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- $Unique_ID{BRK04331}
- $Pretitle{}
- $Title{Williams Syndrome}
- $Subject{Williams Syndrome Beuren's syndrome Early Hypercalcemia syndrome
- Elfin Face Hypercalcemia-Supravalvar Aortic Stenosis Hypercalcemic Face
- Infantile Hypercalcemia syndrome Idiopathic Williams-Beuren syndrome Noonan
- Syndrome Idiopathic Infantile Hypercalcemia Supravalvar Aortic Stenosis}
- $Volume{}
- $Log{}
-
- Copyright (C) 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1992 National Organization for Rare
- Disorders, Inc.
-
- 298:
- Williams Syndrome
-
- ** IMPORTANT **
- It is possible the main title of the article (Williams Syndrome) is not
- the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the
- alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
-
- Synonyms
-
- Beuren's syndrome
- Early Hypercalcemia syndrome
- Elfin Face
- Hypercalcemia-Supravalvar Aortic Stenosis
- Hypercalcemic Face
- Infantile Hypercalcemia syndrome, Idiopathic
- Williams-Beuren syndrome
-
- Information can be found on the following disorders in the Related
- Disorders section of this report.
-
- Noonan Syndrome
- Idiopathic Infantile Hypercalcemia
- Supravalvar Aortic Stenosis
-
- General Discussion
-
- ** REMINDER **
- The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for
- educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment
- purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please
- contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources"
- section of this report.
-
-
- Williams Syndrome is a rare congenital disorder characterized by
- distinctive elfin facial features, extraordinarily sensitive hearing,
- developmental delays, short stature, and an impulsive, outgoing personality.
- Other symptoms, which may appear in some cases, include a star-like pattern
- in the iris of the eye, low birth weight, heart disorders, elevated calcium
- levels in the blood, hernias, learning disabilities, and/or possible mild
- mental retardation.
-
- Symptoms
-
- Children born with Williams syndrome may exhibit the following symptoms:
-
- 1. Facial characteristics resemble an "elfin face", with a broad
- forehead, upturned nose, wide mouth, full lips, widely spaced teeth, small
- chin, puffiness around the eyes, a small head and depressed nasal bridge.
-
- 2. Hearing is apparently oversensitive. Patients with Williams syndrome
- can overreact to loud and high-pitched sounds.
-
- 3. Motor development such as sitting, walking, language, gross and fine
- motor skills may be delayed.
-
- 4. Personality is friendly and talkative. Children with Williams
- syndrome seem unafraid of strangers. They have some attention problems and
- are sometimes described as impulsive.
-
- 5. Children with blue or green eyes may have a star-like pattern in the
- iris. Brown-eyed children with Williams syndrome usually don't display this
- pattern.
-
- 6. Some children with Williams syndrome have a low birth weight and may
- not thrive. Vomiting, gagging, diarrhea or constipation are common in
- infancy.
-
- 7. Heart disorders may occur, ranging from slight murmurs to narrowing
- (stenosis) of the aorta or the pulmonary veins.
-
- 8. The calcium level in the blood may be elevated. When this symptoms
- occurs, it appears only during the first two months of life, then disappears.
-
- 9. Hernias at the navel (umbilical) or in the groin (inguinal) may occur.
-
- 10. Mild mental retardation may occur, but some children have average
- intelligence with severe learning disabilities. They exhibit attention-
- deficit behaviors, but generally have good long-term memory.
-
- 11. Premature puberty occurs in many of these children.
-
- Causes
-
- The exact cause of Williams Syndrome is unknown although in some cases it is
- thought to be an autosomal dominant trait. (Human traits including the
- classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for
- that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In
- dominant disorders, a single copy of the disease gene (received from either
- the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the normal gene and
- resulting in appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder
- from affected parent to offspring is 50% for each pregnancy regardless of the
- sex of the resulting child.)
-
- Affected Population
-
- Williams syndrome may affect infants of both sexes, and it occurs in all
- races. This disorder occurs in about 1 in 20,000 births.
-
- Related Disorders
-
- Noonan Syndrome is an inherited disorder with widely variable symptoms whereas
- Williams Syndrome may or may not be inherited. Patients may exhibit
- distinctive facial characteristics at birth similar to those of Williams
- Syndrome. Short stature and heart disease mark some cases in both disorders.
- It is much less prevalent among Noonan patients. (For more information on
- this disorder, choose "Noonan" as your search term in the Rare Disease
- Database.
-
- Idiopathic Infantile Hypercalcemia without any other symptoms is an
- elevated calcium level in the blood, without a known cause. This occurs
- during infancy.
-
- Supravalvar Aortic Stenosis is the narrowing of the aorta occurring above
- the aortic valve. This may occur alone, or in conjunction with other
- disorders.
-
- Therapies: Standard
-
- When elevated calcium levels in the blood of affected infants occurs,
- excessive Vitamin D in the diet should be avoided and calcium should be
- restricted to 25 to 100 milligrams per day. For severe hypercalcemia,
- hydrocortisone analog therapy may be considered on a temporary basis. An
- endocrinologist should be consulted. After a child is a few months old,
- calcium levels will return to normal even in untreated patients.
-
- For the physical and mental developmental deficiencies, centers for
- developmentally disabled children and special education services in schools
- may be beneficial. Medical help from heart specialists and other physicians,
- speech and language therapy, occupational and physical therapy, and vocational
- training can all help children with Williams Syndrome to cope with their
- handicaps.
-
- Therapies: Investigational
-
- The University of Nevada School of Medicine, The Indiana University School of
- Medicine, and The Utah School of Medicine are studying blood samples in DNA
- in a collaborative effort to locate the genes responsible for Williams
- Syndrome and Supravalvular Aortic Stenosis. It is thought that these two
- disorders may be closely linked. Researchers are collecting DNA from
- children with Williams Syndrome and their parents. Interested families may
- contact:
-
- Dr. Colleen A. Morris
- 2040 W. Charleston Blvd., Suite 401
- Las Vegas, NV 89102
- (702) 385-5011
-
- This disease entry is based upon medical information available through
- December 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to
- keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and
- accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for
- the most current information about this disorder.
-
- Resources
-
- For more information on Williams Syndrome, please contact:
-
- National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
- P.O. Box 8923
- New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
- (203) 746-6518
-
- Williams Syndrome Association
- P.O. Box 3297
- Ballwin, MO 63022-3297
-
- Infantile Hypercalcaemia Foundation Ltd.
- 37 Mulberry Green
- Old Harlow, Essex CM17 OE4
- England
-
- NIH/National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
- 9000 Rockville Pike
- Bethesda, MD 20892
- (301) 496-5133
-
- For information on genetics and genetic counseling referrals, please
- contact:
-
- March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
- 1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
- White Plains, NY 10605
- (914) 428-7100
-
- Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
- 35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
- Chevy Chase, MD 20815
- (800) 336-GENE
- (301) 652-5553
-
- References
-
- FACTS ABOUT WILLIAMS SYNDROME: Williams Syndrome Association, 1984.
-
- BIRTH DEFECTS COMPENDIUM, 2nd ed: Daniel Bergsma, ed; March of Dimes,
- 1979.
-
- THE WILLIAMS SYNDROME ASSOCIATION NATIONAL NEWSLETTER, Volume 9, #1,
- Spring 1992.
-
-