home *** CD-ROM | disk | FTP | other *** search
- $Unique_ID{BRK04258}
- $Pretitle{}
- $Title{Tethered Spinal Cord Syndrome}
- $Subject{Tethered Spinal Cord Syndrome Occult Spinal Dysraphism Sequence
- Tethered Cord Syndrome Tethered Cord Malformation Sequence Tethered Cervical
- Spinal Cord Syndrome Congenital Tethered Cervical Spinal Cord Syndrome
- Diastematomyelia Spina Bifida }
- $Volume{}
- $Log{}
-
- Copyright (C) 1990 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
-
- 779:
- Tethered Spinal Cord Syndrome
-
- ** IMPORTANT **
- It is possible that the main title of the article (Tethered Spinal Cord
- Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to
- find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
-
- Synonyms
-
- Occult Spinal Dysraphism Sequence
- Tethered Cord Syndrome
- Tethered Cord Malformation Sequence
- Tethered Cervical Spinal Cord Syndrome
- Congenital Tethered Cervical Spinal Cord Syndrome
-
- Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related
- Disorders section of this report:
-
- Diastematomyelia
- Spina Bifida
-
- General Discussion
-
- ** REMINDER **
- The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for
- educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment
- purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please
- contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources"
- section of this report.
-
- Tethered Spinal Cord Syndrome is a disorder characterized by progressive
- neurological deterioration due to unnatural stretching of the spinal cord
- caused by adhesions on the vertebrae. It most commonly results from
- defective closure of the neural tube during embryonic development (Spina
- Bifida).
-
- Symptoms
-
- Initial symptoms of Tethered Spinal Cord Syndrome are usually urological and
- may include the inability to control urination (incontinence) and repeated
- urinary tract infections. Children who have tethered spinal cords usually
- show progressive foot and spinal deformities. At birth there is also usually
- a characteristic lesion on the skin of the lower back. These lesions may
- consist of tufts of hair, skin tags, dimples or fatty tumors. Other symptoms
- may include weakness of the lower extremities, inability to control bowel
- function (fecal incontinence), low back pain or a combination of these
- symptoms.
-
- Adult onset of the disorder is very rare. When it does occur, the
- individual initially shows no symptoms. Later, the most common symptom is
- diffuse leg pain which may reach as high as the rectum. Progressive sensory
- and motor deficits may occur in the lower extremities, as well as bladder and
- bowel dysfunction.
-
- Scientists believe that the amount of pulling force (traction) exerted on
- the spinal cord, rather than the type or distribution of lesions that are
- causing the pulling, probably determines the age of onset of symptoms. Less
- severe traction usually produces no symptoms in childhood, but may result in
- neurological dysfunction in later life due to repeated tugging at the base of
- the spinal cord during natural head and neck flexion, or when the condition
- is aggravated by trauma or disease.
-
- Causes
-
- The presence of adhesions on vertebrae is believed to be the cause of
- Tethered Spinal Cord Syndrome. These adhesions may be the result of
- structural defects arising from improper closure of the neural tube (Spina
- Bifida) at approximately 28 days of embryonic development. Failure of proper
- development in this area may lead to a wide variety of orthopedic or urologic
- symptoms through tethering or compression of the nerve roots.
-
- Children with benign skin tumors (cutaneous hemangiomas) on the lower
- back may also have tethered spinal cords. Tethered Spinal Cord Syndrome is
- also occasionally associated with diastematomyelia, a disorder characterized
- by diversion of the spinal cord by a midline septum during embryonic
- development.
-
- Affected Population
-
- Tethered Spinal Cord Syndrome affects males and females equally. First
- degree relatives of those with the malformation appear to be at slightly
- higher risk of developing it. Individuals with previously repaired defects
- of the neural tube are also particularly susceptible to this disorder.
-
- Related Disorders
-
- The following disorders are often associated with Tethered Spinal Cord
- Syndrome.
-
- Diastematomyelia is a rare and very serious spinal cord malformation. It
- is believed to be caused by genetic or environmental factors during the
- embryonic development which causes a longitudinal division in half of the
- spinal cord. In some cases, there are abnormalities of the vertebrae due to
- the adjustment necessary for encasing the two halves of the spinal cord.
- Diastematomyelia is often associated with Spina Bifida (failure of the neural
- tube to close completely), clubfoot or Tethered Spinal Cord Syndrome.
- Symptoms may include pain, weakness of legs and loss of control over urinary
- and fecal functions (incontinence). Surgery during infancy is often
- recommended. However, later in life, surgery is performed only if
- neurological symptoms develop.
-
- Spina Bifida is a disorder characterized by defective closure of the
- neural tube through which the spinal cord may bulge. It may range in
- severity from presenting no symptoms to severe neurological disability. One
- or more of the individual bones of the spine fail to close completely,
- leaving a cleft or defect in the spinal canal. Through such an abnormal
- opening, part of the contents of the spinal canal can protrude or herniate.
- In mild cases, the disorder may not be diagnosed unless an X-ray is taken,
- usually for other purposes (e.g., back injury). (For more information on
- this disorder, choose "Spina Bifida" as your search term in the Rare Disease
- Database.)
-
- Therapies: Standard
-
- The appearance and recognition of surface lesions on the lower back at birth
- should lead to further testing for Tethered Spinal Cord Syndrome. Magnetic
- resonance imaging (MRI) is usually the technique of choice for identifying
- the tethered spinal cord. Pre-operative evaluation of potential sites of
- tethering, based on MRI findings, is very important for planning surgery.
- Removal of adhesions at the lower base of the spine through surgery is often
- recommended, and results are usually successful. Early management usually
- prevents neuromuscular, lower limb or urologic problems. It is usually best
- to treat the tethered cord before serious complications become apparent, as
- neurologic damage may not be reversible.
-
- In cases where surgical release of the tethered spinal cord is
- ineffective, a posterior rhizotomy, in which certain spinal nerve roots are
- severed, may be performed to relieve pain.
-
- Therapies: Investigational
-
- This disease entry is based upon medical information available through March
- 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every
- entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please
- check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current
- information about this disorder.
-
- Resources
-
- For more information on Tethered Spinal Cord Syndrome, please contact:
-
- National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
- P.O. Box 8923
- New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
- (203) 746-6518
-
- NIH/National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS)
- 9000 Rockville Pike
- Bethesda, MD 20892
- (301) 496-5751
- (800) 352-9424
-
- Spina Bifida Association of America
- 4590 Macarthur Blvd., NW, #250
- Washington, DC 20007-4226
- (202) 944-3285
- (800) 621-3141
-
- Spina Bifida Association of Canada
- 633 Wellington Crescent
- Winnepeg, Manitoba R3M 0A8
- Canada
-
- International Federation for Hydrocephalus and Spina Bifida
- c/o RBU
- Gata 3
- 11138 Stockholm Sweden
- Contact: David Bagares
-
- References
-
- SMITH'S RECOGNIZABLE PATTERNS OF HUMAN MALFORMATION, 4th ed.: Kenneth Lyons
- Jones, M.D.; W.B. Saunders Company, 1988. Pp. 550.
-
- UROLOGIC ASPECTS OF TETHERED CORD. R.C. Flanigan et al.; UROLOGY
- (January, 1989: issue 33 (1)). Pp. 80-82.
-
- DIAGNOSIS OF TETHERED CORDS BY MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING. W.A. Hall et
- al.; SURG NEUROL (July, 1988; 30 (1)). Pp. 60-64.
-
- TETHERED CORD SYNDROME: A PEDIATRIC CASE STUDY. L. Greif et al.; J
- NEUROSCI NURS (April, 1989: issue 21 (2)). Pp. 86-91.
-
- LUMBAR CUTANEOUS HEMANGIOMAS AS INDICATORS OF TETHERED SPINAL CORDS.
- A.L. Albright et al.; PEDIATRICS (June, 1989: issue 83 (6)). Pp. 977-980.
-
-