10 Go into the Command mode.
.u3 2. .t10 Enter

.t15 LOAD filename
.t20 (The "filename" is the name of your file.)

.u3 3. .t10 Press <%RETURN%>.
.i


As soon as the command prompt re-appears your text has been &iloaded.  This
means that you can display and edit the text simply by returning to the %EDIT%
mode.


    If you get weary of writing the command LOAD, press <%KP+%>, the big + on
the numeric keypad (See Figure 1.4).  You will be prompted with:

.t10 LoadBuffer [A:=\NONAME.GAL]:

Now enter the name of the file you want and press <%RETURN%>.


     Once you have loaded a file Galahad remembers its name.  To re-save the
file (e.g. after editing), the filename will appear in place of NONAME.GAL; you
do not need to retype the name.


.sto3,11,1
NOTE: If you attempt to load a new file before saving the changes you made to
the current file, Galahad will automatically prompt you to save your file with
the following:
.st3,11,1
      A:=\NONAME.GAL has been changed - Save, Discard(scratch), Cancel?
.i3

.u &h7 .t3 If you enter an S, you will be taken through the SAVE procedure (see
above).  Once the changes to the current file have been preserved you will
continue through the LOAD procedure.

.u &h7 .t3 If you enter a D, you will continue through the LOAD procedure and
changes to the current file will be discarded.

.u &h7 .t3 If you enter a C, the load procedure will be aborted.
.i



     To load a file from DOS (when you first bring up GALAHAD), enter

.t10 GAL2 filename.extension

Your file will immediately be displayed in the edit mode.



&oExercise%=#10

Use <%CTRL%>%<%F4%> to display the file directory.  Load one file and display
it.  Then load another and display it.




.st3,14,1
                                               &d1.9%%PRINTING  .jr
.st3,11,1 .x-5

      At Clarkson University you have access to a number of printers.  This
section explains only the procedure for formatting and printing on a "local"
printer attached to a personal computer.


.st3,12,1
&dPaper%and%.W1
.st3,11,1
     The printer puts onto paper the text that you typed while in the %EDIT%
mode.  To print, make sure that paper is in the printer and the printer is
turned on.  Ordinarily the printer uses continuous page fold paper, which is
perforated so the pages can be typed with one command and separated after
printing.  If you use single sheets of paper enter the following command on a
separate line near the top of your file:

.t20 =.W1

With this command in your file, Galahad will stop at the end of each sheet of
paper and display the following prompt:

.t20 =.W active - Press any key to continue

Before pressing a key, insert a new sheet of paper.

     Single sheets of paper are difficult to use in a printer in that Galahad
assumes you are using a printer that can feed sheets continuously, as pin feed
paper does.
.sto3,11,1
NOTE: If you use single sheet paper you must use special =.A commands described
below.



.st3,12,1
&dFormatting&t:  &dDot%A%Commands
.st3,11,1
     The printer cannot know automatically how wide you wish to set your
margins.  Galahad provides a set of special commands for formatting your page.
These are called Dot A commands because they must always be preceded by a
period and the letter A as shown in Figure 1.7:

.rh1,78

%%.A LP==10,LL==65






.rh1,78

Figure 1.7:  Dot A Commands  .jc


     In the figure, the command lp==10 sets the left margin at ten spaces.  The
command ll==65 sets the line length at 65 spaces.  Default dot A commands are
always in place in Galahad, but when you wish to specify a particular line
length put the dot A command at the beginning of the file.  If you wish to use
several line lengths in a document your can use a dot A command wherever a new
line length begins.  But be sure to place the dot A command on a line by
itself.

     As you see, you will use the =.A command to set up proper margins.  You
can figure these out so you have nice margins.  You should always make your
left margin larger than the right margin.  To figure the right margin -- the
width of the paper (in typed characters) minus the value of LL and minus the
value of LP is the length of the right margin.  The Galahad default values (the
values if you don't use a =.A command) are: LL==78, LP==14.  This assumes that
you are using a 12 character per inch printer (ELITE).  Thus 8.5 * 12 == 102.
So the left margin is 1.166 inches, the line is 6.5 inches and the right margin
is 0.833 inches.  If you are using PICA type size (10 characters per inch) =.A
LP==10 LL==65 is nice.


.n4
&oExercise%=#11
.i10
.u3 1. .t10 Load the Dickens passage which you saved in Exercise =#8, and
display the passage by going into the %EDIT% mode. (Use <%KP+%> and
<%CTRL%>%<%RETURN%>).

.u3 2. .t10  With the cursor at the top left of the edit screen, enter the
following heading:

.t30 =.A  LP==5,LL==70


.u3 3. .t10 Press <%RETURN%> to move your text down a line, leaving the dot A
commands on their own line.

 .u3 4. .t10 Save your file.
.i



.st3,12,1
&dPrinting%to%the%Screen&t: %%%&d<%ALT%>%<%F1%>
.st3,11,1
     You can display your formatted page on the screen, before you actually
print it on paper.  To do this press <%ALT%>%<%F1%>.  Your formatted text will
appear on the screen a little at a time.  To make it move up the screen (to
scroll), press any key.  Your formatted text will appear a screen at a time.

     If you pressed <%ALT%>%<%F1%> from the Edit mode, the cursor will return
to the top of the Edit mode at the end of printing.

     If you pressed <%ALT%>%<%F1%> from Command mode, the cursor will return to
the Command prompt at the end of printing.

     By pressing <%CTRL%>%<%C%>, you can stop the printing process.  In the
Edit mode the cursor will appear on the last line printed.  This makes it easy
to find and fix mistakes discovered during printing.

.sto3,11,1
NOTE:  Galahad does not know which printer you are using.  Since all printers
tend to need different information to make them print in boldface, and
underline words, etc.  It is necessary to configure Galahad for your printer.
This is discussed below.  Since you have not configured it, you will get an
error message.  That is OK.  For now, just go ahead and print to the screen
and/or a printer.
.g
.st3,12,1
&dPrinting%to%a%Printer: %%%&d<%CTRL%>%<%F1%>
.st3,11,1
     To print to an attached printer use <%CTRL%>%<%F1%> (that is, press the
<%CTRL%> and function key <%F1%> at the same time).  Use the following
procedure.


.std3,12,1
PROCEDURE FOR PRINTING TO AN ATTACHED PRINTER .jc
.st3,11,1 .x-5
.i10

.u3 1. .t10 Make sure the printer is loaded with paper.
.u3 2. .t10 Turn on the printer's power switch.
.u3 3. .t10 Load your file.
.u3 4. .t10 Press
.t20 <%ALT%>%<%F1%>
.i

The computer should begin to print immediately after telling you that you have
not configured Galahad for your printer.


CAUTION:  If the printer gets jammed with paper or otherwise malfunctions press
<%CTRL%>%<%C%> on the keyboard, or turn off the printer or both.


&oExercise%=#12
.i10
.u3 1. .t10 Supply your text used in Exercise =#11 with the following dot A
instruction:

.t20 =.a  LP==10,LL==60

.u3 2. .t10 Save the file onto a disk.

.u3 3. .t10 Take your disk to a machine with an attached print and try printing
the file using the print procedure.
.i
.g
.st3,12,1
&dPrinting%a%Partial%File&t: %%%%&dPRINT%nn%nn
.st3,11,1
     Sometimes you will want to type or display only a single page or so of a
file containing several pages.   From the command mode you can specify the
pages that you want by using the following syntax.  Don't forget to press
<%CTRL%>%<%C%> to get into the command mode before you start entering the
following commands.


For printing on the screen:

.t20 PRINT nn nn


For printing on paper:

.t20 PRINT PRN: nn nn


The nn's stand for the beginning and ending pages to be printed.


Consider the following examples:
.i30

.u26 PRINT 4 14 .t30   Prints pages 4 through 14 on the screen.

.u26 PRINT PRN: 2 8  .t30  Prints pages 2 through 8 on paper.

.u26 Print prn: 35 35 .t30 Prints only page 35 on paper.

.u26 print 10   .t30 Prints from page 10 to the end of the file on screen.

.u26 p 8 .t30  (Abbreviated) Prints from page 8 to the end of the file on
screen.

.u26 p prn: .t30 (Abbreviated) Prints the entire file on paper.
.i
.g
.st3,12,1
&dConfiguring%the%Printer:%%%<%ESC%>%<p>
.st3,11,1

     Printers do not all work in quite the same way.  Galahad has configure
functions to enable you to use a number of printers by pressing three keys.  A
sample of these is listed below.  If you use a printer that is &inot
&icompatible with any of those in the menu (discussed below), you must
especially configure your Galahad for your printer.  Galahad is capable of
working with any printers, including Laser Printers.  This configuration is
described in Chapter 6 and Appendix D.  Once your Galahad is configured for
your printer(s) you can re-configure Galahad simply by pressing the correct
keys for your printer.


.st3,12,1
TO CONFIGURE GALAHAD FOR VARIOUS PRINTERS .jc
.st3,11,1
     You may temporarily configure your Galahad for a number of printers.  To
do his simply press <%ESC%> <p>.  This will display a printer menu on the
screen.  Then you can configure Galahad by pressing a letter key corresponding
to one of these printers.  The exact menu will vary depending upon the
configured Galahad which you are using.  A typical menu is shown in Figure 1.8.

.rh1,78

To Configure Galahad for a Printer - Press One of the Following Letters .jc

    a  %Diablo at 10 pitch
    b  %Epson MX-80 at 10 pitch
    c  %Okidata at 10 pitch
    d  %Okidata - IBM Compatible at 10 pitch
    e  %Panasonic KX-P1080 at 10 pitch
    f  %PostScript Laser Printer - Normal Mode
    g  %ProPrinter 10 pitch
    h  %ProWriter at 10 pitch
    i  %SpinWriter at 12 pitch
    j  %Star Printers (Gemini) with Italics at 10 pitch






Press the Letter for the Printer
.rh1,78

Figure 1.8: Printer Configuration Menu .jc


     Be sure to be in the Edit mode when pressing any of these keys.  The
<%ESC%> key works only in Edit.

     Educational Computing will be glad to help you configure your Galahad for
your printer.  Help is available most every afternoon.




.st3,14,1
&D1.10%SINGLE%SHEET%PAPER .jr
.st3,11,1 .x-5

     Although we have not learned all of the =.A commands yet, this section
gives you the =.A command you must put at the top of any file you wish to print
on a printer when you use single sheets.

If you are using a printer which is printing in 10 characters per inch (PICA
sized type face).

   =.A LP==10 LL==65 PL==60 BH==0 AH==0; %%=.W1


If you are using a printer which is printing in 12 characters per inch (ELITE
sized type face).

   =.A LP==14 LL==78 PL==60 BH==0 AH==0; %%=.W1


     Place the paper in the printer so that the top of the paper is about one
inch from the line on which the print head is going to print.  This should be
just enough so that you can get the paper "bail" to hold paper down to the
platten.

     This =.A command eliminates the header (the one inch margin at the top) of
the paper, and tells Galahad that the paper is only 10 inches long (6 line per
inch == 60 lines) instead of the usual 11 inches (66 lines).  The reason that
the paper is only 10 inches long is that you have used up one inch to get the
paper in the machine.

     Note that if you want to print a header on each page you will have to use
a printer with continuous feed paper.  This is because you have eliminated the
header by setting BH==0 and AH==0.  Also, in case you want to experiment, one
fact you should know is that the =.A PL command &omust be set to the physical
length of the page available to print on.  &dSo%only%rarely%should%it%be
&danything%but%PL==66.
.g
.st3,12,1
&dReview%1.3
.st3,11,1
     Review the keys and commands that appeared in this chapter.


1.  To boot the computer invoking DOS, place a disk with DOS in drive A: and
turn on the computer, or if the machine is already running:

.t20 Press    <%CTRL%>%<%ALT%>%<%DEL%>.

.t22,44
2.  Commands at the A> prompt.
.i3
  Gal2 [filename.extension] .t .t Invokes Galahad [loads file]
  DIR .t .t Directory of files
  B> .t .t Changes default drive to B:
  A> .t .t Changes default drive to A:


.u 3.  Command Mode Commands.

_Command  .t _Key* .t45 _Comment

  DIR .t <%ALT%>%<%F4%> .t Directory of =.GAL files
  DIR A: .t <%ALT%>%<%F5%> .t Directory of all files on Disk A:
  DIR B: .t <%ALT%>%<%F6%> .t Directory of all files on Disk B:
  EDIT% .t <%CTRL%>%<%RETURN%> .t Moves from Command to Edit mode

  .t <%CTRL%>%<%C%>** .t Moves from Edit to Command mode
  .t <%SHIFT%>%<%RETURN%> .t Displays Command line at bottom Edit

  BYE .t <%KP-%> .t Moves from Command to DOS mode
  SAVE .t <%SHIFT%>%<%KP+%> .t Save current file to default drive
  SAVE filename .t <%SHIFT%>%<%KP+%> .t Saves file to default disk drive
  SAVE B:filename .t .t Saves file disk specified as B:

  LOAD filename .t <%KP+%> .t Loads file from default disk drive
  LOAD B:filename .t .t Loads file from disk specified as B:
  A: .t  .t Changes default disk drive to A:
  B: .t  .t Changes default disk drive to B:

  PRINT .t <%ALT%>%<%F1%> .t Prints file on screen
  PR PRN: .t <%CTRL%>%<%F1%> .t Prints file on attached printer
  p nn .t .t Prints to screen starting at page nn
  p nn mm .t  .t Prints to screen pages  nn to mm
  p prn: nn mm .t .t Prints to printer pages nn to mm


*Keys can be pressed from command or edit modes.

**<%CTRL%>%<%C%> is a general program abort in numerous programs and systems.
For instance, in Galahad use <%CTRL%>%<%C%> to abort print.
.i
.n5
4. Print Formatting Commands:

Dot A commands:
.i10
_Commands&n .t35  _Comments

=.A  .t30 Signals that print formatting commands follow

LL==nn .t30  Line length in typed characters
LP==nn .t30  Distance from left edge of paper when printed on paper.


.u format:
=.a LL==n,LP==n

.u The Dot A line must appear on line by itself, or the =.A commands must be
ended with a ';' (semicolon).


.u Dot Letter commands:

 =.W .t30 Stops printer at end of current line.
 =.W1 .t30 Stops printer at end of each page
.i .g2