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- $Unique_ID{BRK04280}
- $Pretitle{}
- $Title{Toxic Shock Syndrome}
- $Subject{Toxic Shock Syndrome TSS Group A Beta-Hemolytic Strep}
- $Volume{}
- $Log{}
-
- Copyright (C) 1986, 1992 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
-
- 134:
- Toxic Shock Syndrome
-
- ** IMPORTANT **
- It is possible that the main title of this article (Toxic Shock Syndrome)
- is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find
- alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by the article.
-
- Synonyms
-
- TSS
-
- Information on the following disorder may be found in the Related
- Disorders section of this report.
-
- Group A Beta-Hemolytic Strep
-
- General Discussion
-
- ** REMINDER **
- The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for
- educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment
- purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please
- contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources"
- section.
-
-
- Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS) is a potentially fatal syndrome characterized
- by high fever, vomiting, diarrhea, confusion, and skin rash. It is almost
- always associated with the use of vaginal tampons and is a bacterial
- infection. Only about five percent of the cases occur in men or people who
- do not use tampons.
-
- Symptoms
-
- Symptoms of Toxic Shock Syndrome appear very suddenly. Initially, there is a
- fever of 102 to 105 degrees F, headache, sore throat, and conjunctivitis.
- Other early symptoms include profound lethargy, periods of disorientation,
- vomiting, severe diarrhea, and a diffuse sunburn-like rash leading to
- sloughing of skin after several days. In severe cases, the syndrome may
- progress to shock (dangerously low blood pressure and circulatory collapse)
- within forty-eight hours.
-
- Anemia and other abnormalities of the blood, abnormalities of kidney
- function, hepatitis, deterioration of skeletal muscle, and involvement of the
- lung and heart may occur during the first week of illness.
-
- Eighty-five to ninety-two percent of those affected survive TSS, although
- this may be inaccurate due to the diagnosis of only the more severe cases.
- Women who continue to use tampons during the first few months after illness
- risk a recurrence unless they have been successfully treated with
- antibiotics.
-
- Causes
-
- Toxic shock syndrome seems to be caused by a strain of Staphylococcus aureus
- bacteria which releases toxic substances which are absorbed by the patient.
- Mechanical and chemical factors associated with the use of menstrual tampons
- are thought to facilitate the production of bacterial toxin which enters the
- bloodstream via small wounds in the mucosa or through the uterus to the
- abdominal cavity.
-
- Recent scientific studies suggest that polyester foam and fibers,
- contained in some types of tampons, soak up a large amount of magnesium,
- which is normally present in vaginal tissue and fluid. When the magnesium is
- removed from the bacterium's environment, the bacteria responds by
- manufacturing quantities of the deadly toxin.
-
- Some manufacturers of tampons have withdrawn products containing
- polyacrylate rayon from the market and replaced them with safer, though
- somewhat less absorbent versions.
-
- Affected Population
-
- Primarily at risk for Toxic shock syndrome are women between the ages of
- thirteen and fifty who have a preexisting vaginal colonization of
- Staphylococcus aureus and who use tampons continuously during their menstrual
- periods. However, the syndrome has occurred in children as young as eight
- years old, as well as in men. The incidence is estimated to be 3 cases per
- 100,000 menstruating women.
-
- As of June 1, 1985, 262 cases of Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) with onset
- during 1984 had been reported to the Centers for Disease Control in Atlanta,
- GA. This brings to 2,815 the total number of cases that have been reported
- since 1980. Of these, 2,669 cases were in females, and 146 were in males.
- Cases have been reported from all fifty states. Nonmenstrual TSS accounted
- for twenty-seven percent of the reported 1984 cases, up from seven percent in
- 1980. TSS continues to be reported primarily among caucasian non-Hispanic
- women.
-
- Related Disorders
-
- A syndrome affecting children with "Toxic Shock" like symptoms has become
- more prevalent since first being reported in 1984. Invasive Group A Beta-
- Hemolytic Strep has doubled in children being treated in the past 3 years.
- Infections of the skin and respiratory tract are most common.
-
- Therapies: Standard
-
- Lactamase resistant penicillin or cephalosporins are recommended. Patients
- with Toxic Shock Syndrome should be hospitalized, as they are likely to need
- intensive supportive care to prevent circulatory collapse. Large amounts of
- fluid and electrolytes (salts) may be necessary.
-
- Other preventive measures are uncertain. Women should consider avoiding
- or using tampons only intermittently during the menstrual period. Avoidance
- of maximum absorbency tampons is advised. (For more information, see the
- Cause section).
-
- According to the latest Food and Drug Administration report, the use of
- the vaginal contraceptive sponge is relatively safe. While 12 cases of
- sponge-related toxic shock have been confirmed out of the estimated 600,000
- women who regularly use the device, none of the cases have been fatal.
- However, women who use this product are cautioned to carefully follow the
- package instructions in order to minimize their own risk. The sponge should
- not be worn for more than 30 hours continuously, it should not be used if the
- woman is menstruating, and another method of contraception should be used for
- 6 to 12 weeks following the birth of a baby. If any problems develop,
- medical attention should be sought immediately.
-
- Therapies: Investigational
-
- This disease entry is based upon medical information available through
- September 1989. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to
- keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and
- accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for
- the most current information about this disorder.
-
- Resources
-
- For more information on Toxic Shock Syndrome, please contact:
-
- National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
- P.O. Box 8923
- New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
- (203) 746-6518
-
- NIH/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
- 9000 Rockville Pike
- Bethesda, MD 20892
- (301) 496-5717
-
- Centers for Disease Control (CDC)
- 1600 Clifton Road, NE
- Atlanta, GA 30333
- (404) 639-3534
-
- References
-
- THE MERCK MANUAL 15th ed: R. Berkow, et al: eds; Merck, Sharp & Dohme
- Research Laboratories, 1987. P. 72.
-
- CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 18th ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H.
- Smith, Jr., Eds.: W. B. Saunders Co., 1988. Pp. 1598, 2323.
-
- APPARENT INCREASE IN THE INCIDENCE OF INVASIVE GROUP A BETA-HEMOLYTIC
- STREPTOCOCCAL DISEASE IN CHILDREN., L.B. Givner, J. Pediatr (March, 1991,
- issue 18). Pp. 341-346.
-
-