home *** CD-ROM | disk | FTP | other *** search
- $Unique_ID{BRK04348}
- $Pretitle{}
- $Title{Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome}
- $Subject{Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome Pancreatic Ulcerogenic Tumor Syndrome
- Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type I Partial Multiple Endocrine Adenomatosis
- Z-E Syndrome Gastrinoma Cushing Syndrome Duodenal Ulcers }
- $Volume{}
- $Log{}
-
- Copyright (C) 1987, 1988, 1990 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
-
- 360:
- Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome
-
- ** IMPORTANT **
- It is possible the main title of the article (Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome)
- is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the
- alternate names, disorder subdivisions, and related disorders covered by this
- article.
-
- Synonyms
-
- Pancreatic Ulcerogenic Tumor Syndrome
- Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia, Type I
- Partial Multiple Endocrine Adenomatosis
- Z-E Syndrome
- Gastrinoma
-
- Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related
- Disorders section of this report:
-
- Cushing Syndrome
- Duodenal Ulcers
-
- General Discussion
-
- ** REMINDER **
- The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for
- educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment
- purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please
- contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources"
- section of this report.
-
-
- Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome is an unusual ulcerative condition
- characterized by small tumors (usually of the pancreas) which secrete a
- hormone that produces excess amounts of stomach (gastric) juices. These
- tumors can also appear in the lower stomach wall, spleen or lymph nodes close
- to the stomach. Large amounts of gastric acid can be found in lower stomach
- areas where ulcers can form. Ulcers can appear suddenly even in areas where
- they are rarely found, may persist following treatment, and can be
- accompanied by diarrhea. Prompt medical treatment of these ulcers is
- necessary to prevent complications such as bleeding and perforation.
-
- Symptoms
-
- Tumors which characterize Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome secrete a hormone which
- produces excess amounts of stomach acid which can cause ulcers in the
- stomach, duodenum and jejunum, and in the esophagus due to a backward flow of
- gastric acid from the stomach. Pain from these persistent ulcers may be
- severe. Diarrhea and excretion of fat in the feces (steatorrhea) commonly
- occurs. Ulcers may persist for years despite medical or surgical treatment.
- This can result in a decrease of potassium levels in the blood.
- Complications, including holes in the organ walls where ulcers occur
- (perforations), bleeding or obstruction of the stomach where it empties into
- the intestines, may be serious and require prompt treatment.
-
- Causes
-
- Two common forms of Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome were identified in 1982. One
- form begins sporadically, usually during late adulthood, and is usually
- malignant. The other form is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait and
- occurs as a symptom of Multiple Endocrine Adenomatosis. (Human traits
- including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of
- two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the
- mother. In dominant disorders, a single copy of the disease gene (received
- from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the normal
- gene and resulting in appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting
- the disorder from affected parent to offspring is 50% for each pregnancy
- regardless of the sex of the resulting child.) Other forms of Zollinger-
- Ellison Syndrome may also exist. The mechanism that causes the tumors to
- grow is unknown.
-
- Affected Population
-
- Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome can begin in childhood, but it is usually
- diagnosed between twenty to seventy years of age. This disorder seems to
- affect males and females in equal numbers.
-
- Related Disorders
-
- Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome may be associated with endocrine disorders such as
- increased activity of the parathyroid glands (hyperparathyroidism) and benign
- tissue cell growth of the adrenal or pituitary glands (adenomas).
-
- Cushing Syndrome consists of a group of symptoms attributable to an
- excess of cortisol and other hormones from the cortex of the adrenal gland.
- It is usually caused by hormone secreting tumors of the adrenal or pituitary
- glands; sometimes a hyperfunctioning pituitary gland can be the cause.
- Hormone secreting tumors may also develop in other organs. Cushing syndrome
- occurs more frequently in females than in males, particularly women in their
- thirties following a pregnancy. The prognosis is good if the causative
- tumors can be removed and/or drug therapy suppresses production of the
- hormone. (For more information, choose "Cushing" as your search term in the
- Rare Disease Database.)
-
- Duodenal ulcers are very common. A possible genetic predisposition to
- the disorder is possible. Steroid drugs can be one cause of these ulcers.
- Other possible causes include emotional stress, complications of cirrhosis of
- the liver, chronic pancreatitis, cystic fibrosis, or pulmonary emphysema.
-
- Approximately ten percent of the United States population may be affected
- by duodenal ulcers at some time. The highest incidence occurs in Americans
- between twenty and fifty years of age, although duodenal ulcers can occur in
- children. The prognosis is generally favorable with standard treatments.
- However, without treatment duodenal ulcers can be serious due to possible
- bleeding (hemorrhage), low red blood cell count (anemia), or formation of
- small holes in the wall of organs where the ulcers occur (perforations).
-
- Therapies: Standard
-
- Patients with Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome are treated to control or reduce
- gastric acid production. In the past the most serious cases were treated by
- removal of the stomach (gastrectomy). This has been replaced (excluding the
- most serious cases) by use of currently available antacids and drugs such as
- cimetidine or ranitidine. These drugs (with or without an anticholinergic
- agent) control excess gastric acid in most patients. Many patients with Z-E
- Syndrome require higher doses than those used routinely to treat ulcers.
-
- Imaging procedures now in use to locate the tumors are improving the
- success rate of treatment. These procedures include ultrasound, CT scan, and
- selective angiograms. Abdominal surgery to remove tumors may be indicated
- and anti-tumor chemotherapy may be of benefit in some cases. Genetic
- counseling can be useful to families of patients with Z-E Syndrome.
-
- In March 1989 the FDA approved a new drug, Losec, for the treatment of
- Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome and other serious gastric disorders. Losec is
- manufactured by Merck & Company.
-
- Therapies: Investigational
-
- New tests are being developed for the diagnosis of Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome
- such as transhepatic pancreatic vein catheterization supplemented by
- determination of local hormone gradients. This may permit preoperative
- location of even the smallest tumors. At present, the success rate of tumor
- surgery is approximately twenty percent.
-
- Surgery on the tenth cranial (vagus) nerve is being tried experimentally.
- Severing this nerve interrupts impulses to the acid-secreting glands of the
- stomach. Those who require very high doses of drugs such as cimetidine or
- ranitidine may be candidates for this surgery which is recommended only for
- the most serious cases.
-
- Newer more potent drugs being developed for treatment of Z-E Syndrome
- include omeprazole. This drug is still experimental in the United States.
-
- This disease entry is based upon medical information available through
- January 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep
- every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate.
- Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most
- current information about this disorder.
-
- Resources
-
- For more information on Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome, please contact:
-
- National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
- P.O. Box 8923
- New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
- (203) 746-6518
-
- National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse
- Box NDIC
- Bethesda, MD 20892
- (301) 468-2162
-
- For information on genetics and genetic counseling referrals, please
- contact:
-
- March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
- 1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
- White Plains, NY 10605
- (914) 428-7100
-
- Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
- 35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
- Chevy Chase, MD 20815
- (800) 336-GENE
- (301) 652-5553
-
- References
-
- CURRENT MANAGEMENT OF ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME: R.T. Jensen, et. al.;
- Drugs (August 1986, issue 32(2)). Pp. 188-196.
-
- DIAGNOSIS AND CURATIVE THERAPY IN ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME: W.H.
- Hacki; Schweiz Med Wochenschr (April 27, 1985, issue 115(17). Pp. 575-581.
-
- ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME: H.D. Becker; Wien Klin Wochenschr (February
- 17, 1984, issue 96(4)). Pp. 138-144.
-
-