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- SIY7.TXT Slope Distance and Clinometers 33
-
-
- Chapter 7
-
- Slope Distance and Clinometers
-
- In this chapter you will calculate the horizontal distance from the slope
- distance. You may construct and use a clinometer.
-
- You will need:
-
- a) Silva Ranger type 15 compass, available for $41 + $5 shipping & handling
- from CAVE Inc, 1/2 Fast Road, Ritner, KY 42639. 606/376-3137.
-
- b) These instructions,
-
- c) Semicircular protractor, string, and weight, available for $1 from CAVE Inc,
- 1/2 Fast Road, Ritner, KY 42639. This item is optional if your Ranger has a
- built-in clinometer.
-
- You will not need:
-
- a) An assistant,
-
- b) A deed.
-
- When you measured the distance on the ground from one station to another, you
- were measuring the slope distance. What you are supposed to be plotting on
- your map is the horizontal distance. If your land is flat and level, like a
- salt flat, then these distances are equal. Otherwise, the slope distance
- overstates the horizontal distance. The slope angle, or inclination, is the
- angle between your tape as you read it and true horizontal level.
-
- The inclination is measured with an instrument called an inclinometer,
- sometimes called a clinometer (without the "in" [Is that a proper preposition
- not to end a sentence with?]). Zero is level. The inclination is recorded in
- degrees, either plus (uphill), or minus (downhill).
-
- When you get around to using CAVEMAP1.BAS you will find Graph 2 there. Or you
- could register this disk and I'll send you the graphs.
-
- Look at Graph 2. This represents the cross section of a hill. The survey
- stations are named with letters. The distance to station B from station A is
- 300 feet. Measure this with the ruler on your compass using the scale of 100
- feet per inch.
-
-
-
-
-
- SIY7.TXT Slope Distance and Clinometers 34
-
- The inclination is 10 degrees. Measure it with the semicircular protractor.
- If it has been too many years since you have touched a protractor, just
- remember that any seventh grader can help you. Place the small hole [not the
- middle of the ruler] in the protractor over the starting station. Turn the
- protractor so that the horizontal line from the station goes thru the 0 degree
- mark. This is the long line where the graduations begin and end. Read the
- inclination on the scale where the slope line crosses it.
-
- There are two scales so that you can use either end of the protractor. To know
- which scale to use, think about what you are measuring. The size of the
- inclination angle starts at 0 when both directions are the same. Small slopes,
- small numbers.
-
- Be sure that you use the hole and line about a half inch back from the ruler
- edge of the protractor. You might have to extend some lines on your map to
- make them reach the scale. Just extend as necessary.
-
- You can also use your Ranger for this purpose. The method is very similar to
- that of getting a compass direction from a map. Lay the compass on the drawing
- with the side of the base plate along the line whose slope you wish to
- measure. Then turn the dial until the black [or red, if you have an old
- Ranger] meridian lines align with the horizontal lines on your drawing. Read
- the slope from the dial under the index blob. If you have a reading of 300 &
- something, then subtract it from 360. If you have a reading near 180, then
- read the blob near the latch rather than the index blob. Then figure the sign
- of the inclination; up is positive, down is negative.
-
- Now measure the distance to station D from Station A. You can't do this in
- reality unless you are a miner, so be content to do it on paper. Use the ruler
- on the compass which is graduated in twentieths of an inch.
-
- Measure a little bit more carefully. The distance is just a little short of
- 300 feet. The actual horizontal distance is 295 feet.
-
- This was calculated with the help of something called the cosine, abbr. COS,
- pronounced "cosign". For those of you who never have had a trigonometry
- course [I'm one of you], the COS is simply the horizontal distance divided by
- the slope distance. For any given angle, the COS of that angle will always be
- that same number. This is not magic. It is the definition of cosine.
-
- Horizontal distance divided by slope distance equals the cosine of the
- inclination. The symbol for divide in computerese is "/".
-
- HDIST / TAPE = COS (INCL)
-
- Rearranged in a more useful way, HDIST = TAPE * COS (INCL)
-
-
- SIY7.TXT Slope Distance and Clinometers 35
-
- That is, to calculate the horizontal distance, multiply the measured slope
- distance times the cosine of the measured inclination. The symbol for multiply
- in computerese is "*".
-
- Or you can draw a picture on a piece of graph paper and measure it there. At
- first all this fancy mathematics is magic. Draw yourself pictures until it
- isn't magic anymore. And if it ever seems like magic again, draw pictures
- until the magic runs out.
-
- Playing with magic is dangerous.
-
- Don't! Magic is for such as magicians and preachers.
-
- If you are interested in the vertical distance between stations B and D, you
- could drill a well. On paper, you can easily measure this distance with a
- ruler. There is also a mathematical way to calculate the vertical distance.
- The vertical distance equals the slope distance times the sine, abbr. SIN,
- pronounced "sign", of the inclination. IUP = TAPE * SIN (INCL). The
- calculated vertical distance is 52 feet.
-
- On the other side of the imaginary hill, measure all the distances and angles.
- By calculation, the slope distance is 152 feet, the horizontal distance is 143
- feet, the vertical distance is minus 52 feet, and the inclination is minus 20
- degrees.
-
- If you don't get these numbers, what sorts of mistakes could you have made?
- What sorts of mistakes could the typesetter have made? What sorts of mistakes
- could the printer have made? What sorts of mistakes could the draftsman have
- made? [Authors don't make mistakes!] Are these errors or blunders?
-
- Now calculate the run from A to B to C. And the run from A to D to C. What is
- the difference in going over the hill rather than going thru it? Is this enuf
- error to be a problem to you?
-
- The sine and cosine can be easily obtained with a fancy scientific calculator.
- Just enter the angle and push the button labeled SIN or COS. Or just stick
- with graph paper.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- SIY7.TXT Slope Distance and Clinometers 36
-
- Sine Table
-
- Angle SIN COS Angle SIN COS Angle SIN COS
-
- 0 0.000 1.000 15 0.256 0.966 30 0.500 0.866
-
- 1 0.017 1.000 16 0.276 0.961 31 0.515 0.857
-
- 2 0.035 0.999 17 0.292 0.956 32 0.530 0.848
-
- 3 0.052 0.999 18 0.309 0.951 33 0.545 0.839
-
- 4 0.070 0.998 19 0.326 0.946 34 0.559 0.829
-
-
- 5 0.087 0.996 20 0.342 0.940 35 0.574 0.819
-
- 6 0.104 0.995 21 0.358 0.934 36 0.588 0.809
-
- 7 0.122 0.993 22 0.375 0.927 37 0.602 0.799
-
- 8 0.139 0.990 23 0.391 0.921 38 0.616 0.788
-
- 9 0.156 0.988 24 0.407 0.914 39 0.629 0.777
-
-
- 10 0.174 0.985 25 0.423 0.906 40 0.643 0.766
-
- 11 0.191 0.982 26 0.438 0.899 41 0.656 0.755
-
- 12 0.208 0.978 27 0.454 0.891 42 0.669 0.743
-
- 13 0.225 0.974 28 0.470 0.883 43 0.682 0.731
-
- 14 0.242 0.970 29 0.485 0.875 44 0.695 0.719
-
- 45 0.707 0.707
-
- How much error are you willing to tolerate so that you don't have to fiddle
- with the clinometer and the arithmetic? If you are making a pace map, don't
- even bother thinking about the clinometer error. The change in your pace
- length is more than the error which you would produce by ignoring the
- clinometer. And if it is too steep to walk comfortably, it is too steep to
- pace.
-
-
-
-
- SIY7.TXT Slope Distance and Clinometers 37
-
- Silva made a Ranger type 15TCL with a built-in clinometer. Except for
- measuring strike and dip while mapping geologic structure, I personally dislike
- the clinometer Ranger. For surveying, I would rather use my homemade
- clinometer than the built-in Silva Ranger clinometer. The new Ranger type 15CL
- comes with a much improved clinometer. It is just as inconvenient to use, but
- the new and improved clinometer doesn't get in the way like the old one.
-
- To use the clinometer on a Ranger compass for surveying, set the compass
- reading to either 90 or 270 (due East or due West). Open the sighting mirror
- to about 45 degrees. Flop the Ranger on its side so that the base plate is
- vertical. Tilt it front to back and sight your target along the top, which is
- really the side of the base plate. Look in the mirror and read your
- inclination. Note that you must read the clinometer while you are sighting it
- and that the base plate must be vertical so that the clinometer pointer swings
- freely. Unlike the compass reading, the clinometer reading is not preserved.
-
- An alternate method is to very carefully rotate the Ranger flat while still
- sighting along the edge of the base plate towards your target. Now you can
- read the clinometer scale more easily. The clinometer reading is preserved
- until you jiggle or bump the compass. If it is worth using the clinometer, it
- is worth reading twice so that you know that you have not bumped the reading.
-
- An alternative alternate method is to open the mirror all the way and hold the
- Ranger vertical and crosswise in front of you. This method cannot be used to
- determine the inclination from station A to station B. It can tell you the
- slope of a far away hillside in profile, or the dip in a road cut. Actually,
- you are reading apparent slope or apparent dip. Play around with it until you
- see the difference between dip and apparent dip. Or maybe you couldn't give a
- dip about strike and dip.
-
- I use an Abney level for my surveying work. An Abney level costs about $75. I
- doubt that most of you would need it even if it were already in your pocket.
- But do build the protractor clinometer and/or experiment with the clinometer on
- the Ranger. Use it when the land is steep enuf or valuable enuf to be worth
- the effort. You decide. If nothing else, you can use it to determine the
- height of standing trees. Same trigonometry.
-
- Build your own clinometer.
-
- The homemade protractor clinometer consists of three parts: the protractor, the
- weight, and the string. Tie one end of the string thru the small hole and
- around the ruler edge of the protractor, so that the string pivots from the
- small hole. Tie the weight on the other end of the string. The string should
- be long enuf so that the weight clears the curved edge of the protractor.
-
-
-
-
- SIY7.TXT Slope Distance and Clinometers 38
-
- To read an inclination with your new instrument, hold the protractor with the
- curved side down out in front of you at arm's length. Sight along the top edge
- to your target. Tilt the protractor a little so that the string swings free of
- the scale. Get a good sight and tilt the protractor straight again. Hold the
- string against the scale with a finger until you read it. Unfortunately, this
- is not the inclination. Level, 0 degrees inclination, reads 90 on the
- protractor scale. The inclination which you want is the scale reading minus
- 90. Uphill is plus, downhill is minus.
-
- I know this indirect reading is a hassle. Hopefully your land is level enuf so
- that you can leave the clinometer in your pocket. Anyone knowing a source of
- cheap semicircular protractors with 0 in the center of the scale, please let me
- know.
-
- Usually the inclination can be safely ignored in all but the more accurate
- surveying or on steep ground. But only usually. You must be alert to this
- error. And this is a systematic error. The error is all the same way; the
- horizontal distance is always shorter than the measured slope distance.
-
- But don't get carried away when following a previous surveyor who didn't even
- know that there is a difference between the slope distance and the true
- horizontal distance. As one of the local realtors here in backwoods Kentucky
- sez, "The Good Lord put the land here on the sides of the hills so's that He
- could fit more acres in here."
-
-
- Dave Beiter
- CAVE Inc
- 1/2 Fast Road
- Ritner, KY 42639.
-
-
- 606/376-3137
-