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- $Unique_ID{BRK04336}
- $Pretitle{}
- $Title{Wolf-Hirschhorn Syndrome}
- $Subject{Wolf-Hirschhorn Syndrome WHS Wolf Syndrome Wolf-Hirschhorn Chromosome
- Region (WHCR) Four-p (4p) Syndrome Chromosome Number 4 Short Arm Deletion
- Syndrome Cri-du-Chat Syndrome Down Syndrome }
- $Volume{}
- $Log{}
-
- Copyright (C) 1989, 1992 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
-
- 622:
- Wolf-Hirschhorn Syndrome
-
- ** IMPORTANT **
- It is possible that the main title of the article (Wolf-Hirschhorn
- Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to
- find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
-
- Synonyms
-
- WHS
- Wolf Syndrome
- Wolf-Hirschhorn Chromosome Region (WHCR)
- Four-p (4p) Syndrome
- Chromosome Number 4 Short Arm Deletion Syndrome
-
- Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related
- Disorders section of this report:
-
- Cri-du-Chat Syndrome
- Down Syndrome
-
- General Discussion
-
- ** REMINDER **
- The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for
- educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment
- purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please
- contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources"
- section of this report.
-
- Wolf-Hirschhorn Syndrome is a chromosomal disorder caused by a partial
- deletion of chromosome 4. Major symptoms may include extremely wide-set eyes
- (ocular hypertelorism) with a broad or beaked nose, a small head
- (microcephaly), low-set malformed ears, mental and growth deficiency, heart
- (cardiac) defects, and seizures.
-
- Symptoms
-
- Wolf-Hirschhorn patients may have the following symptoms: low birth weight,
- growth retardation and deficiency, delayed bone age, unusually small head
- (microcephaly), and undescended testicles (cryptorchidism). Failure to
- thrive, reduced muscle tension (hypotonicity), mental and psychomotor
- retardation, seizures, and precocious puberty may also occur.
-
- Children with this syndrome have protruding wide-set eyes and one eye may
- be angled either inward or outward (strabismus). Droopy eyelids (ptosis),
- eye defects (coloboma), iris deformity, slanted eyelid slits (oblique
- palpebral fissures), excess skin over the inner corner of the eyes
- (epicanthic folds), and defects of the middle half of the eyebrow may also
- occur. There may be an unusual bump on the forehead above the nose
- (prominent glabella), and a broad or beaked nose.
-
- Cleft lip, cleft palate, a short groove in the midline above the upper
- lip (philtrum), short upper lip, and downturned 'fish-like' mouth may occur.
- Small jaws (micrognathia) and low-set ears with a dimple may also be present.
- Underdeveloped 'fingerprints' (dermal ridges), a double loop on thumb,
- creases across the palms (simian creases), and highly curved upward
- (hyperconvex) fingernails may occur. WHS patients may have permanently
- flexed soles so that walking is done on the toes. There may be heart
- (cardiac) and kidney (renal) defects, and susceptibility to lung (pulmonary)
- infections. The urethra (the tube leading from the bladder) may open
- underneath the penis (hypospadias) or the urethra may open into the vagina.
- The pubic bone (part of the pelvis) may be underdeveloped.
-
- Causes
-
- Wolf-Hirschhorn Syndrome is caused by a partial deletion of the short arm of
- chromosome 4. The missing part of this chromosome may be as little as 20
- percent. The chromosomes of a parent may show a translocation (an exchange
- of parts between chromosomes) that may have precipitated the deletion in
- their offspring.
-
- Affected Population
-
- Wolf-Hirschhorn Syndrome is a rare disorder that is present at birth. It
- affects males and females in equal numbers.
-
- Related Disorders
-
- Syndromes involving deletions of other chromosomes may be similar to Wolf-
- Hirschhorn Syndrome. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
-
- Cri-du-Chat Syndrome is a congenital chromosomal disorder that involves a
- partial deletion of chromosome 5. It is similar to the Wolf-Hirschhorn
- Syndrome, with additional features such as a high, shrill cry. Patients may
- also have defects in the urinary and reproductive organs (urogenital tract),
- curvature of the spine (scoliosis), shortened bones in the feet, premature
- graying, and severe breathing (respiratory) and feeding problems. (For more
- information on this disorder, choose "Cri du Chat" as your search term in the
- Rare Disease Database).
-
- Chromosomal disorders that involve extra chromosomes (trisomy) may also
- be similar to Wolf-Hirschhorn Syndrome. (For more information on these
- disorders, choose "Trisomy," "Trisomy 13," and "Trisomy 18" as your search
- terms in the Rare Disease Database).
-
- Down Syndrome is a congenital chromosomal disorder involving three copies
- of chromosome 21. Hypotonia, small stature with awkward gait, and mental
- deficiency are major symptoms. There also may be inner epicanthic folds
- around the eyes, iris deformities, small ears with no lobes, and tooth
- defects. A small nose, flat face, short neck, small hands and fingers, and
- simian creases of the hands may also occur. Heart defects, dry skin, sparse
- hair, small penis, and infertility are common symptoms. Seizures, protruding
- eyes, low placement of ears, and undescended testicles are less frequent
- symptoms. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Down" as your
- search term in the Rare Disease Database).
-
- Therapies: Standard
-
- Wolf-Hirschhorn patients may benefit from reconstructive surgery for cleft
- lip and palate. Special education, physical therapy, and vocational services
- may be of benefit for the patient. Genetic counseling may be of benefit for
- families of children with Wolf-Hirschhorn Syndrome. Other treatment is
- symptomatic and supportive.
-
- Therapies: Investigational
-
- A study is being undertaken to study genes associsted with Wolf-Hirschhorn
- Syndrome people. For more information, interested care-givers may wish to
- contact:
-
- Gilbert N. Jones, III or Susan A. Guckenberger
- Southern Illinois University School of Medicine
- Dept. of Pediatrics
- Genetics and Metabolism
- P.O. Box 19230
- Springfield, IL 62794-9230
- (217) 782-8460
-
- This disease entry is based upon medical information available through
- January 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep
- every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate.
- Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most
- current information about this disorder.
-
- Resources
-
- For more information on Wolf-Hirschorn Syndrome, please contact:
-
- National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
- P.O. Box 8923
- New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
- (203) 746-6518
-
- Parent Support Group for Wolf-Hirschhorn Syndrome
- 3200 Rivanna Ct.
- Woodbridge, VA 22192
- (703) 491-0309
-
- Chromosome Deletion Outreach
- P.O. Box 164
- Holtsville, NY 11742
- (516) 736-6754
-
- National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHHD)
- 9000 Rockville Pike
- Bethesda, MD 20892
- (301) 496-5133
-
- For Genetic Information and genetic counseling referrals:
-
- March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
- 1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
- White Plains, NY 10605
- (914) 428-7100
-
- Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
- 35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
- Chevy Chase, MD 20815
- (800) 336-GENE
- (301) 652-5553
-
- References
-
- MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 7th ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins
- University Press, 1986. Pp. 770.
-
- SMITH'S RECOGNIZABLE PATTERNS OF HUMAN MALFORMATION, 4th ed.: Kenneth L.
- Jones; W.B. Saunders Company, 1988. Pp. 38-39.
-
-