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- USING APRS FOR SPACE COMMUNICATIONS
-
- The Automatic Packet Reporting System could be a solution to the effective
- use of orbiting terrestrial style packet radio digipeaters in the amateur
- satellite program. To date there have been three standard AX.25 1200 baud FM
- transponders flown in space. The first was on the Space Shuttle STS-35, the
- second was on the space station MIR, and the third has been via the FM
- transponder mode of AO-21. The problem with a space based digipeater is the
- total saturation on the uplink channel which makes the use of a normal
- CONNECTED protocol impractical. For the SAREX robot QSO mode, a total of five
- successive and successful packet transmissions were required to constitute a
- successful contact. Of an estimated thousands of uplink stations, only about
- 250 were successful. Recognizing the stringent requirements for success using
- the CONNECTED protocol, provision was also made to recognize those stations
- which were successful in getting only one packet heard onboard the shuttle.
- Over 700 stations successfully completed single uplink packets.
-
- APRS takes advantage of this unconnected, one packet, mode to demonstrate
- successful uplinks to the shuttle. In addition, however, it capitalizes on the
- most fascinating aspect of the amateur radio hobby, and that is the display on
- a map of the location of those stations. Historically, almost every aspect of
- HAM radio communications has as its root, the interest in the location of other
- stations. Look at DX maps, countries worked, counties worked, grid squares,
- mobile chatter; everyone is quite interested in where other stations are.
-
- If, instead of every station attempting to CONNECT with the Space Shuttle,
- all stations were encouraged to simply insert his/her LAT/LONG as the first 19
- characters of his beacon text, everyone within the satellite footprint would
- not only see when he made a successful uplink, but also where he was. Since
- the shuttle is a rapidly moving object, the locations of successful uplink
- stations will move progressively along the ground track. The weakest
- successful stations will almost certainly be immediately below the spacecraft.
- Stronger and more viable groundstations can show up further to the side of the
- ground track. If there is a skew in the spacecraft antenna pattern, the
- pattern of successful uplink stations on the map will clearly make that
- evident. The exact format of an APRS position report is as follows:
-
- Beacon Text: !DDMM.HHN/DDDMM.HHW/CQ comments etc.....
- For example: !3959.11N/07629.12W/Naval Academy Radio Club
-
- To implement this experiment on the next shuttle mission, it would only
- take a single AMSAT news bulletin to ask all stations to insert their LAT/LONG
- in their beacon text. No changes onboard the shuttle or MIR would be required.
-
- Those stations that had APRS could then watch the successful uplink stations
- plotted in real time. Even without real time APRS, a replay of a captured text
- file containing all the successful uplink packets would still give an excellent
- map display after the fact. Analysis of antenna pointing anomolies on every
- orbit could be accomplished with ease. On future missions, the UI beacon frame
- might completely replace the current CONNECTED robot mode. Without all of the
- connect requests, acks, and retries at least a five fold increase in the number
- of successful uplinks would be realized, and the data exchanged would be more
- meaningful by a similar factor.
-
- To demonstrate the expected results of this experiment, I have created a
- track history file that can be replayed using the Ctrl-R command. Simply
- replay the SHUTTLE.HST file and watch the contacts appear as the shuttle moves
- across the country. You may enhance the demonstration by selecting to see only
- the Shuttle, STS-99, or by turning off TAGS using the Alt-T command to reduce
- the clutter of callsigns on the display. The replay can be speeded up or
- slowed down by hitting the F or S keys. Obviously, in this SHUTTLE.hst file, I
- assumed that the Shuttle had its TNC connected to a GPS navigation receiver so
- that it was also beaconing its position once per minute in the APRS format.
-
- This capability also demonstrates the practicality of using a space based
- AX.25 digipeater for routine position and status reporting. Imagine a
- constellation of three AX.25 digipeater satellites all on one FM channel. It
- would not matter what satellite was in view, or when. Mobile and portable
- stations could beacon their position once every 5 minutes and be tracked
- nationwide! Just using 1200 baud AFSK, up to 1000 stations could probably be
- supported just in the US and have a reasonable chance of getting a position
- report through at least once every 3 hours! Going to 9600 baud FSK would
- support almost 8000 users.